High order asymptotic field for plane stress crack problem

This paper presents an exact analysis for high order asymptotic field of the plane stress crack problem. It has been shown that the second order asymptotic field is not an independent eigen field and should be matched with the elastic strain term of the first order asymptotic field. The second order stress field ahead of the crack tip is quite small compared with the first order stress field. The stress field ahead of crack tip is characterized by the HRR field. Hence the J integral can be used as a criterion for crack initiation.

Modeling Environmental Stress

The word stress when applied to ecosystems is ambiguous. Stress may be low-level, with accompanying near-linear strain, or it may be of finite magnitude, with nonlinear response and possible disintegration of the system. Since there are practically no widely accepted definitions of ecosystem strain, classification of models of stressed systems is tenuous. Despite appearances, most ecosystem models seem to fall into the low-level linear response category. Although they sometimes simulate systems behavior well, they do not provide necessary and sufficient information about sudden structural changes nor structure after transition. Dynamic models of finiteamplitude response to stress are rare because of analytical difficulties. Some idea as to future transition states can be obtained by regarding the behavior of unperturbed functions under limiting strain conditions. Preliminary work shows that, since community variables do respond in a coherent manner to stress, macroscopic analyses of stressed ecosystems offer possible alternatives to compartmental models.

Leistungsmessung an Bord von Fischereifahrzeugen zur Kontrolle der 300-PS-Begrenzung in der Schollenbox

For monitoring of the engine power of fishing vessels permitted for fishery in the plaice box with engine power of 300 HP or less at sea three different portable power measurement systems are developed and tested. A system measuring the twist of the propeller shaft by two divisible gearwheels mounted on the shaft worked well at shafts with roller bearing at both sides of the measured interval of 100–300 mm length. Only at a very few fishing vessels this system is applicable and therefore for monitoring purposes not suitable. The application of a commercial available system measuring the stress at the surface of the shaft was simplified for application by non experts. The torque is measured by strain gauges. The calibration of the system, measuring and recording of the power is done by a PC automatically. A small polished facet on the shaft protected against oxidation is needed for easy and quick application. In this case the system can be used by technical personnel of supervision boats for monitoring of the engine power at sea in a short time. A third power measurement system determinates the torque by measuring the displacement of two supports clamped on the shaft at a distance of 100 mm. The displacement is measured by a micrometer gauge mounted on one of the supports. Readout of the rotating gauge display is possible taking advantage of stroboscopic effect. The system needs no conditioning of the shaft and can be used by non technicians. The development is not finished until now and some additional investigations and tests are required. Additional measures for monitoring of the power on fishing vessels by self recording power measurement systems and sealed fuel racks with limited injection are reported and discussed.

Shape effects on the yield stress and deformation of silicon nanowires: A molecular dynamics simulation

The tension and compression of single-crystalline silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with different cross-sectional shapes are studied systematically using molecular dynamics simulation. The shape effects on the yield stresses are characterized. For the same surface to volume ratio, the circular cross-sectional SiNWs are stronger than the square cross-sectional ones under tensile loading, but reverse happens in compressive loading. With the atoms colored by least-squares atomic local shear strain, the deformation processes reveal that the failure modes of incipient yielding are dependent on the loading directions. The SiNWs under tensile loading slip in {111} surfaces, while the compressive loading leads the SiNWs to slip in the {110} surfaces. The present results are expected to contribute to the design of the silicon devices in nanosystems.

A surface energy model and application to mechanical behavior analysis of single crystals at sub-micron scale

Size effects of mechanical behaviors of materials are referred to the variation of the mechanical behavior due to the sample sizes changing from macroscale to micro-/nanoscales. At the micro-/nanoscale, since sample has a relatively high specific surface area (SSA) (ratio of surface area to volume), the surface although it is often neglected at the macroscale, becomes prominent in governing the energy effect, although it is often neglected at the macroscale, becomes prominent in governing the mechanical behavior. In the present research, a continuum model considering the surface energy effect is developed through introducing the surface energy to total potential energy. Simultaneously, a corresponding finite element method is developed. The model is used to analyze the axial equilibrium strain problem for a Cu nanowire at the external loading-free state. As another application of the model, from dimensional analysis, the size effects of uniform compression tests on the microscale cylinder specimens for Ni and Au single crystals are analyzed and compared with experiments in literatures. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Techniques for strength measurement at high pressures and strain-rates using transverse waves

