Stabilisation of dehydrated nanoemulsions using sugar - protein matrices

There are numerous review papers discussing liquid nanoemulsions and how they compare to other emulsion systems. Little research is available on dried nanoemulsions. The objectives of this research were to (i) study the effect of varying the continuous phase of nanoemulsions with different carbohydrate/protein ratios on subsequent emulsion stability, and (ii) compare the physicochemical properties, lactose crystallisation properties, microstructure, and lipid oxidation of spray dried nanoemulsions compared to spray dried conventional emulsions having different water and sugar contents. Nanoemulsions containing sunflower oil (10% w/w), β-casein (2.5–10% w/w) and lactose or trehalose (10–17.5%) were produced following optimisation of the continuous phase by maximising and minimising viscosity and glass transition temperature (Tg’) using mixture design software. Increasing levels of β-casein from caused a significant increase in viscosity, particle size, and nanoemulsion stability, while resulting in a decrease in Tg’. Powders were made from spray drying emulsions/nanoemulsions consisting of lactose or a 70:30 mixture of lactose:sucrose (23.9%), sodium caseinate (5.1%) and sunflower oil (11.5%) in water. Nanoemulsions, produced by microfluidisation (100 MPa), had higher stability and lower viscosity than control emulsions (homogenization at 17 MPa) with lower solvent extractable free fat in the resulting powder. Partial replacement of lactose with sucrose decreased Tg and delayed Tcr. DVS and PLM showed that in powdered nanoemulsions, lactose crystallises faster than in powdered conventional emulsions. Microstructure of both powders (CLSM and cryo-SEM) showed different FGS in powders and different structure post lactose crystallisation. Powdered nanoemulsions had lower pentanal and hexanal (indicators of lipid oxidation) after 24 months storage due to their lower free fat and porosity, measured using a validated GC HS-SPME method, This research has shown the effect of altering the continuous phase of nanoemulsions on microstructure of spray dried nanoemulsions, which affects physical properties, sugar crystallisation, and lipid oxidation.

(Table 1) Dissolved organic carbon and dissolved sugar of interstitial water of DSDP Holes 96-618, 96-619 and 96-623

Preliminary data on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved sugars in interstitial water samples collected at Sites 618, 619, and 623 of Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 96 are presented. At Site 618 in Orca Basin, the DOC content of the interstitial water peaks in the hypersaline sulfate reduction zone. The sugar content reaches a maximum and the DOC content begins to decrease at the depth of methane gas generation. Below that depth, the sugar and DOC contents are about constant. At Site 619 in Pigmy Basin, the DOC content increases slightly with depth in the sulfate reduction and the methane fermentation zones. The sugar content is lower in the sulfate reduction zone than in the methane fermentation zone; sugar concentration increases and fluctuates with methane gas percentages within the methane fermentation zone. At Site 623 in the lower fan region of the Mississippi Fan, there is no sulfate reduction zone. The DOC and sugar contents of the interstitial water are almost constant with depth.

The SUGAR Toolbox - Version 7

The SUGAR Toolbox contains scripts coded in MATLAB for calculating various thermodynamic, kinetic, and geologic properties of substances occurring in the marine environment, particularly gas hydrate and seep systems. Brief descriptions of the toolbox scripts and some notes on the underlying basic theory as well as tables of additional property values can be found in the accompanying documentation.

(Fig. 11c) Alkenones (di and tri alkenones of 37 carbons) from sediment core MD95-2043

The present paper is a synopsis of the research on the climatic evolution of the Western Mediterranean Sea developed within the MATER programme. The sea surface temperature (SST) evolution during the last glacial period, deglaciation and present interglacial have been examined in detail. Special attention has been focussed to millennial-centennial scale changes related to rapid global climatic oscillations. The results have shown the extreme sensitivity of the Western Mediterranean oceanography to this rapid climatic variability giving rise to amplified climatic signals, e.g. strong SST oscillation, that follow the changes recorded in the North Atlantic Ocean or in Greenland ice. Overall, the Western Mediterranean Sea appears to be an ideal environment for the study of the climatic processes occurring at high and intermediate latitudes.

