Selenium and sulfur: mitigation in plant stresses

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito da inibição da NADPH oxidase sobre o estresse oxidativo e o fenótipo muscular esquelético de ratos com insuficiência cardíaca crônica induzida por estenose aórtica

Pós-graduação em Fisiopatologia em Clínica Médica - FMB

Parenteral administration of vitamins A, D and E on the oxidative metabolism and function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in swine

The weaning period of piglets is characterized by physiological alterations, such as decreased weight gain, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased serum cortisol levels with possible effects on the immune response. The effect of parenteral administration of vitamins A, D and E on production performance, oxidative metabolism, and the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) was assessed in piglets during the weaning period. The sample was comprised of 20 male piglets that were given an injectable ADE vitamin combination (135,000 IU vitamin A, 40,000 IU vitamin D and 40mg vitamin E/animal) at 20 and 40 days of age. Weight gain, concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the microbicidal and phagocytic activity of PMNLs were assessed. No difference was observed in the average piglet weight during the study; however, a greater percentage of weight gain was observed after weaning in the treated group. The concentrations of GSH and SOD did not differ between groups, although lipid peroxidation was greater in the control group at 60 days of age. The investigated variables of oxidative metabolism were correlated as follows: -0.41 for GSH and MDA, -0.54 for GSH and SOD and 0.34 for MDA and SOD. The intensity of intracellular ROS production, the percentage of ROS-producing PMNLs and the intensity of phagocytosis by PMNLs did not differ between treatment groups. Administration of the injectable ADE combination improved the percentage of weight gain between 20 and 40 days of age, decreased oxidative stress at 60 days of age and did not influence the function of PMNLs in piglets.

In vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective properties of polyphenols from Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux

Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective properties of the aqueous extract and tetrahydrofuran-extracted phenolic fractions of Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) Lamouroux were investigated in rats with chemically induced liver injury. Total polyphenols were determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. Liver damage was induced by CCl4 and assessed by a histological technique. Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) analysis showed increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) gene expression and activities in the group treated with free phenolic acid (FPA) fractions of H. opuntia, suggesting inducing effects on both enzymes. In addition, rats treated with FPA fractions displayed lower liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels than those observed for rats in the CCl4-treated group. These data suggest that the phenolic fractions from H. opuntia may protect the liver against oxidative stress-inducing effects of chemicals by modulating its antioxidant enzymes and oxidative status.

Cu(GlyGlyHis) effects on MCF7 cells: Copper uptake, reactive oxygen species generation and membrane topography changes

Elevated levels of copper have been detected in various types of human cancer cells, such as breast cancer cells, and a number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the action and influence of copper on tumor progress. In this work, we found that stimulating the proliferation of mammary epithelial MCF7 cells with the high-redox-potential copper complex Cu (GlyGlyHis) is associated with the copper-induced intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induces lipid peroxidation and causes increased roughness of external cell membranes, which leads to the formation of larger cell domes. The results presented herein provide new insights into the molecular link between copper and the proliferation of breast cancer cells and, consequently, into the mechanism by which changes in redox balance and ROS accumulation regulates cell membrane roughness. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Molecular Characterization of the Putative Transcription Factor SebA Involved in Virulence in Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is a major opportunistic pathogen and allergen of mammals. Nutrient sensing and acquisition mechanisms, as well as the capability to cope with different stressing conditions, are essential for A. fumigatus virulence and survival in the mammalian host. This study characterized the A. fumigatus SebA transcription factor, which is the putative homologue of the factor encoded by Trichoderma atroviride seb1. The Delta sebA mutant demonstrated reduced growth in the presence of paraquat, hydrogen peroxide, CaCl2, and poor nutritional conditions, while viability associated with sebA was also affected by heat shock exposure. Accordingly, SebA:GFP (SebA:green fluorescent protein) was shown to accumulate in the nucleus upon exposure to oxidative stress and heat shock conditions. In addition, genes involved in either the oxidative stress or heat shock response had reduced transcription in the Delta sebA mutant. The A. fumigatus Delta sebA strain was attenuated in virulence in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Furthermore, killing of the Delta sebA mutant by murine alveolar macrophages was increased compared to killing of the wild-type strain. A. fumigatus SebA plays a complex role, contributing to several stress tolerance pathways and growth under poor nutritional conditions, and seems to be integrated into different stress responses.

