Francisco Granizo, poeta de los desencuentros

noviembre de 1925-21 de enero de 2009) se han empezado a escuchar algunas voces jóvenes que manifiestan su admiración y respeto por el trabajo de este poeta quiteño que, mientras vivió, permaneció oculto y bajo la sombra de otros poetas autorizados por un «canon» establecido y aceptado sin razones consecuentes y valederas. Mientras más pasa el tiempo, es más difícil encontrar en una librería un texto de Francisco Granizo Ribadeneira o un libro de ensayos o estudios literarios dedicado a su trabajo. Las voces anteriormente «autorizadas » para hablar de este poeta han dejado de hacerlo, a pesar de sus promesas académicas y literarias. Granizo fue un poeta que se enfrentó, cara a cara, a la hipocresía y falsa moral de una sociedad quiteña conservadora, a destiempo, e intolerante. Este trabajo intenta proporcionar, al lector, un acercamiento dinámico, sin que por ello deje de ser exhaustivo, a toda la obra poética de Francisco Granizo. Se han incluido sus dos primeros poemarios (Por el breve polvo y La piedra) que, en la mayoría de las antologías poéticas ecuatorianas del siglo XX, nunca fueron mencionados y un análisis de su única pieza teatral (Fedro) y de su novela (La piscina) ganadora del premio Joaquín Gallegos Lara.

La importancia y el rol de la valoración económica de los servicios ambientales para la toma de decisiones en el contexto de las negociaciones de cambio climático: estudio de caso; valoración económica de servicios ambientales de fijación de carbono en los bosques de la parroquia San Francisco de Borja, Napo-Ecuador

Los ecosistemas forestales cumplen un importante rol en la supervivencia de la especie humana, en la satisfacción de sus necesidades básicas y en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, pese a sus grandes bondades, estos están siendo amenazados. Debido a ello, la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, ha establecido tomar medidas urgentes para prevenir interferencias antropogénicas peligrosas, con énfasis en el cuidado de los bosques. Es así que se ha llevado a cabo una serie de programas y proyectos para su conservación. Sin embargo, se ha establecido también la necesidad de contar con herramientas apropiadas que permitan generar información sobre el verdadero estado de los recursos forestales y las necesidades de financiamiento para su protección. En ese sentido, la valoración económica ha logrado un gran avance conceptual, metodológico y político en el Marco de esta Convención. Es así que este trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad demostrar la importancia y el rol de la valoración económica de bienes y servicios ambientales en el contexto de las negociaciones de cambio climático; constituyendo un elemento clave a ser incorporado en las propuestas que el país fomenta ante dicha Convención. Esta investigación contempla un estudio de caso práctico: Valoración Económica de Servicios Ambientales de Fijación de Carbono en los Bosques de la Parroquia San Francisco de Borja, siendo esta parroquia, uno de los sitios que mayor deterioro ambiental presenta dentro de la zona de amortiguamiento norte de la Reserva de Biósfera Sumaco; el mismo que pudiese ser solucionado de cierta forma, si se lograse un desarrollo económico bien planificado. Dicho estudio pretende demostrar que la valoración económica es una herramienta útil para optimizar el manejo de información, que permita tomar decisiones en los procesos de negociaciones de cambio climático. Asimismo, se demuestra que la valoración económica coadyuvaría al fortalecimiento de la planificación local y regional; sirviendo como una guía que permita a los planificadores y decisores la toma de decisiones.

Stratospheric circulation in seasonal forecasting models: implications for seasonal prediction

Accurate seasonal forecasts rely on the presence of low frequency, predictable signals in the climate system which have a sufficiently well understood and significant impact on the atmospheric circulation. In the Northern European region, signals associated with seasonal scale variability such as ENSO, North Atlantic SST anomalies and the North Atlantic Oscillation have not yet proven sufficient to enable satisfactorily skilful dynamical seasonal forecasts. The winter-time circulations of the stratosphere and troposphere are highly coupled. It is therefore possible that additional seasonal forecasting skill may be gained by including a realistic stratosphere in models. In this study we assess the ability of five seasonal forecasting models to simulate the Northern Hemisphere extra-tropical winter-time stratospheric circulation. Our results show that all of the models have a polar night jet which is too weak and displaced southward compared to re-analysis data. It is shown that the models underestimate the number, magnitude and duration of periods of anomalous stratospheric circulation. Despite the poor representation of the general circulation of the stratosphere, the results indicate that there may be a detectable tropospheric response following anomalous circulation events in the stratosphere. However, the models fail to exhibit any predictability in their forecasts. These results highlight some of the deficiencies of current seasonal forecasting models with a poorly resolved stratosphere. The combination of these results with other recent studies which show a tropospheric response to stratospheric variability, demonstrates a real prospect for improving the skill of seasonal forecasts.

