Avaliação de fatores angiogênicos e antiangiogênicos em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença autoimune cuja fisiopatologia envolve mecanismos imunológicos, incluindo distúrbios nos processos de morte celular e nos mecanismos de eliminação de autoantígenos e de tolerância, acompanhados da formação de autoanticorpos patogênicos. Ele acomete principalmente mulheres jovens e a gestação nestas pacientes apresenta significativa morbimortalidade. Os achados clínicos e laboratoriais na nefrite lúpica são semelhantes àqueles encontrados em pacientes com pré-eclâmpsia (PE), especificamente hipertensão arterial, proteinúria e edema. Foi proposto o uso de fatores angiogênicos, como o fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) e o fator de crescimento placentário (PlGF), e antiangiogênicos, como o receptor Fms-like tirosina quinase 1 solúvel (sFlt-1), para o diagnóstico diferencial entre estas duas condições, no entanto os dados disponíveis na literatura sobre estas citocinas em pacientes não gestantes com LES são inconsistentes. Este estudo foi desenhado para avaliar se existe diferença entre os níveis séricos de VEGF, PlGF e sFlt-1 em pacientes com LES com e sem atividade sistêmica da doença e se existe diferença nesses fatores quando comparamos pacientes com LES e mulheres saudáveis. Foram incluídas 54 mulheres com diagnóstico de LES em acompanhamento no ambulatório de Reumatologia do HUPE-UERJ, sem outra doença autoimune diagnosticada, e divididas de acordo com a atividade da doença. 30 pacientes tinham doença inativa (SLEDAI médio: 0,7) e 24 tinham doença ativa (SLEDAI médio: 11,6). 23 mulheres deste último grupo possuíam nefrite ativa, enquanto 20 das pacientes com doença em remissão já haviam apresentado nefrite ao longo da evolução do LES. O grupo controle foi formado por 34 mulheres hígidas atendidas no ambulatório de ginecologia da Policlínica Piquet Carneiro-UERJ. Considerando as três citocinas estudadas, as pacientes com LES apresentaram valores séricos médios superiores às mulheres do grupo controle (VEGF: 319,0 + 226,0 x 206,2 + 119,4, p=0,02; PlGF: 42,2 + 54,1 x 13,6 + 21,6, p=0,02; sFlt-1: 107,9 + 49,2 x 70,2 + 95,0, p=0,01). O grupo de pacientes com doença ativa também apresentou média superior ao controle nos três fatores (VEGF: 331,0 + 216,8 x 206,2 + 119,4, p=0,02; PlGF: 41,2 + 47,3 x 13,6 + 21,6, p=0,02; sFlt-1: 120,5 + 42,4 x 70,2 + 95,0, p=0,02), enquanto não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre o grupo de LES inativo e o controle. A média do sFlt-1 sérico foi maior nas pacientes com LES ativo do que a média das pacientes com a doença em remissão (120,5 + 54,9 x 97,8 + 42,4, p=0,02), mas não houve diferença significativa da média do VEGF e PlGF séricos entre os dois grupos. O melhor entendimento dos fatores angiogênicos e antiangiogênicos em pacientes com LES proporcionado por este estudo nos permite a análise dessas citocinas em gestantes com LES e, possivelmente, sua posterior aplicação como método diferencial entre nefrite lúpica e PE.

A History of Benthic Research in the NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Center

The Northeast Fisheries Science Center of NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service has a long history of research on benthic invertebrates and habitats in support of the management of living marine resources. These studies began in the 1870's under Spencer F. Baird's guidance as part of an effort to characterize the Nation's fisheries and living marine resources and their ecological interactions. This century and a quarter of research has included many benthic invertebrate studies, including community characterizations, shellfish biology and culture, pathology, ecosystem energy budget modeling, habitat evaluations, assessments of human impacts, toxic chemical bioaccumulation in demersal food webs, habitat or endangered species management, benthic autecology, systematics (to define new species and species population boundaries), and other benthic studies. Here we review the scope of past and current studies as a background for strategic research planning and suggest areas for further research to support NOAA's goals of sustainable fisheries management, healthy coastal ecosystems, and protected species populations.

New Products and Markets for Menhaden, Brevoortia spp.