The study of the strength of a material is relevant to a variety of applications including automobile collisions, armor penetration and inertial confinement fusion. Although dynamic behavior of materials at high pressures and strain-rates has been studied extensively using plate impact experiments, the results provide measurements in one direction only. Material behavior that is dependent on strength is unaccounted for. The research in this study proposes two novel configurations to mitigate this problem.

The first configuration introduced is the oblique wedge experiment, which is comprised of a driver material, an angled target of interest and a backing material used to measure in-situ velocities. Upon impact, a shock wave is generated in the driver material. As the shock encounters the angled target, it is reflected back into the driver and transmitted into the target. Due to the angle of obliquity of the incident wave, a transverse wave is generated that allows the target to be subjected to shear while being compressed by the initial longitudinal shock such that the material does not slip. Using numerical simulations, this study shows that a variety of oblique wedge configurations can be used to study the shear response of materials and this can be extended to strength measurement as well. Experiments were performed on an oblique wedge setup with a copper impactor, polymethylmethacrylate driver, aluminum 6061-t6 target, and a lithium fluoride window. Particle velocities were measured using laser interferometry and results agree well with the simulations.

The second novel configuration is the y-cut quartz sandwich design, which uses the anisotropic properties of y-cut quartz to generate a shear wave that is transmitted into a thin sample. By using an anvil material to back the thin sample, particle velocities measured at the rear surface of the backing plate can be implemented to calculate the shear stress in the material and subsequently the strength. Numerical simulations were conducted to show that this configuration has the ability to measure the strength for a variety of materials.

High-strain composites and dual-matrix composite structures

Most space applications require deployable structures due to the limiting size of current launch vehicles. Specifically, payloads in nanosatellites such as CubeSats require very high compaction ratios due to the very limited space available in this typo of platform. Strain-energy-storing deployable structures can be suitable for these applications, but the curvature to which these structures can be folded is limited to the elastic range. Thanks to fiber microbuckling, high-strain composite materials can be folded into much higher curvatures without showing significant damage, which makes them suitable for very high compaction deployable structure applications. However, in applications that require carrying loads in compression, fiber microbuckling also dominates the strength of the material. A good understanding of the strength in compression of high-strain composites is then needed to determine how suitable they are for this type of application.

The goal of this thesis is to investigate, experimentally and numerically, the microbuckling in compression of high-strain composites. Particularly, the behavior in compression of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced silicone rods (CFRS) is studied. Experimental testing of the compression failure of CFRS rods showed a higher strength in compression than the strength estimated by analytical models, which is unusual in standard polymer composites. This effect, first discovered in the present research, was attributed to the variation in random carbon fiber angles respect to the nominal direction. This is an important effect, as it implies that microbuckling strength might be increased by controlling the fiber angles. With a higher microbuckling strength, high-strain materials could carry loads in compression without reaching microbuckling and therefore be suitable for several space applications.

A finite element model was developed to predict the homogenized stiffness of the CFRS, and the homogenization results were used in another finite element model that simulated a homogenized rod under axial compression. A statistical representation of the fiber angles was implemented in the model. The presence of fiber angles increased the longitudinal shear stiffness of the material, resulting in a higher strength in compression. The simulations showed a large increase of the strength in compression for lower values of the standard deviation of the fiber angle, and a slight decrease of strength in compression for lower values of the mean fiber angle. The strength observed in the experiments was achieved with the minimum local angle standard deviation observed in the CFRS rods, whereas the shear stiffness measured in torsion tests was achieved with the overall fiber angle distribution observed in the CFRS rods.

