Influence of Training Set Selection in Artificial Neural Network-Based Propagation Path Loss Predictions

This paper analyzes the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for predicting the received power/path loss in both outdoor and indoor links. The approach followed has been a combined use of ANNs and ray-tracing, the latter allowing the identification and parameterization of the so-called dominant path. A complete description of the process for creating and training an ANN-based model is presented with special emphasis on the training process. More specifically, we will be discussing various techniques to arrive at valid predictions focusing on an optimum selection of the training set. A quantitative analysis based on results from two narrowband measurement campaigns, one outdoors and the other indoors, is also presented.

Empirical Doppler Characterization of Signals Scattered by Wind Turbines in the UHF Band under Near Field Condition

Time variability of the scattering signals from wind turbines may lead to degradation problems on the communication systems provided in the UHF band, especially under near field condition. In order to analyze the variability due to the rotation of the blades, this paper characterizes empirical Doppler spectra obtained from real samples of signals scattered by wind turbines with rotating blades under near field condition. A new Doppler spectrum model is proposed to fit the spectral characteristics of these signals, providing notable goodness of fit. Finally, the effect of this kind of time variability on the degradation of OFDM signals is studied.

New technologies driving decade-bandwidth radio astronomy : quad-ridged flared horn and compound-semiconductor LNAs

Among the branches of astronomy, radio astronomy is unique in that it spans the largest portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, e.g., from about 10 MHz to 300 GHz. On the other hand, due to scientific priorities as well as technological limitations, radio astronomy receivers have traditionally covered only about an octave bandwidth. This approach of "one specialized receiver for one primary science goal" is, however, not only becoming too expensive for next-generation radio telescopes comprising thousands of small antennas, but also is inadequate to answer some of the scientific questions of today which require simultaneous coverage of very large bandwidths.

This thesis presents significant improvements on the state of the art of two key receiver components in pursuit of decade-bandwidth radio astronomy: 1) reflector feed antennas; 2) low-noise amplifiers on compound-semiconductor technologies. The first part of this thesis introduces the quadruple-ridged flared horn, a flexible, dual linear-polarization reflector feed antenna that achieves 5:1-7:1 frequency bandwidths while maintaining near-constant beamwidth. The horn is unique in that it is the only wideband feed antenna suitable for radio astronomy that: 1) can be designed to have nominal 10 dB beamwidth between 30 and 150 degrees; 2) requires one single-ended 50 Ohm low-noise amplifier per polarization. Design, analysis, and measurements of several quad-ridged horns are presented to demonstrate its feasibility and flexibility.

The second part of the thesis focuses on modeling and measurements of discrete high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and their applications in wideband, extremely low-noise amplifiers. The transistors and microwave monolithic integrated circuit low-noise amplifiers described herein have been fabricated on two state-of-the-art HEMT processes: 1) 35 nm indium phosphide; 2) 70 nm gallium arsenide. DC and microwave performance of transistors from both processes at room and cryogenic temperatures are included, as well as first-reported measurements of detailed noise characterization of the sub-micron HEMTs at both temperatures. Design and measurements of two low-noise amplifiers covering 1--20 and 8—50 GHz fabricated on both processes are also provided, which show that the 1--20 GHz amplifier improves the state of the art in cryogenic noise and bandwidth, while the 8--50 GHz amplifier achieves noise performance only slightly worse than the best published results but does so with nearly a decade bandwidth.

Synthetic molecular machines for active self-assembly : prototype algorithms, designs, and experimental study

Computer science and electrical engineering have been the great success story of the twentieth century. The neat modularity and mapping of a language onto circuits has led to robots on Mars, desktop computers and smartphones. But these devices are not yet able to do some of the things that life takes for granted: repair a scratch, reproduce, regenerate, or grow exponentially fast–all while remaining functional.

This thesis explores and develops algorithms, molecular implementations, and theoretical proofs in the context of “active self-assembly” of molecular systems. The long-term vision of active self-assembly is the theoretical and physical implementation of materials that are composed of reconfigurable units with the programmability and adaptability of biology’s numerous molecular machines. En route to this goal, we must first find a way to overcome the memory limitations of molecular systems, and to discover the limits of complexity that can be achieved with individual molecules.