The antioxidant response of the liver of male Swiss mice raised on a AIN 93 or commercial diet

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed under natural physiological conditions and are thought to play an important role in many human diseases. A wide range of antioxidants are involved in cellular defense mechanisms against ROS, which can be generated in excess during stressful conditions, these include enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant responses of mice to two diets control, commercial and the purified AIN 93 diet, commonly used in experiments with rodents. Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities determined in the liver were lower in the group of mice fed with the AIN 93 diet, while catalase (CAT) activity was higher in the same group, when compared to the group fed on the commercial diet. Liver glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was similar in the groups fed on either AIN 93 or the commercial diets. Two SOD isoforms, Mn-SODII and a Cu/Zn-SODV, were specifically reduced in the liver of the AIN 93 diet fed animals. Conclusions: The clear differences in antioxidant responses observed in the livers of mice fed on the two diets suggest that the macro- and micro-nutrient components with antioxidant properties, including vitamin E, can promote changes in the activity of enzymes involved in the removal of the ROS generated by cell metabolism.

Protective effects of aerobic exercise on acute lung injury induced by LPS in mice

Abstract Introduction The regular practice of physical exercise has been associated with beneficial effects on various pulmonary conditions. We investigated the mechanisms involved in the protective effect of exercise in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Methods Mice were divided into four groups: Control (CTR), Exercise (Exe), LPS, and Exercise + LPS (Exe + LPS). Exercised mice were trained using low intensity daily exercise for five weeks. LPS and Exe + LPS mice received 200 µg of LPS intratracheally 48 hours after the last physical test. We measured exhaled nitric oxide (eNO); respiratory mechanics; neutrophil density in lung tissue; protein leakage; bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts; cytokine levels in BALF, plasma and lung tissue; antioxidant activity in lung tissue; and tissue expression of glucocorticoid receptors (Gre). Results LPS instillation resulted in increased eNO, neutrophils in BALF and tissue, pulmonary resistance and elastance, protein leakage, TNF-alpha in lung tissue, plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-10, and IL-1beta, IL-6 and KC levels in BALF compared to CTR (P ≤0.02). Aerobic exercise resulted in decreases in eNO levels, neutrophil density and TNF-alpha expression in lung tissue, pulmonary resistance and elastance, and increased the levels of IL-6, IL-10, superoxide dismutase (SOD-2) and Gre in lung tissue and IL-1beta in BALF compared to the LPS group (P ≤0.04). Conclusions Aerobic exercise plays important roles in protecting the lungs from the inflammatory effects of LPS-induced ALI. The effects of exercise are mainly mediated by the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants, suggesting that exercise can modulate the inflammatory-anti-inflammatory and the oxidative-antioxidative balance in the early phase of ALI.

Sea bream (Sparus aurata) intensive larval rearing : effects of microalgae and phages addition on the performance of the larvae

Máster Oficial en Cultivos Marinos. Trabajo presentado como requisito parcial para la obtención del Título de Máster Oficial en Cultivos Marinos, otorgado por la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), el Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas (ICCM), y el Centro Internacional de Altos Estudios Agronómicos Mediterráneos de Zaragoza (CIHEAM)

Analyse immunologischer und proteomischer Aspekte im Rahmen der Glaukompathogenese