"To strive for economic and social justice": welfare, sexuality, and party politics in San Francisco in the 1960s

This article explores how liberal politicians like Phil Burton of San Francisco joined with welfare rights lobbyists and bureaucrats to embrace late twntieth-century notions of sexual equality through a broader reconception of economic equality brought about by the expansion of the California welfare state in the early 1960s.

"La promessa d'un semplice linguaggio". Lingua e stile nella poesia di Amelia Rosselli

La poesia di Amelia Rosselli costituisce uno dei fenomeni linguistico-espressivi più complessi della poesia italiana del secondo Novecento. Percorsa da tensioni stilistiche ed espressive peculiari che l'hanno resa uno dei vertici dello sperimentalismo plurilingue novecentesco, l'opera rosselliana costituisce, nel suo insieme, una poderosa meditazione sull'alienazione e sulle possibilità di esprimere a pieno il proprio disagio esistenziale se non attraverso la creazione di una lingua che sfida, al medesimo tempo, convenzioni sintattiche, grammaticali, e grafiche di ben tre sistemi linguistici, e che impone al lettore, in virtù di un trilinguismo biograficamente motivato, la flessuosità di una logica del senso plurima e simultanea. Scopo del volume è offrire un contributo sistematico alla comprensione di un'opera poetica sulla quale ancora gravano radicati fraintendimenti e pervicaci clichés critici.

The Maunder minimum (1645-1715) was indeed a grand minimum: a reassessment of multiple datasets

Aims. Although the time of the Maunder minimum (1645–1715) is widely known as a period of extremely low solar activity, it is still being debated whether solar activity during that period might have been moderate or even higher than the current solar cycle (number 24). We have revisited all existing evidence and datasets, both direct and indirect, to assess the level of solar activity during the Maunder minimum. Methods. We discuss the East Asian naked-eye sunspot observations, the telescopic solar observations, the fraction of sunspot active days, the latitudinal extent of sunspot positions, auroral sightings at high latitudes, cosmogenic radionuclide data as well as solar eclipse observations for that period. We also consider peculiar features of the Sun (very strong hemispheric asymmetry of the sunspot location, unusual differential rotation and the lack of the K-corona) that imply a special mode of solar activity during the Maunder minimum. Results. The level of solar activity during the Maunder minimum is reassessed on the basis of all available datasets. Conclusions. We conclude that solar activity was indeed at an exceptionally low level during the Maunder minimum. Although the exact level is still unclear, it was definitely lower than during the Dalton minimum of around 1800 and significantly below that of the current solar cycle #24. Claims of a moderate-to-high level of solar activity during the Maunder minimum are rejected with a high confidence level.

Children’s physic: medical perceptions and treatment of sick children in early modern England, c. 1580-1720

Historians of medicine, childhood, and paediatrics, have often assumed that early modern doctors neither treated children, nor adapted their medicines to suit the peculiar temperaments of the young. Through an examination of medical textbooks and doctors’ casebooks, this article refutes these assumptions. It argues that medical authors and practising doctors regularly treated children, and were careful to tailor their remedies to complement the distinctive constitutions of children. Thus, this article proposes that a concept of ‘children’s physic’ existed in early modern England: this term refers to the notion that children were physiologically distinct, requiring special medical care. Children’s physic was rooted in the ancient traditions of Hippocratic and Galenic medicine: it was the child’s humoral makeup that underpinned all medical ideas about children’s bodies, minds, diseases, and treatments. Children abounded in the humour blood, which made them humid and weak, and in need of medicines of a particularly gentle nature.

“Very sore nights and days”: the child’s experience of illness in early modern England, c. 1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.

The Sick Child in Early Modern England, 1580-1720

The Sick Child in Early Modern England is a powerful exploration of the treatment, perception, and experience of illness in childhood, from the late sixteenth to the early eighteenth centuries. At this time, the sickness or death of a child was a common occurrence - over a quarter of young people died before the age of fifteen - and yet this subject has received little scholarly attention. Hannah Newton takes three perspectives: first, she investigates medical understandings and treatments of children. She argues that a concept of 'children's physic' existed amongst doctors and laypeople: the young were thought to be physiologically distinct, and in need of special medicines. Secondly, she examines the family's' experience, demonstrating that parents devoted considerable time and effort to the care of their sick offspring, and experienced feelings of devastating grief upon their illnesses and deaths. Thirdly, she takes the strikingly original viewpoint of sick children themselves, offering rare and intimate insights into the emotional, spiritual, physical, and social dimensions of sickness, pain, and death. Newton asserts that children's experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: whilst young patients were often tormented by feelings of guilt, fears of hell, and physical pain, sickness could also be emotionally and spiritually uplifting, and invited much attention and love from parents. Drawing on a wide array of printed and archival sources, The Sick Child is of vital interest to scholars working in the interconnected fields of the history of medicine, childhood, parenthood, bodies, emotion, pain, death, religion, and gender.