One of the main thrusts in molecular programming is to use computer science as a tool for figuring out what can be achieved. While molecular systems that are Turing-complete have been demonstrated [Winfree, 1996], these systems still cannot achieve some of the feats biology has achieved.

One might think that because a system is Turing-complete, capable of computing “anything,” that it can do any arbitrary task. But while it can simulate any digital computational problem, there are many behaviors that are not “computations” in a classical sense, and cannot be directly implemented. Examples include exponential growth and molecular motion relative to a surface.

Passive self-assembly systems cannot implement these behaviors because (a) molecular motion relative to a surface requires a source of fuel that is external to the system, and (b) passive systems are too slow to assemble exponentially-fast-growing structures. We call these behaviors “energetically incomplete” programmable behaviors. This class of behaviors includes any behavior where a passive physical system simply does not have enough physical energy to perform the specified tasks in the requisite amount of time.

As we will demonstrate and prove, a sufficiently expressive implementation of an “active” molecular self-assembly approach can achieve these behaviors. Using an external source of fuel solves part of the the problem, so the system is not “energetically incomplete.” But the programmable system also needs to have sufficient expressive power to achieve the specified behaviors. Perhaps surprisingly, some of these systems do not even require Turing completeness to be sufficiently expressive.

Building on a large variety of work by other scientists in the fields of DNA nanotechnology, chemistry and reconfigurable robotics, this thesis introduces several research contributions in the context of active self-assembly.

We show that simple primitives such as insertion and deletion are able to generate complex and interesting results such as the growth of a linear polymer in logarithmic time and the ability of a linear polymer to treadmill. To this end we developed a formal model for active-self assembly that is directly implementable with DNA molecules. We show that this model is computationally equivalent to a machine capable of producing strings that are stronger than regular languages and, at most, as strong as context-free grammars. This is a great advance in the theory of active self- assembly as prior models were either entirely theoretical or only implementable in the context of macro-scale robotics.

We developed a chain reaction method for the autonomous exponential growth of a linear DNA polymer. Our method is based on the insertion of molecules into the assembly, which generates two new insertion sites for every initial one employed. The building of a line in logarithmic time is a first step toward building a shape in logarithmic time. We demonstrate the first construction of a synthetic linear polymer that grows exponentially fast via insertion. We show that monomer molecules are converted into the polymer in logarithmic time via spectrofluorimetry and gel electrophoresis experiments. We also demonstrate the division of these polymers via the addition of a single DNA complex that competes with the insertion mechanism. This shows the growth of a population of polymers in logarithmic time. We characterize the DNA insertion mechanism that we utilize in Chapter 4. We experimentally demonstrate that we can control the kinetics of this re- action over at least seven orders of magnitude, by programming the sequences of DNA that initiate the reaction.

In addition, we review co-authored work on programming molecular robots using prescriptive landscapes of DNA origami; this was the first microscopic demonstration of programming a molec- ular robot to walk on a 2-dimensional surface. We developed a snapshot method for imaging these random walking molecular robots and a CAPTCHA-like analysis method for difficult-to-interpret imaging data.

Beyond Watson and Crick : programming the self-assembly and reconfiguration of DNA nanostructures based on stacking interactions

Life is the result of the execution of molecular programs: like how an embryo is fated to become a human or a whale, or how a person’s appearance is inherited from their parents, many biological phenomena are governed by genetic programs written in DNA molecules. At the core of such programs is the highly reliable base pairing interaction between nucleic acids. DNA nanotechnology exploits the programming power of DNA to build artificial nanostructures, molecular computers, and nanomachines. In particular, DNA origami—which is a simple yet versatile technique that allows one to create various nanoscale shapes and patterns—is at the heart of the technology. In this thesis, I describe the development of programmable self-assembly and reconfiguration of DNA origami nanostructures based on a unique strategy: rather than relying on Watson-Crick base pairing, we developed programmable bonds via the geometric arrangement of stacking interactions, which we termed stacking bonds. We further demonstrated that such bonds can be dynamically reconfigurable.