Das Glaukom stellt eine heterogene Gruppe von okularen Erkrankungen dar, deren Pathogenese sich durch einen langsamen, progradienten Untergang von retinalen Ganglienzellen und ihren Axonen auszeichnet. rnIn den letzten Jahren wurde im Kontext der Glaukompathogenese verstärkt die Beteiligung autoreaktiver Antikörper diskutiert. Ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bestand in dem Vergleich solcher Autoantikörper-Reaktionen in den Serum- und Kammerwasserproben einzelner Glaukompatienten. Hierdurch sollte geklärt werden, inwieweit die Immunreaktivitäten dieser beiden Körperflüssigkeiten miteinander übereinstimmen und ob sich Hinweise auf eine lokale Antikörperproduktion im immunprivilegierten Auge finden lassen. Mittels eines etablierten Protein-Microarray-Verfahrens wurden die Immunreaktionen gegen 40 verschiedene Antigene, wie z.B. Hitzeschock-Proteine oder neuronale Strukturproteine, untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die detektierten Autoantikörper-Reaktionen gegen mehr als 80% der untersuchten Antigene in beiden Körperflüssigkeiten miteinander übereinstimmen. Verdeutlicht wird hierdurch, dass die Antikörper-basierenden immunologischen Vorgänge im Auge bzw. Kammerwasser, trotz dessen Abschottung vom Blutkreislauf durch die Blut-Retina-Schranke, denen des Serums stark ähneln. Nur vereinzelt lassen sich Hinweise auf eine lokale Antikörperproduktion im Auge finden, wodurch die Bedeutung der detektierten Serumantikörper-Reaktionen für die Glaukomerkrankung belegt wird. rnEin weiterer Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag auf der Detektion möglicher veränderter Proteinexpressionen in den Retinae und Serumproben von Glaukompatienten, die potentiell zu den neurodegenerativen Prozessen der Glaukompathogenese beitragen. Um die Analyse spezifischer Proteinexpressionen zu ermöglichen, wurde das Verfahren des Antikörper-Microarrays etabliert und auf die Fragestellung angewendet. Untersucht wurden hierbei vor allem die Abundanzen von Komplementproteinen, Zytokinen und Hitzeschock-Proteinen, aber auch die von verschiedenen neuronalen Strukturproteinen. Als Probenmaterial dienten Serum- und Retinaproben von Glaukompatienten, die vergleichend denen von gesunden Probanden gegenübergestellt wurden. Die Analyse erbrachte die Erkenntnis, dass neben der verstärkten Expression von Komplementproteinen in der Retina (z.B. C3, C6) auch im Serum der Glaukompatienten eine erhöhte Konzentration dieser Proteine vorliegt, die im Rahmen der Glaukomerkrankung möglicherweise ebenfalls eine Rolle spielen. Ähnliches konnte für verschiedene Zytokine, wie z.B. TNF-α, IFN-γ oder IL1-β beobachtet werden, die in den untersuchten Retinae von Glaukomprobanden, teilweise auch in den Serumproben der Patienten, in verstärktem Maße detektiert werden konnten. Die erhöhte Produktion von Zytokinen in der Retina ist wahrscheinlich auf die Aktivierung von Gliazellen zurückzuführen, ein Ereignis für das in dieser Arbeit zahlreiche Hinweise gefunden werden konnten. Die Gliaaktivierung wird vermutlich durch apoptotische Prozesse in der Retina ausgelöst, eventuell aber auch durch eine erfolgte Komplementaktivierung. Darüber hinaus konnten mittels eines massenspektrometrischen Verfahrens weitere Expressionsunterschiede verschiedener retinaler Proteine bei Glaukompatienten festgestellt werden. Diese Veränderungen, wie z.B. geminderte Mengen von ROS-eliminierenden Proteinen, wie der Superoxid Dismutase und Peroxiredoxin-2, begünstigen bzw. verstärken sehr wahrscheinlich die neurodegenerativen Prozesse in der Retina von GlaukompatientenrnInwieweit die untersuchten Faktoren kausativ an den neurodegenerativen Prozessen beteiligt sind, bleibt ungeklärt, jedoch untermauert deren Vielzahl die Notwendigkeit, die Ursache der Glaukomerkrankung als komplexe Interaktion und Wechselwirkung verschiedener Komponenten zu betrachten und nicht als einen einzelnen fehlgesteuerten Mechanismus.rn

Der Einfluss einer wildtypischen SOD1-Untereinheit auf Konformation und Stabilität mutanter SOD1-Heterodimere