An investigation of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among Canadian youth

Background: Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is an important public health problem in Canada, especially among adolescents. Estimates show that rates of SSB consumption are particularly high in the northern territories, especially in Nunavut. This is concerning given that regular SSB consumption is associated with obesity, diabetes and tooth decay, among other health concerns. Objectives: This thesis has two objectives. The first is to describe SSB consumption patterns among adolescents from Nunavut specifically, all three territories combined and the provinces.The second is to determine the association between individual and cumulative school food programs and SSB consumption. Methods: Data were obtained from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study (HBSC); a cross-sectional survey of Canadian youth in grades 6-10. All frequencies for food and beverage consumption were obtained from a 7-day food frequency questionnaire. SSB consumption consisted of a composite measure including soft drinks, sports drinks and energy drinks. The types of school food programs were obtained from an administrative questionnaire filled out by each school’s Principal or delegate. Multilevel multivariate Poisson regression models were used to examine the associations between school food programs and SSB consumption. Results: Youth from Nunavut consumed the most SSBs (53.1% in 2010 and 55.0% in 2014 were daily consumers), followed by youth from the territories (31.1% in 2010 and 27.0% in 2014), then youth from the provinces (24.3% in 2010 and 19.1% in 2014). No significant relationships were found between school food programs and daily SSB consumption. Two school food programs were weakly associated with weekly SSB consumption: nutrition month activities (RR=0.93,CI=0.89, 0.98) and healthy options in the snack bar (RR=1.07, CI=1.01, 1.14). Conclusions:Rates of SSB consumption were highest among Nunavummiut youth followed by youth from all three territories combined and then the provinces. Little association was found between school food programs and SSB consumption among Canadian youth in grades 6-10. These findings point to the need for examining other determinants and potential areas for intervention, for reducing SSB consumption among Canadian youth, particularly in high consumer sub-populations.

Sugar reduction: from evidence into action

This document brings together the international evidence on interventions to help reduce the nation’s sugar consumption, as requested by the Department of Health. It contains options including further regulation of promotions, restrictions on the marketing of high sugar products, the impact of fiscal measures and a voluntary reformulation programme. This is the first time the evidence on the subject has been collated and assessed.

A systematic review of methods to assess intake of sugar-sweetened beverages among healthy European adults and children: a DEDIPAC (DEterminants of DIet and Physical Activity) study

Research indicates that intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) may be associated with negative health consequences. However, differences between assessment methods can affect the comparability of intake data across studies. The current review aimed to identify methods used to assess SSB intake among children and adults in pan-European studies and to inform the development of the DEDIPAC (DEterminants of DIet and Physical Activity) toolbox of methods suitable for use in future European studies. A literature search was conducted using three electronic databases and by hand-searching reference lists. English-language studies of any design which assessed SSB consumption were included in the review. Studies involving two or more European countries were included in the review. Healthy, free-living children and adults. The review identified twenty-three pan-European studies which assessed intake of SSB. The FFQ was the most commonly used (n 24), followed by the 24 h recall (n 6) and diet records (n 1). There were several differences between the identified FFQ, including the definition of SSB used. In total, seven instruments that were tested for validity were selected as potentially suitable to assess SSB intake among adults (n 1), adolescents (n 3) and children (n 3). The current review highlights the need for instruments to use an agreed definition of SSB. Methods that were tested for validity and used in pan-European populations encompassing a range of countries were identified. These methods should be considered for use by future studies focused on evaluating consumption of SSB.