The first part of this thesis describes the design and implementation of stacking bonds. Our work addresses the fundamental question of whether one can create diverse bond types out of a single kind of attractive interaction—a question first posed implicitly by Francis Crick while seeking a deeper understanding of the origin of life and primitive genetic code. For the creation of multiple specific bonds, we used two different approaches: binary coding and shape coding of geometric arrangement of stacking interaction units, which are called blunt ends. To construct a bond space for each approach, we performed a systematic search using a computer algorithm. We used orthogonal bonds to experimentally implement the connection of five distinct DNA origami nanostructures. We also programmed the bonds to control cis/trans configuration between asymmetric nanostructures.

The second part of this thesis describes the large-scale self-assembly of DNA origami into two-dimensional checkerboard-pattern crystals via surface diffusion. We developed a protocol where the diffusion of DNA origami occurs on a substrate and is dynamically controlled by changing the cationic condition of the system. We used stacking interactions to mediate connections between the origami, because of their potential for reconfiguring during the assembly process. Assembling DNA nanostructures directly on substrate surfaces can benefit nano/microfabrication processes by eliminating a pattern transfer step. At the same time, the use of DNA origami allows high complexity and unique addressability with six-nanometer resolution within each structural unit.

The third part of this thesis describes the use of stacking bonds as dynamically breakable bonds. To break the bonds, we used biological machinery called the ParMRC system extracted from bacteria. The system ensures that, when a cell divides, each daughter cell gets one copy of the cell’s DNA by actively pushing each copy to the opposite poles of the cell. We demonstrate dynamically expandable nanostructures, which makes stacking bonds a promising candidate for reconfigurable connectors for nanoscale machine parts.

Métodos de desacoplo de antenas PIFA en terminales móviles

[ES]Hoy en día, los sistemas de comunicación inalámbricos soportan un amplio número de servicios como la voz, datos y vídeos que requieren unas grandes tasas de transmisión. Por ello la mejora de la calidad del enlace que ofrecen los sistemas MIMO es clave. El problema surge al colocar varias antenas en un terminal móvil sin que aparezca un acoplamiento entre las distintas antenas que evite el correcto funcionamiento de estas. En este documento se realizará un estudio de los diferentes métodos de desacoplo entre antenas PIFA (Planar Inverted-F antenna) en un terminal móvil.

SIW teknologiadun antena simulazioa

[EU]Lan honetan, lehenik eta behin, SIW teknologiaren funtzionamendua ikasi dugu. Ondoren, eta gaur egun ezagunagoak diren antzeko mikrouhinetako teknologiei (microstrip, uhin gida edo antzerako transmisio lerroak) buruzko jakintza handitu ostean, hauen eta SIW teknologiaren arteko baliokidetasuna nola lortu ikasi dugu. HFSS simulazio-tresnarekin SIW teknologiadun antena ezberdinak diseinatu eta simulatu ditugu (propietate nahiz tamaina ezberdinekoak) eta hauen emaitzak aztertu, besteak beste bere erradiazio diagrama eta S parametroak. Azkenik emaitza hauek interpretatu, eta ondorio bat lortu dugu. SIW teknologiak besteekiko dituen abantailaz gain, diseinu hauek aurrera eramateko bete ditugun pausuak eta simulazio emaitzetatik lortutako interpretazioak ondorengo memoria honetan azalduko ditugu, baita lan honek izan dituen fase ezberdinak eta lan hau aurrera ateratzearen aurrekontua ere.

Modelado y control de estación de célula de manipulación

[ES]El objetivo de este proyecto es el diseño e implementación del modelo de la estación FMS 201 (alimentación de la base) y el diseño e implementación del control de la estación. Esta estación pertenece a la serie FMS 200 (sistema didáctico modular de ensamblaje flexible) distribuido por la empresa SMC. Se dispone uno en el laboratorio de investigación del departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática de la Escuela Superior de Ingeniería de Bilbao (EHU/UPV). Para el desarrollo e implementación del modelo se usará la herramienta informática Automation Studio. Para el control del modelo se usará el PLC. Para el intercambio de información entre modelo y controlador se utilizará la comunicación OPC Para el control de la estación se usa un PLC S7-300 de la marca SIEMENS. Se finaliza el documento realizando las pruebas de validación del modelo desarrollado, ejecutándose el programa de control en el PLC y corriendo el modelo desarrollado en el PC.