Die Erkrankung Amyotrophe Lateralsklerose (ALS) ist gekennzeichnet durch eine progressive Degeneration der Motoneurone. Die hierdurch im Patienten hervorgerufene fortschreitende Paralyse kann von wenigen Wochen über Monate bis zu mehreren Jahren variieren. Im Durchschnitt beträgt die Krankheitsdauer 3 - 5 Jahre. Häufig führt respiratorische Insuffizienz letztendlich zum Tod des Patienten. ALS ist bis heute unheilbar. Etwa 10 % aller ALS Fälle zeigen einen familiären Hintergrund. Hiervon werden ~20 % durch Mutationen im Gen des antioxidativen Enzyms CuZnSuperoxiddismutase (SOD1) verursacht. Mehr als 150 Mutationen im Gen der SOD1 wurden bisher als Auslöser der ALS beschrieben. Durch die Mutation erlangen SOD1 Proteine zusätzliche, bisher jedoch unbekannte toxische Eigenschaften. Ein dismutaseaktives SOD1 Enzym setzt sich aus zwei SOD1 Untereinheiten zusammen. Aufgrund der autosomal dominanten Vererbung der Krankheit kann ein SOD1 Dimer im Patienten als wildtypisches Homodimer (SOD1WT‑WT), als mutantes Homodimer (SOD1mut‑mut) oder als Heterodimer (SOD1mut-WT) vorliegen. In dieser Arbeit wurden SOD1 Dimere untersucht, deren Untereinheiten kovalent miteinander verbunden waren. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die biochemischen und biophysikalischen Eigenschaften mutanter SOD1 Heterodimere von mutanten SOD1 Homodimeren mit der gleichen Mutation unterschieden. Mutante SOD1 Heterodimere wiesen eine höhere Resistenz gegen einen Abbau durch Proteinase K auf als ihre korrespondierenden Homodimere. Des Weiteren verminderte eine wildtypische Untereinheit die Interaktion der Heterodimere mit Antikörpern gegen fehlgefaltete SOD1. Die Sekundärstruktur der mutanten SOD1 Heterodimere unterschied sich hierbei nicht auffällig von der Sekundärstruktur ihrer zugehörigen Homodimere. Eine wildtypische Untereinheit verändert somit möglicherweise die Tertiärstruktur seiner kovalent gebundenen mutanten SOD1 Untereinheit und/oder die Konformation des gesamten Dimerproteins. Durch die Mutation bedingte Missfaltungen werden hierdurch reduziert, die Stabilität des Dimers gegenüber proteolytischem Abbau erhöht. Nach der Aufreinigung der Dimerproteine wies das mutanten SOD1 Heterodimer diese Eigenschaften nicht mehr auf. Ein potentieller Interaktionspartner, der eine verminderte Fehlfaltung des Heterodimers oder eine verstärkte Missfaltung des Homodimers fördert, könnte hierbei während der Aufreinigungsprozedur verlorengegangen sein. Die hier nachgewiesene Konformationsänderung könnte über einen Prionen-ähnlichen Effekt übertragen werden und die erhöhte Stabilität das mutante, toxische Protein vor Degradation schützen. Dies korreliert mit der Beobachtung früherer Studien, in denen nachgewiesen wurde, dass mutante SOD1 Heterodimere potentiell toxischer sind als ihre korrespondierenden Homodimere.

A fluorescently labeled dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugate carrying multiple copies of two different types of active enzymes

A hybrid structure of a synthetic dendronized polymer, two different types of enzymes (superoxide dismutase and horseradish peroxidase), and a fluorescent dye (fluorescein) was synthesized. Thereby, a single polymer chain carried multiple copies of the two enzymes and the fluorescein. The entire attachment chemistry is based on UV/vis-quantifiable bis-aryl hydrazone bond formation that allows direct quantification of bound molecules: 60 superoxide dismutase, 120 horseradish peroxidase, and 20 fluorescein molecules on an average polymer chain of 2000 repeating units. To obtain other enzyme ratios the experimental conditions were altered accordingly. Moreover, it could be shown that both enzymes remained fully active and catalyzed a two-step cascade reaction.