Although menhaden, Brevoortia spp., represent 23.5 percent of United States commercial fishery landings, they represent only about 2.6 percent of the total landed value of fishery products. New food products and markets are needed to increase the economic value of the menhaden resource. This paper describes investigations of menhaden as a raw material for both traditional and new forms of food products. Canned menhaden is a logical food product, but the production of a menhaden surimi with good functionality has recently been demonstrated. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has placed partially hydrogenated menhaden oil on the GRAS list of ingredients for food products, but a decision on the status of nutritionally beneficial refined menhaden oil is not yet available. Refined menhaden oil is currently the raw material for biomedical test materials being used in research approved by the National Institutes of Health to determine the health benefits of fish oils and omega-3 fatty acids. The test materials are being produced, with strict quality controls, at the NMFS Charleston Laboratory.

Foreword and Acknowledgments: Woods Hole Laboratory Centennial

The year 1985 was one of celebration for the Woods Hole Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service's Northeast Fisheries Center. The reason was the one hundredth anniversary of the completion and occupation of the first facility in the world dedicated to marine fisheries research. Spencer Fullerton Baird, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and newly appointed first Commissioner of the nascent U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries visited Woods Hole in the summer of 1871 to establish a base from which to begin the investigations mandated by Congress when they established the "Fish Commission." During the following three summers (1872-74), operations were conducted from several other localities along the New England coast. During the course of those four years Baird determined that Woods Hole offered the most suitable natural and physical amenities for the investigations being conducted by the Fish Commission at that time, and for those envisioned for the future. The base for Commission operations was returned to Woods Hole in the summer of 1875 and has remained there ever since, through times fair and foul and several agency changes.

Mersey Estuary saltmarsh vegetation survey 2002

This is the Mersey Estuary Saltmarsh vegetation survey 2002 report produced by the English Nature Cheshire in 2003. This report looks at the mapping of vegetation communities on the saltmarsh of the Mersey Estuary. The total area of saltmarsh and associated communities within the Mersey Estuary was found to be 724.1 ha. Most of the saltmarsh in the Mersey Estuary is presently ungrazed or only very lightly grazed, creating a very rank sward in excess of 20 cm in height which is not generally suitable for grazing or roosting birds. On the northern side of the Mersey Estuary, the saltmarsh around the Hale Decoy was lightly grazed by horses, but the remainder was ungrazed. On the south side, the saltmarsh was fairly heavily sheep-grazed along the Frodsham Score, very lightly grazed at Ince Banks by sheep straying from Frodsham and ungrazed at Stanlow Banks. Despite much of it presently being ungrazed, the saltmarsh of the Mersey Estuary is relatively poor in plant species. It appears that this is because the ungrazed areas have been so for less than 20 years and have thus not had time to develop the diversity of a long-established ungrazed marsh. However, withdrawal or depletion of grazing has produced a rank sward which is less valuable to grazing and roosting birds.

Estudo multicêntrico nacional para avaliação da incidência de autoanticorpos e eventos adversos em pacientes com diferentes enfermidades em uso de infliximabe

Introdução: O infliximabe é um anticorpo monoclonal quimérico que inibe o fator de necrose tumoral, sendo usado em doenças autoimunes e/ou inflamatórias, tais como a artrite reumatóide (AR), a espondilite anquilosante (EA), a psoríase e a artrite psoriásica (AP) e as doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII). Objetivos: Avaliar se o infliximabe induz à formação de autoanticorpos e verificar a ocorrência de eventos adversos, sobretudo o lúpus induzido por este medicamento. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo aberto, prospectivo, de fase IV, onde dosamos os autoanticorpos antes e depois do tratamento (das doenças citadas anteriormente), o qual teve duração mínima de 6 meses (5 infusões). Resultados: No total, 286 pacientes foram avaliados para o fator anti-nuclear (FAN) por imunofluorescência indireta em células Hep2, sendo significativo o aumento de número de indivíduos (p = 0,0001), antes e depois da medicação. Além do FAN, foram dosados, em 146 pacientes, 17 outros autoanticorpos pelo método multiplex, sendo que o anti-DNA de dupla hélice (anti-dsDNA) e o anticardiolipina IgM (aCL IgM) tiveram um aumento significativo (p = 0,003 e 0,0024, respectivamente). Pacientes com AR tiveram uma variação significativa nos títulos do anticorpo anti-proteína citrulinada (ACPA) (antes e depois do tratamento) (p = 0,012). De todos os pacientes avaliados (n = 286), somente 1 (0,35%) apresentou sinais clínicos e laboratoriais de lúpus induzido pelo infliximabe. Conclusão: O estudo demonstrou que o infliximabe interferiu na formação de autoanticorpos (FAN, anti-dsDNA, aCL IgM e ACPA), sendo rara a indução de lúpus pelo medicamento.