A Multiwavelength Study of the Intracluster Medium and the Characterization of the Multiwavelength Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera

The first part of this thesis combines Bolocam observations of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect at 140 GHz with X-ray observations from Chandra, strong lensing data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and weak lensing data from HST and Subaru to constrain parametric models for the distribution of dark and baryonic matter in a sample of six massive, dynamically relaxed galaxy clusters. For five of the six clusters, the full multiwavelength dataset is well described by a relatively simple model that assumes spherical symmetry, hydrostatic equilibrium, and entirely thermal pressure support. The multiwavelength analysis yields considerably better constraints on the total mass and concentration compared to analysis of any one dataset individually. The subsample of five galaxy clusters is used to place an upper limit on the fraction of pressure support in the intracluster medium (ICM) due to nonthermal processes, such as turbulent and bulk flow of the gas. We constrain the nonthermal pressure fraction at r500c to be less than 0.11 at 95% confidence, where r500c refers to radius at which the average enclosed density is 500 times the critical density of the Universe. This is in tension with state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations, which predict a nonthermal pressure fraction of approximately 0.25 at r500c for the clusters in this sample.

The second part of this thesis focuses on the characterization of the Multiwavelength Sub/millimeter Inductance Camera (MUSIC), a photometric imaging camera that was commissioned at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO) in 2012. MUSIC is designed to have a 14 arcminute, diffraction-limited field of view populated with 576 spatial pixels that are simultaneously sensitive to four bands at 150, 220, 290, and 350 GHz. It is well-suited for studies of dusty star forming galaxies, galaxy clusters via the SZ Effect, and galactic star formation. MUSIC employs a number of novel detector technologies: broadband phased-arrays of slot dipole antennas for beam formation, on-chip lumped element filters for band definition, and Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) for transduction of incoming light to electric signal. MKIDs are superconducting micro-resonators coupled to a feedline. Incoming light breaks apart Cooper pairs in the superconductor, causing a change in the quality factor and frequency of the resonator. This is read out as amplitude and phase modulation of a microwave probe signal centered on the resonant frequency. By tuning each resonator to a slightly different frequency and sending out a superposition of probe signals, hundreds of detectors can be read out on a single feedline. This natural capability for large scale, frequency domain multiplexing combined with relatively simple fabrication makes MKIDs a promising low temperature detector for future kilopixel sub/millimeter instruments. There is also considerable interest in using MKIDs for optical through near-infrared spectrophotometry due to their fast microsecond response time and modest energy resolution. In order to optimize the MKID design to obtain suitable performance for any particular application, it is critical to have a well-understood physical model for the detectors and the sources of noise to which they are susceptible. MUSIC has collected many hours of on-sky data with over 1000 MKIDs. This work studies the performance of the detectors in the context of one such physical model. Chapter 2 describes the theoretical model for the responsivity and noise of MKIDs. Chapter 3 outlines the set of measurements used to calibrate this model for the MUSIC detectors. Chapter 4 presents the resulting estimates of the spectral response, optical efficiency, and on-sky loading. The measured detector response to Uranus is compared to the calibrated model prediction in order to determine how well the model describes the propagation of signal through the full instrument. Chapter 5 examines the noise present in the detector timestreams during recent science observations. Noise due to fluctuations in atmospheric emission dominate at long timescales (less than 0.5 Hz). Fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of the microwave probe signal due to the readout electronics contribute significant 1/f and drift-type noise at shorter timescales. The atmospheric noise is removed by creating a template for the fluctuations in atmospheric emission from weighted averages of the detector timestreams. The electronics noise is removed by using probe signals centered off-resonance to construct templates for the amplitude and phase fluctuations. The algorithms that perform the atmospheric and electronic noise removal are described. After removal, we find good agreement between the observed residual noise and our expectation for intrinsic detector noise over a significant fraction of the signal bandwidth.