Vitamin C deficiency in weanling guinea pigs: differential expression of oxidative stress and DNA repair in liver and brain

Neonates are particularly susceptible to malnutrition due to their limited reserves of micronutrients and their rapid growth. In the present study, we examined the effect of vitamin C deficiency on markers of oxidative stress in plasma, liver and brain of weanling guinea pigs. Vitamin C deficiency caused rapid and significant depletion of ascorbate (P < 0.001), tocopherols (P < 0.001) and glutathione (P < 0.001), and a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity (P = 0.005) in the liver, while protein oxidation was significantly increased (P = 0.011). No changes in lipid oxidation or oxidatively damaged DNA were observed in this tissue. In the brain, the pattern was markedly different. Of the measured antioxidants, only ascorbate was significantly depleted (P < 0.001), but in contrast to the liver, ascorbate oxidation (P = 0.034), lipid oxidation (P < 0.001), DNA oxidation (P = 0.13) and DNA incision repair (P = 0.014) were all increased, while protein oxidation decreased (P = 0.003). The results show that the selective preservation of brain ascorbate and induction of DNA repair in vitamin C-deficient weanling guinea pigs is not sufficient to prevent oxidative damage. Vitamin C deficiency may therefore be particularly adverse during the neonatal period.

Cerebral vasculature is the major target of oxidative protein alterations in bacterial meningitis

We have previously shown that antioxidants such as a-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone or N-acetylcysteine attenuate cortical neuronal injury in infant rats with bacterial meningitis, suggesting that oxidative alterations play an important role in this disease. However, the precise mechanism(s) by which antioxidants inhibit this injury remain(s) unclear. We therefore studied the extent and location of protein oxidation in the brain using various biochemical and immunochemical methods. In cortical parenchyma, a trend for increased protein carbonyls was not evident until 21 hours after infection and the activity of glutamine synthetase (another index of protein oxidation) remained unchanged. Consistent with these results, there was no evidence for oxidative alterations in the cortex by various immunohistochemical methods even in cortical lesions. In contrast, there was a marked increase in carbonyls, 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts and manganese superoxide dismutase in the cerebral vasculature. Elevated lipid peroxidation was also observed in cerebrospinal fluid and occasionally in the hippocampus. All of these oxidative alterations were inhibited by treatment of infected animals with N-acetylcysteine or alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone. Because N-acetylcysteine does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier and has no effect on the loss of endogenous brain antioxidants, its neuroprotective effect is likely based on extraparenchymal action such as inhibition of vascular oxidative alterations.

Inactivity of nitric oxide synthase gene in the atherosclerotic human carotid artery

OBJECTIVE: Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits thrombus formation, vascular contraction, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. We investigated whether NO release is enhanced after endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene transfer in atherosclerotic human carotid artery ex vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS: Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that transduction enhanced eNOS expression; however, neither nitrite production nor NO release measured by porphyrinic microsensor was altered. In contrast, transduction enhanced NO production in non-atherosclerotic rat aorta and human internal mammary artery. In transduced carotid artery, calcium-dependent eNOS activity was minimal and did not differ from control conditions. Vascular tetrahydrobiopterin concentrations did not differ between the experimental groups.Treatment of transduced carotid artery with FAD, FMN, NADPH, L-arginine, and either sepiapterin or tetrahydrobiopterin did not alter NO release. Superoxide formation was similar in transduced carotid artery and control. Treatment of transduced carotid artery with superoxide dismutase (SOD), PEG-SOD, PEG-catalase did not affect NO release. CONCLUSIONS: eNOS transduction in atherosclerotic human carotid artery results in high expression without any measurable activity of the recombinant protein. The defect in the atherosclerotic vessels is neither caused by cofactor deficiency nor enhanced NO breakdown. Since angioplasty is performed in atherosclerotic arteries,eNOS gene therapy is unlikely to provide clinical benefit.