The coastal environment and human health: microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels and reservoirs

Innovative research relating oceans and human health is advancing our understanding of disease-causing organisms in coastal ecosystems. Novel techniques are elucidating the loading, transport and fate of pathogens in coastal ecosystems, and identifying sources of contamination. This research is facilitating improved risk assessments for seafood consumers and those who use the oceans for recreation. A number of challenges still remain and define future directions of research and public policy. Sample processing and molecular detection techniques need to be advanced to allow rapid and specific identification of microbes of public health concern from complex environmental samples. Water quality standards need to be updated to more accurately reflect health risks and to provide managers with improved tools for decision-making. Greater discrimination of virulent versus harmless microbes is needed to identify environmental reservoirs of pathogens and factors leading to human infections. Investigations must include examination of microbial community dynamics that may be important from a human health perspective. Further research is needed to evaluate the ecology of non-enteric water-transmitted diseases. Sentinels should also be established and monitored, providing early warning of dangers to ecosystem health. Taken together, this effort will provide more reliable information about public health risks associated with beaches and seafood consumption, and how human activities can affect their exposure to disease-causing organisms from the oceans.

Does the California market squid (Loligo opalescens) spawn naturally during the day or at night? A note on the successful use of ROVs to obtain basic fisheries biology data

The California market squid (Loligo opalescens Berry), also known as the opalescent inshore squid (FAO), plays a central role in the nearshore ecological communities of the west coast of the United States (Morejohn et al., 1978; Hixon, 1983) and it is also a prime focus of California fisheries, ranking first in dollar value and tons landed in recent years (Vojkovich, 1998). The life span of this species is only 7−10 months after hatching, as ascertained by aging statoliths (Butler et al., 1999; Jackson, 1994; Jackson and Domier, 2003) and mariculture trials (Yang, et al., 1986). Thus, annual recruitment is required to sustain the population. The spawning season ranges from April to November and spawning peaks from May to June. In some years there can be a smaller second peak in November. In Monterey Bay, the squids are fished directly on the egg beds, and the consequences of this practice for conservation and fisheries management are unknown but of some concern (Hanlon, 1998). Beginning in April 2000, we began a study of the in situ spawning behavior of L. opalescens in the southern Monterey Bay fishing area.

Demographic assessment of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in Chesapeake Bay using extractable lipofuscins as age markers

The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) plays an important economic and ecological role in estuaries and coastal habitats from the Gulf of Mexico to the east coast of North America, but demographic assessments are limited by length-based methods. We applied an alternative aging method using biochemical measures of metabolic byproducts (lipofuscins) sequestered in the neural tissue of eyestalks to examine population age structure. From Chesapeake Bay, subsamples of animals collected from the 1998–99 (n=769) and 1999–2000 (n=367) winter dredge surveys were collected and lipofuscin was measured. Modal analysis of the lipofuscin index provided separation into three modes, whereas carapace-width data collected among the same individuals showed two broad modes. Lipofuscin modal analysis indicated that most adults (carapace width >120 mm) were <2 years old. The results indicate that use of extractable lipofuscin can provide a more accurate and better resolved estimation of demographic structure of blue crab populations in the field than size alone.

Effect of analytical conditions in wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analysis on the measurement of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths of anadromous salmonids

The use of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths is becoming a standard method to describe life history type and the chronology of migrations between freshwater and seawater habitats in teleosts (e.g. Kalish, 1990; Radtke et al., 1990; Secor, 1992; Rieman et al., 1994; Radtke, 1995; Limburg, 1995; Tzeng et al. 1997; Volk et al., 2000; Zimmerman, 2000; Zimmerman and Reeves, 2000, 2002). This method provides critical information concerning the relationship and ecology of species exhibiting phenotypic variation in migratory behavior (Kalish, 1990; Secor, 1999). Methods and procedures, however, vary among laboratories because a standard method or protocol for measurement of Sr in otoliths does not exist. In this note, we examine the variations in analytical conditions in an effort to increase precision of Sr/Ca measurements. From these findings we argue that precision can be maximized with higher beam current (although there is specimen damage) than previously recommended by Gunn et al. (1992).