Plataforma de desenvolvimento de circuitos eletrônicos adaptativos.

Este trabalho apresenta uma arquitetura geral para evolução de circuitos eletrônicos analógicos baseada em algoritmos genéticos. A organização lógica privilegia a interoperabilidade de seus principais componentes, incluindo a possibilidade de substituição ou melhorias internas de suas funcionalidades. A plataforma implementada utiliza evolução extrínseca, isto é, baseada em simulação de circuitos, e visa facilidade e flexibilidade para experimentação. Ela viabiliza a interconexão de diversos componentes aos nós de um circuito eletrônico que será sintetizado ou adaptado. A técnica de Algoritmos Genéticos é usada para buscar a melhor forma de interconectar os componentes para implementar a função desejada. Esta versão da plataforma utiliza o ambiente MATLAB com um toolbox de Algoritmos Genéticos e o PSpice como simulador de circuitos. Os estudos de caso realizados apresentaram resultados que demonstram a potencialidade da plataforma no desenvolvimento de circuitos eletrônicos adaptativos.

Microwave absorption properties of permalloy nanodots in the vortex and quasi-uniform magnetization states

When the in-plane bias magnetic field acting on a flat circular magnetic dot is smaller than the saturation field, there are two stable competing magnetization configurations of the dot: the vortex and the quasi-uniform (C-state). We measured microwave absorption properties in an array of non-interacting permalloy dots in the frequency range 1-8 GHz when the in-plane bias magnetic field was varied in the region of the dot magnetization state bi-stability. We found that the microwave absorption properties in the vortex and quasi-uniform stable states are substantially different, so that switching between these states in a fixed bias field can be used for the development of reconfigurable microwave magnetic materials.

Hardware paralelo reconfigurável para identificação de alinhamentos de sequências de DNA.

Amostras de DNA são encontradas em fragmentos, obtidos em vestígios de uma cena de crime, ou coletados de amostras de cabelo ou sangue, para testes genéticos ou de paternidade. Para identificar se esse fragmento pertence ou não a uma sequência de DNA, é necessário compará-los com uma sequência determinada, que pode estar armazenada em um banco de dados para, por exemplo, apontar um suspeito. Para tal, é preciso uma ferramenta eficiente para realizar o alinhamento da sequência de DNA encontrada com a armazenada no banco de dados. O alinhamento de sequências de DNA, em inglês DNA matching, é o campo da bioinformática que tenta entender a relação entre as sequências genéticas e suas relações funcionais e parentais. Essa tarefa é frequentemente realizada através de softwares que varrem clusters de base de dados, demandando alto poder computacional, o que encarece o custo de um projeto de alinhamento de sequências de DNA. Esta dissertação apresenta uma arquitetura de hardware paralela, para o algoritmo BLAST, que permite o alinhamento de um par de sequências de DNA. O algoritmo BLAST é um método heurístico e atualmente é o mais rápido. A estratégia do BLAST é dividir as sequências originais em subsequências menores de tamanho w. Após realizar as comparações nessas pequenas subsequências, as etapas do BLAST analisam apenas as subsequências que forem idênticas. Com isso, o algoritmo diminui o número de testes e combinações necessárias para realizar o alinhamento. Para cada sequência idêntica há três etapas, a serem realizadas pelo algoritmo: semeadura, extensão e avaliação. A solução proposta se inspira nas características do algoritmo para implementar um hardware totalmente paralelo e com pipeline entre as etapas básicas do BLAST. A arquitetura de hardware proposta foi implementada em FPGA e os resultados obtidos mostram a comparação entre área ocupada, número de ciclos e máxima frequência de operação permitida, em função dos parâmetros de alinhamento. O resultado é uma arquitetura de hardware em lógica reconfigurável, escalável, eficiente e de baixo custo, capaz de alinhar pares de sequências utilizando o algoritmo BLAST.

Hardware reconfigurável para identificação de radionuclídeos utilizando o método de agrupamento subtrativo.