High strain composites exhibit good bending capabilities, but they tend to be soft out-of-plane. To achieve a higher out-of-plane stiffness, the concept of dual-matrix composites is introduced. Dual-matrix composites are foldable composites which are soft in the crease regions and stiff elsewhere. Previous attempts to fabricate continuous dual-matrix fiber composite shells had limited performance due to excessive resin flow and matrix mixing. An alternative method, presented in this thesis uses UV-cure silicone and fiberglass to avoid these problems. Preliminary experiments on the effect of folding on the out-of-plane stiffness are presented. An application to a conical log-periodic antenna for CubeSats is proposed, using origami-inspired stowing schemes, that allow a conical dual-matrix composite shell to reach very high compaction ratios.

Temperature and stress tuning characteristics of long-period gratings imprinted in Panda fiber

Temperature and stress tunabilities of long-period Bragg gratings imprinted in Panda fiber are presented in this letter. It is shown that the temperature and strain response of the resonance peaks for fast and slow axes are different not only in their magnitudes but also in the signs of the slope. Furthermore, the characteristics for different order modes are different both in magnitudes and signs. The complicated phenomena are discussed by using a simplified model.

Observation and interpretation of tectonic strain release mechanisms

In four chapters various aspects of earthquake source are studied.

Chapter I

Surface displacements that followed the Parkfield, 1966, earthquakes were measured for two years with six small-scale geodetic networks straddling the fault trace. The logarithmic rate and the periodic nature of the creep displacement recorded on a strain meter made it possible to predict creep episodes on the San Andreas fault. Some individual earthquakes were related directly to surface displacement, while in general, slow creep and aftershock activity were found to occur independently. The Parkfield earthquake is interpreted as a buried dislocation.

Chapter II

The source parameters of earthquakes between magnitude 1 and 6 were studied using field observations, fault plane solutions, and surface wave and S-wave spectral analysis. The seismic moment, M_O, was found to be related to local magnitude, M_L, by log M_O = 1.7 M_L + 15.1. The source length vs magnitude relation for the San Andreas system found to be: M_L = 1.9 log L - 6.7. The surface wave envelope parameter AR gives the moment according to log M_O = log AR₃₀₀ + 30.1, and the stress drop, τ, was found to be related to the magnitude by τ = 0.54 M - 2.58. The relation between surface wave magnitude M_S and M_L is proposed to be M_S = 1.7 M_L - 4.1. It is proposed to estimate the relative stress level (and possibly the strength) of a source-region by the amplitude ratio of high-frequency to low-frequency waves. An apparent stress map for Southern California is presented.

Chapter III

Seismic triggering and seismic shaking are proposed as two closely related mechanisms of strain release which explain observations of the character of the P wave generated by the Alaskan earthquake of 1964, and distant fault slippage observed after the Borrego Mountain, California earthquake of 1968. The Alaska, 1964, earthquake is shown to be adequately described as a series of individual rupture events. The first of these events had a body wave magnitude of 6.6 and is considered to have initiated or triggered the whole sequence. The propagation velocity of the disturbance is estimated to be 3.5 km/sec. On the basis of circumstantial evidence it is proposed that the Borrego Mountain, 1968, earthquake caused release of tectonic strain along three active faults at distances of 45 to 75 km from the epicenter. It is suggested that this mechanism of strain release is best described as "seismic shaking."

Chapter IV

The changes of apparent stress with depth are studied in the South American deep seismic zone. For shallow earthquakes the apparent stress is 20 bars on the average, the same as for earthquakes in the Aleutians and on Oceanic Ridges. At depths between 50 and 150 km the apparent stresses are relatively high, approximately 380 bars, and around 600 km depth they are again near 20 bars. The seismic efficiency is estimated to be 0.1. This suggests that the true stress is obtained by multiplying the apparent stress by ten. The variation of apparent stress with depth is explained in terms of the hypothesis of ocean floor consumption.

