Long-term man–environment interactions in the Bolivian Amazon: 8000 years of vegetation dynamics

Only few studies documenting the vegetation history of the Llanos de Moxos, one of the largest seasonally flooded wetland areas in South America, are available and little is known about the environmental impact of pre-Columbian settlements. We use radiocarbon-dated terrestrial plant macrofossils to establish a sound chronology and palynological analyses to reconstruct the vegetation and fire history of the Lago Rogaguado area. The sedimentary pollen and spore record suggests that wetland and wooded savannah (Cerrado) environments occurred around the lake between 8100 and 5800 cal BP. Fire activity was high during this period and was probably connected to the dry Cerrado environments. The pollen evidence suggests early plant cultivation (Zea mays, Annonaceae and Cucurbitaceae) from 6500 cal BP onwards, which is significantly earlier than hitherto assumed for Amazonia. Gallery forests expanded after 5800 cal BP, when fire activity strongly declined. Forest expansion intensified around 2800 cal BP and continued until 2000 cal BP, when forest cover reached its maximum and fire activity its minimum. The late-Holocene forest expansion to the south and the decrease of fire activity may have resulted from a climatic shift to moister conditions (possibly a shorter dry season). New crops (e.g. Avena-type) or adventive plants (e.g. Rumex acetosella-type) document the impact of European economies after ca. 500 cal BP. Land use intensity remained rather stable over the most recent centuries, arguing against a collapse of settlements in response to the arrival of Europeans, as reconstructed from other Amazonian pollen records.

Molecular and Translational Classifications of DAMPs in Immunogenic Cell Death.

The immunogenicity of malignant cells has recently been acknowledged as a critical determinant of efficacy in cancer therapy. Thus, besides developing direct immunostimulatory regimens, including dendritic cell-based vaccines, checkpoint-blocking therapies, and adoptive T-cell transfer, researchers have started to focus on the overall immunobiology of neoplastic cells. It is now clear that cancer cells can succumb to some anticancer therapies by undergoing a peculiar form of cell death that is characterized by an increased immunogenic potential, owing to the emission of the so-called "damage-associated molecular patterns" (DAMPs). The emission of DAMPs and other immunostimulatory factors by cells succumbing to immunogenic cell death (ICD) favors the establishment of a productive interface with the immune system. This results in the elicitation of tumor-targeting immune responses associated with the elimination of residual, treatment-resistant cancer cells, as well as with the establishment of immunological memory. Although ICD has been characterized with increased precision since its discovery, several questions remain to be addressed. Here, we summarize and tabulate the main molecular, immunological, preclinical, and clinical aspects of ICD, in an attempt to capture the essence of this phenomenon, and identify future challenges for this rapidly expanding field of investigation.

Towards mapping the late Quaternary vegetation change of Europe

The number of well-dated pollen diagrams in Europe has increased considerably over the last 30 years and many of them have been submitted to the European Pollen Database (EPD). This allows for the construction of increasingly precise maps of Holocene vegetation change across the continent. Chronological information in the EPD has been expressed in uncalibrated radiocarbon years, and most chronologies to date are based on this time scale. Here we present new chronologies for most of the datasets stored in the EPD based on calibrated radiocarbon years. Age information associated with pollen diagrams is often derived from the pollen stratigraphy itself or from other sedimentological information. We reviewed these chronological tie points and assigned uncertainties to them. The steps taken to generate the new chronologies are described and the rationale for a new classification system for age uncertainties is introduced. The resulting chronologies are fit for most continental-scale questions. They may not provide the best age model for particular sites, but may be viewed as general purpose chronologies. Taxonomic particularities of the data stored in the EPD are explained. An example is given of how the database can be queried to select samples with appropriate age control as well as the suitable taxonomic level to answer a specific research question.

The TREAT-NMD DMD Global Database: analysis of more than 7,000 Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutations.

Analyzing the type and frequency of patient-specific mutations that give rise to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an invaluable tool for diagnostics, basic scientific research, trial planning, and improved clinical care. Locus-specific databases allow for the collection, organization, storage, and analysis of genetic variants of disease. Here, we describe the development and analysis of the TREAT-NMD DMD Global database (http://umd.be/TREAT_DMD/). We analyzed genetic data for 7,149 DMD mutations held within the database. A total of 5,682 large mutations were observed (80% of total mutations), of which 4,894 (86%) were deletions (1 exon or larger) and 784 (14%) were duplications (1 exon or larger). There were 1,445 small mutations (smaller than 1 exon, 20% of all mutations), of which 358 (25%) were small deletions and 132 (9%) small insertions and 199 (14%) affected the splice sites. Point mutations totalled 756 (52% of small mutations) with 726 (50%) nonsense mutations and 30 (2%) missense mutations. Finally, 22 (0.3%) mid-intronic mutations were observed. In addition, mutations were identified within the database that would potentially benefit from novel genetic therapies for DMD including stop codon read-through therapies (10% of total mutations) and exon skipping therapy (80% of deletions and 55% of total mutations).

Imperial Eyes. Van Dycks Porträtmalerei als globale Technologie

Zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts hatte sich die Malerei in Antwerpen vor allem durch Rubens als Medium einer zunehmend global verbundenen Welt etabliert. Doch auch zahlreiche von Van Dycks Porträts sind Zeugnisse eines oft hochgradig ambivalenten Kosmopolitismus. Neben Gemälden von international agierenden Antwerpener Händlern und Gelehrten fertigte der Künstler auch in Genua und England Porträts der adligen Elite an, in welchen sich deren globale Erfahrungen und Ambitionen spiegelten. Van Dyck reagierte in der Inszenierung der Marchesa Elena Grimaldi Cattaneo, mit einem schwarzen Sklaven, wie in der des Earl of Denbigh, zwischen einheimischen und exotischen Elementen, auf spezifische Anforderungen an das repräsentative Porträt im Zeitalter des disenclavement. Diese Anforderungen werden besonders deutlich in dem für eine geplante Expedition nach Madagaskar entstandenen Porträt des Earls of Arundel und dessen Frau Alethea Talbot. Das Gemälde verbindet Elemente herrschaftlicher, merkantilistischer und intellektueller Selbststilisierung mit einer Reduktion auf wenige, innovative Elemente. Die majestätische Inszenierung des Paars ist nur in einem globalen Kontext zu erklären, so dass sich die Frage nach der Funktion des in mehreren Werkstattkopien erhaltenen Gemäldes stellt. Hatte Van Dyck in seiner Komposition eine Lösung gefunden, die im Kontext des englischen Hofes, möglicherweise als Teil eines Festes, wie auch für potentielle Investoren, sowie die verarmte Landbevölkerung, die in der Indentur ihre einzige Hoffnung sah, gleichermaßen überzeugend wirkte? Die Hybris in dem überlebensgroßen Porträts des Paares, das mit leuchtend heller Haut, in kostbar glänzende Stoffe gekleidet und mit modernen Messinstrumenten in den Händen dargestellt ist, lässt es als ideales Medium der globalen Ambitionen des Paars erscheinen.