Fontes radioativas possuem radionuclídeos. Um radionuclídeo é um átomo com um núcleo instável, ou seja, um núcleo caracterizado pelo excesso de energia que está disponível para ser emitida. Neste processo, o radionuclídeo sofre o decaimento radioativo e emite raios gama e partículas subatômicas, constituindo-se na radiação ionizante. Então, a radioatividade é a emissão espontânea de energia a partir de átomos instáveis. A identificação correta de radionuclídeos pode ser crucial para o planejamento de medidas de proteção, especialmente em situações de emergência, definindo o tipo de fonte de radiação e seu perigo radiológico. Esta dissertação apresenta a aplicação do método de agrupamento subtrativo, implementada em hardware, para um sistema de identificação de elementos radioativos com uma resposta rápida e eficiente. Quando implementados em software, os algoritmos de agrupamento consumem muito tempo de processamento. Assim, uma implementação dedicada para hardware reconfigurável é uma boa opção em sistemas embarcados, que requerem execução em tempo real, bem como baixo consumo de energia. A arquitetura proposta para o hardware de cálculo do agrupamento subtrativo é escalável, permitindo a inclusão de mais unidades de agrupamento subtrativo para operarem em paralelo. Isso proporciona maior flexibilidade para acelerar o processo de acordo com as restrições de tempo e de área. Os resultados mostram que o centro do agrupamento pode ser identificado com uma boa eficiência. A identificação desses pontos pode classificar os elementos radioativos presentes em uma amostra. Utilizando este hardware foi possível identificar mais do que um centro de agrupamento, o que permite reconhecer mais de um radionuclídeo em fontes radioativas. Estes resultados revelam que o hardware proposto pode ser usado para desenvolver um sistema portátil para identificação radionuclídeos.

Hardware Reconfigurável para Controladores Nebulosos.

Controle de processos é uma das muitas aplicações que aproveitam as vantagens do uso da teoria de conjuntos nebulosos. Nesse tipo de aplicação, o controlador é, geralmente, embutido no dispositivo controlado. Esta dissertação propõe uma arquitetura reconfigurável eficiente para controladores nebulosos embutidos. A arquitetura é parametrizável, de tal forma, que permite a configuração do controlador para que este possa ser usado na implementação de qualquer aplicação ou modelo nebuloso. Os parâmetros de configuração são: o número de variáveis de entrada (N); o número de variáveis de saída (M); o número de termos linguísticos (Q); e o número total de regras (P). A arquitetura proposta proporciona também a configuração das características que definem as regras e as funções de pertinência de cada variável de entrada e saída, permitindo a escalabilidade do projeto. A composição das premissas e consequentes das regras são configuráveis, de acordo com o controlador nebuloso objetivado. A arquitetura suporta funções de pertinência triangulares, mas pode ser estendida para aceitar outras formas, do tipo trapezoidal, sem grandes modificações. As características das funções de pertinência de cada termo linguístico, podem ser ajustadas de acordo com a definição do controlador nebuloso, permitindo o uso de triângulos. Virtualmente, não há limites máximos do número de regras ou de termos linguísticos empregados no modelo, bem como no número de variáveis de entrada e de saída. A macro-arquitetura do controlador proposto é composta por N blocos de fuzzificação, 1 bloco de inferência, M blocos de defuzzificação e N blocos referentes às características das funções de pertinência. Este último opera apenas durante a configuração do controlador. A função dos blocos de fuzzificação das variáveis de entrada é executada em paralelo, assim como, os cálculos realizados pelos blocos de defuzzificação das variáveis de saída. A paralelização das unidades de fuzzificação e defuzzificação permite acelerar o processo de obtenção da resposta final do controlador. Foram realizadas várias simulações para verificar o correto funcionamento do controlador, especificado em VHDL. Em um segundo momento, para avaliar o desempenho da arquitetura, o controlador foi sintetizado em FPGA e testado em seis aplicações para verificar sua reconfigurabilidade e escalabilidade. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os do MATLAB em cada aplicação implementada, para comprovar precisão do controlador.