Cultivo de microalgas utilizando pentoses como fonte de carbono

As microalgas podem ser consideradas como um dos mais eficientes sistemas biológicos de transformação de energia solar em compostos orgânicos. Quando cultivadas em meios adequados, certas espécies podem duplicar sua biomassa diariamente. Além disso, possuem inúmeras vantagens, como: elevada velocidade de crescimento; potencial para absorver CO2, reduzindo assim a quantidade de emissões deste gás na atmosfera e diminuindo o efeito estufa. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o efeito do uso de pentoses no cultivo de Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella homosphaera, Dunaliella salina, Spirulina paracas e Synechococcus nidulans, avaliando o perfil cinético do crescimento e a capacidade de produção de carboidratos e proteínas. Para o cultivo das microalgas foram utilizados os meios: Zarrouk, Bristol`S Modificado e DUN. Em todos os meios o componente nitrogenado foi reduzido pela metade e utilizado 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% e 30% de pentoses, com concentrações de xilose e arabinose que representassem as mesmas presentes em caldo hidrolisado do bagaço de cana de açúcar pré-tratado. Os cultivos foram realizados em fotobiorreatores de 2 L, mantidos em estufa a 30 ºC, fotoperíodo de 12h claro/escuro e 2500 Lx, com agitação a uma vazão de 0,75 v.v.m. . O crescimento de biomassa foi monitorado diariamente pela densidade ótica das culturas em espectrofotômetro a 670nm. Foram avaliados parâmetros cinéticos como a concentração máxima de biomassa, produtividade máxima e velocidade específica máxima de crescimento. A determinação do consumo das pentoses foi realizada através da metodologia de Somogy e Nelson, para a determinação de carboidratos foi utilizada uma adaptação do método do ácido 3,5 dinitro salicílico, as proteínas foram quantificadas pelo método de micro-Kjeldahl. Todas as microalgas foram capazes de consumir em no máximo quatro dias as concentrações de pentoses, e logo após esta etapa mixotrófica manter-se em crescimento autotrófico, destacando-se as cepas de Dunaliella salina e Synechococcus nidulans que esgotaram as maiores concentrações utililizadas em dois dias de cultivo. Para as cianobactérias estudadas, Spirulina paracas cultivada com 10% de C5, foi a que obteve os melhores resultados de concentração celular, produtividade e velocidade específica de crescimento máxima, 1,364 g.L-1 , 0,128 g.L-1 .dia-1 e 0,240 dia-1 . Em relação ao efeito na composição da biomassa, Synechococcus nidulans produziu o maior teor de proteínas, 62,9%, nos ensaios com 10% de C5. Já as cepas de Chlorophytas os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o uso de 5% de C5, para os parâmetros cinéticos destacam-se os valores encontrados para Dunaliella salina, onde a maior concentração de biomassa, produtividade e velocidade específica de crescimento foram 1,246 g.L-1 , 0,091 g.L- 1 .dia-1 e 0,379 dia-1 , respectivamente. Chlorella minutissima e Dunaliella salina foram as melhores produtoras de carboidratos, alcançando 58,6%/0,3 g.L-1 e 23,07%/0,29 g.L-1 ,respecivamente. Logo, o uso de pentoses nas microalgas em substituição as fontes tradicionais de carbono, resultou no crescimento das mesmas, o que mostra que estas podem agir como intermediários para a absorção de açúcares de cinco carbonos.

Formation de centres quaternaires entièrement carbonés et dérivations d’ions iminiums encombrés

Le projet présenté au cours de cette thèse porte sur la formation de centres quaternaires entièrement carbonés. Plusieurs axes d’approche ont été établis, et seront présentés par chapitre : le premier fait état de l’utilisation d’une réaction de Vilsmeier-Haack, le second rapporte la fabrication de nouveaux catalyseurs pour la réaction de condensation de Claisen et le dernier utilise la réaction de Vilsmeier-Haack pour la formation d’acides [béta]-aminés non-racémiques. Lors du premier chapitre, le sujet abordé sera l’utilisation de la réaction de Vilsmeier-Haack pour la formation de composés 1,3-dicarbonylés contenant un centre quaternaire entièrement carboné. D’abord nous verrons comment, théoriquement, la chiralité du centre quaternaire peut être contrôlée par l’utilisation d’amines chirales. Puis nous suivrons le développement d’une méthode d’hydrolyse spécifique à l’obtention de composés 1,3-dicarbonylés avec ses forces et ses limites. La deuxième partie de cette thèse portera sur le développement de nouveaux catalyseurs pour la réaction de condensation de Claisen. Plusieurs avenues seront exposées. Dans un premier temps, nous verrons la rationalisation validant chacune des idées d’avenues envisagées, puis nous aborderons les méthodes de synthèses essayées pour les catalyseurs imaginés dans chacune de ces avenues. Le dernier chapitre portera sur la formation de dérivés d’acides [béta]-aminés non-racémiques via l’utilisation d’une réaction de Vilsmeier-Haack. Dans un premier temps, différentes méthodes de réduction applicables à cette réaction seront présentées, et ensuite, le concept d’un nouveau groupe protecteur spécifique aux ions iminiums sera démontré.

The Sugar Factory

Luke Banas is a young video artist who lives illegally in the disused Domino sugar refinery in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. While his art is an attempt to fully record and share his own life story, developers want to tear down the building where he works; a building that’s a monument to his hip neighborhood’s industrial past. The novel’s narrator, Lila Fairfax, is a journalist writing her first feature article about Luke and the fate of the factory. Observant and astute, she soon realizes that, despite his obsessive self-revelation, Luke is hiding a secret. Lila’s rational, detached approach to life is disrupted as, in the course of her reporting, she falls in love with Luke and as a result, learns far more than she anticipated. Though primarily a love story, The Sugar Factory is also an investigation of art, and art’s interaction with commerce, history, and new technology.