Estresse ocupacional segundo o modelo demanda-controle e suas repercussões na saúde do trabalhador de enfermagem: análise das variações de cortisol salivar

O objeto de estudo foi o estresse no trabalho e os níveis de cortisol salivar. O objetivo geral foi avaliar a associação entre estresse no trabalho e variações de cortisol salivar de trabalhadores de Enfermagem inseridos na assistência hospitalar no Rio de Janeiro. A hipótese do estudo foi que existe associação entre trabalhadores expostos à alta exigência no trabalho e as variações de cortisol salivar. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico observacional analítico seccional, realizado em hospital estadual localizado no Rio de Janeiro com amostra de 103 trabalhadores. Para avaliação dos aspectos psicossociais do trabalho, utilizou-se o questionário Job Content Questionnaire. O cortisol salivar foi medido através da coleta de 04 amostras de cada participante em um dia do plantão: ao acordar, 30 minutos depois, às 12h e 18 h. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre março e abril de 2012. Utilizou-se o programa SPSS 18.0 para análise dos dados. As dimensões demanda psicológica e controle e a subtração foram utilizadas sob a forma contínua nas análises de correlação com as covariáveis e desfecho. Os níveis de cortisol foram quantificados por meio de cinco índices: o cálculo da área sob a curva em relação ao zero ou base (AUCg), área sob a curva em relação ao aumento (AUCi), o aumento médio (MnInc), a excreção do cortisol no período pós acordar (AUCtrab) e a área sob a curva em relação ao zero ou base do ciclo diurno (AUCCD). Para avaliar a associação entre as covariáveis e exposição e desfecho utilizou-se os testes de Mann Whitney e Kruskall-Wallis. As covariáveis associadas à exposição ou ao desfecho com nível de significância de 20% (p≤0,20) foram testadas no modelo de regressão linear. Realizada análise de correlação utilizando-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearmans. Como resultado encontrou-se que os trabalhadores de Enfermagem obtiveram médias para demanda psicológica e controle que tendem para o limite superior, bem como para a subtração, caracterizando alta demanda e alto controle, ou seja, trabalho ativo. O valor médio de cortisol observado ao acordar, 30 minutos após, 12h e 18h foi de 5,82 nmol/L) (4,86), 16,60 nmol/L ( 8,31), 7,49 nmol/L ( 6,97) e 3,93 nmol/L ( 3,15), respectivamente. O aumento do cortisol entre o acordar e 30 minutos após foi em média de 64%. Já para os índices de cortisol adotados observa-se o valor médio da MnInc, AUCg, AUCi, AUCtrab e AUCCD foi de 10,78 nmol/L (6,99), 5,61 nmol/L ( 2,92) 2,69 nmol/L ( 1,75), 32,51 nmol/L ( 21,99) e 107,99 nmol/L ( 61,63), respectivamente. Este estudo demonstrou que os níveis de cortisol salivar livre não estão associados à alta exigência no trabalho, mesmo quando ajustadas pelas possíveis variáveis de confusão ou modificadoras de efeito. A hipótese do estudo não foi confirmada. Os dados obtidos neste estudo revelaram aspectos importantes dos riscos psicossociais a que estão expostos os trabalhadores de Enfermagem durante o processo de trabalho, oferecendo subsídios para que sejam implementados programas de orientação e promoção à saúde do trabalhador e fornecem um contributo para entender os caminhos biológicos pelos quais o estresse no trabalho influencia a saúde.

Studying the influence of substitutional elements on mechanical behavior of Alloy 718

In nickel-based superalloys, substitutional solute species have a strong impact on in service mechanical properties as well as on oxidation and corrosion resistances. In alloy 718, recent studies carried out by tensile tests highlighted the fact that refractory solute species are able to interact strongly with mobile dislocations during plastic deformation, generating dynamic strain ageing, and, in wide ranges of tests temperatures and strain rates, Portevin-Le Chatelier effect. The precise nature of the substitutional element responsible for such a dynamic interaction is still subject to debate. We addressed this question by means of mechanical spectroscopy studies of alloy 718 and various related alloys corresponding to monitored changes in the chemical composition. Only a single internal friction relaxation peak has been observed for all the studied alloys. By analyzing the damping behavior of these alloys at different imposed solicitation frequencies by sweeping a large temperatures range, the activation energies of the relaxation process and the type of mechanism involved have been determined. The process is a "Zener relaxation" in the alloys, i.e. a substitutional atoms dipole reorientation under applied stress. The results tend to prove that Niobium is not involved in the relaxation process whereas Molybdenum content seems to play an important role in the relaxation intensity.

A packaging technique for silicon MEMS strain sensors on steel

A packaging technique suited to applying MEMS strain sensors realized on a silicon chip to a steel flat surface is described. The method is based on adhesive bonding of the silicon chip rear surface on steel using two types of glue normally used for standard piezoresistive strain sensors (Mbond200/ 600), using direct wire bonding of the chip to a Printed Circuit Board, also fixed on steel. In order to protect the sensor from the external environment, and to improve the MEMS performance, the silicon chip is encapsulated with a metal cap hermetically sealed-off under vacuum condition with a vacuum adhesive in which the bonding wires are also protected from possible damage. In order to evaluate the mechanical coupling of the silicon chip with the bar and thestress transfer extent to the silicon surface, commercial strain sensors have been applied on the chip glued on a steel bar in alaboratory setup able to generate strain by inflection, yielding a stress transfer around 70% from steel to silicon. © 2008 IEEE.

Development of a universal stress sensor for graphene and carbon fibres

Carbon fibres are a significant volume fraction of modern structural airframes. Embedded into polymer matrices, they provide significant strength and stiffness gains by unit weight compared with competing structural materials. Here we use the Raman G peak to assess the response of carbon fibres to the application of strain, with reference to the response of graphene itself. Our data highlight the predominance of the in-plane graphene properties in all graphitic structures examined. A universal master plot relating the G peak strain sensitivity to tensile modulus of all types of carbon fibres, as well as graphene, is presented. We derive a universal value of - average - phonon shift rate with axial stress of around -5ω0 -1 (cm -1 Mpa-1), where ω0 is the G peak position at zero stress for both graphene and carbon fibre with annular morphology. The use of this for stress measurements in a variety of applications is discussed. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

Increasing the design strength of glass – fractography and stress testing

Brittleness is the unintended, but inevitable consequence of producing a transparent ceramic for architectural applications such as the soda-lime glass. Its tensile strength is particularly sensitive to surface imperfections, such as that from natural weathering and malicious damage. Although a significant amount of testing of new glass has been carried out, there has been surprisingly little testing on weathered glass. Due to the variable nature of the causes of surface damage, the lack of data on weathered glass leads to a considerable degree of uncertainty in the long-term strength of exposed glass. This paper presents the results of recent tests on weathered annealed glass which has been exposed to natural weathering for more than 20 years. The tests include experimental investigations using the co-axial ring setup as well as optical and atomic force microscopy of the glass surfaces. The experimental data from these tests is subsequently used to extend existing fracture mechanics-based models to predict the strength of weathered glass. It is shown that using an automated approach based directly on finite element analysis results can give an increase in effective design strength in the order of 70 to 100% when compared to maximum stress methods. It is also shown that by combining microscopy and strength test results, it is possible to quantitatively characterise the damage on glass surfaces.

Dynamic compressive response of composite square honeycombs

Carbon fibre-epoxy composite square honeycombs, and the parent composite material, were tested in quasi-static compression at a strain rate of 10 -3 s -1 and in dynamic compression at strain rates of 10 3-10 4 s -1 using an instrumented Kolsky bar arrangement. Taken together, these tests provide an assessment of the potential of this composite topology for use as a lightweight sandwich core. The honeycombs had two relative densities, 0.12 and 0.24, and two material orientations, ±45° and 0/90° with respect to the prismatic, loading direction of the honeycomb. Honeycomb manufacture was by slotting, assembling and bonding together carbon fibre/epoxy woven plies of composite sheets of 2 × 2 twill weave construction. The peak value of wall stress in the honeycombs was about one third that of the parent material, for all strain rates. An elastic finite element analysis was used to trace the source of this knock-down in strength: a stress concentration exists at the root of the slots and leads to premature failure by microbuckling. Shock-wave effects were evident at impact velocities exceeding 50 ms -1 for the honeycomb of relative density 0.12. This was traced to stubbing of the buckled cell walls against the face of the Kolsky bar. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.