The inverse problem for Schwinger pair production

The production of electron–positron pairs in time-dependent electric fields (Schwinger mechanism) depends non-linearly on the applied field profile. Accordingly, the resulting momentum spectrum is extremely sensitive to small variations of the field parameters. Owing to this non-linear dependence it is so far unpredictable how to choose a field configuration such that a predetermined momentum distribution is generated. We show that quantum kinetic theory along with optimal control theory can be used to approximately solve this inverse problem for Schwinger pair production. We exemplify this by studying the superposition of a small number of harmonic components resulting in predetermined signatures in the asymptotic momentum spectrum. In the long run, our results could facilitate the observation of this yet unobserved pair production mechanism in quantum electrodynamics by providing suggestions for tailored field configurations.

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate enhances mood and prosocial behavior without affecting plasma oxytocin and testosterone.

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a GHB-/GABAB-receptor agonist. Reports from GHB abusers indicate euphoric, prosocial, and empathogenic effects of the drug. We measured the effects of GHB on mood, prosocial behavior, social and non-social cognition and assessed potential underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms. GHB (20mg/kg) was tested in 16 healthy males, using a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Subjective effects on mood were assessed by visual-analogue-scales and the GHB-Specific-Questionnaire. Prosocial behavior was examined by the Charity Donation Task, the Social Value Orientation test, and the Reciprocity Task. Reaction time, memory, empathy, and theory-of-mind were also tested. Blood plasma levels of GHB, oxytocin, testosterone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenocorticotropic-hormone (ACTH) were determined. GHB showed stimulating and sedating effects, and elicited euphoria, disinhibition, and enhanced vitality. In participants with low prosociality, the drug increased donations and prosocial money distributions. In contrast, social cognitive abilities such as emotion recognition, empathy, and theory-of-mind, and basal cognitive functions were not affected. GHB increased plasma progesterone, while oxytocin and testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, DHEA, and ACTH levels remained unaffected. GHB has mood-enhancing and prosocial effects without affecting social hormones such as oxytocin and testosterone. These data suggest a potential involvement of GHB-/GABAB-receptors and progesterone in mood and prosocial behavior.

Bargaining for power and information : an experimental and theoretical analysis of the interaction between institutions, externalities and adverse selection

Bargaining is the building block of many economic interactions, ranging from bilateral to multilateral encounters and from situations in which the actors are individuals to negotiations between firms or countries. In all these settings, economists have been intrigued for a long time by the fact that some projects, trades or agreements are not realized even though they are mutually beneficial. On the one hand, this has been explained by incomplete information. A firm may not be willing to offer a wage that is acceptable to a qualified worker, because it knows that there are also unqualified workers and cannot distinguish between the two types. This phenomenon is known as adverse selection. On the other hand, it has been argued that even with complete information, the presence of externalities may impede efficient outcomes. To see this, consider the example of climate change. If a subset of countries agrees to curb emissions, non-participant regions benefit from the signatories’ efforts without incurring costs. These free riding opportunities give rise to incentives to strategically improve ones bargaining power that work against the formation of a global agreement. This thesis is concerned with extending our understanding of both factors, adverse selection and externalities. The findings are based on empirical evidence from original laboratory experiments as well as game theoretic modeling. On a very general note, it is demonstrated that the institutions through which agents interact matter to a large extent. Insights are provided about which institutions we should expect to perform better than others, at least in terms of aggregate welfare. Chapters 1 and 2 focus on the problem of adverse selection. Effective operation of markets and other institutions often depends on good information transmission properties. In terms of the example introduced above, a firm is only willing to offer high wages if it receives enough positive signals about the worker’s quality during the application and wage bargaining process. In Chapter 1, it will be shown that repeated interaction coupled with time costs facilitates information transmission. By making the wage bargaining process costly for the worker, the firm is able to obtain more accurate information about the worker’s type. The cost could be pure time cost from delaying agreement or cost of effort arising from a multi-step interviewing process. In Chapter 2, I abstract from time cost and show that communication can play a similar role. The simple fact that a worker states to be of high quality may be informative. In Chapter 3, the focus is on a different source of inefficiency. Agents strive for bargaining power and thus may be motivated by incentives that are at odds with the socially efficient outcome. I have already mentioned the example of climate change. Other examples are coalitions within committees that are formed to secure voting power to block outcomes or groups that commit to different technological standards although a single standard would be optimal (e.g. the format war between HD and BlueRay). It will be shown that such inefficiencies are directly linked to the presence of externalities and a certain degree of irreversibility in actions. I now discuss the three articles in more detail. In Chapter 1, Olivier Bochet and I study a simple bilateral bargaining institution that eliminates trade failures arising from incomplete information. In this setting, a buyer makes offers to a seller in order to acquire a good. Whenever an offer is rejected by the seller, the buyer may submit a further offer. Bargaining is costly, because both parties suffer a (small) time cost after any rejection. The difficulties arise, because the good can be of low or high quality and the quality of the good is only known to the seller. Indeed, without the possibility to make repeated offers, it is too risky for the buyer to offer prices that allow for trade of high quality goods. When allowing for repeated offers, however, at equilibrium both types of goods trade with probability one. We provide an experimental test of these predictions. Buyers gather information about sellers using specific price offers and rates of trade are high, much as the model’s qualitative predictions. We also observe a persistent over-delay before trade occurs, and this mitigates efficiency substantially. Possible channels for over-delay are identified in the form of two behavioral assumptions missing from the standard model, loss aversion (buyers) and haggling (sellers), which reconcile the data with the theoretical predictions. Chapter 2 also studies adverse selection, but interaction between buyers and sellers now takes place within a market rather than isolated pairs. Remarkably, in a market it suffices to let agents communicate in a very simple manner to mitigate trade failures. The key insight is that better informed agents (sellers) are willing to truthfully reveal their private information, because by doing so they are able to reduce search frictions and attract more buyers. Behavior observed in the experimental sessions closely follows the theoretical predictions. As a consequence, costless and non-binding communication (cheap talk) significantly raises rates of trade and welfare. Previous experiments have documented that cheap talk alleviates inefficiencies due to asymmetric information. These findings are explained by pro-social preferences and lie aversion. I use appropriate control treatments to show that such consideration play only a minor role in our market. Instead, the experiment highlights the ability to organize markets as a new channel through which communication can facilitate trade in the presence of private information. In Chapter 3, I theoretically explore coalition formation via multilateral bargaining under complete information. The environment studied is extremely rich in the sense that the model allows for all kinds of externalities. This is achieved by using so-called partition functions, which pin down a coalitional worth for each possible coalition in each possible coalition structure. It is found that although binding agreements can be written, efficiency is not guaranteed, because the negotiation process is inherently non-cooperative. The prospects of cooperation are shown to crucially depend on i) the degree to which players can renegotiate and gradually build up agreements and ii) the absence of a certain type of externalities that can loosely be described as incentives to free ride. Moreover, the willingness to concede bargaining power is identified as a novel reason for gradualism. Another key contribution of the study is that it identifies a strong connection between the Core, one of the most important concepts in cooperative game theory, and the set of environments for which efficiency is attained even without renegotiation.

Balancing Control and Coaching in CSO Governance : A Paradox Perspective on Board Behavior

How can governance of civil society organizations be conceptualized more adequately by accounting for the dual and simultaneous requirements of controlling and coaching in board behavior? Empirically, we seem to agree that effective governance of a civil society organization is crucial to its sustained viability. Conceptually, however, we observe a lack of consensus on how to best conceptualize CSO governance. By critically juxtaposing two major theoretical lenses to conceptualize governance, namely agency and stewardship theory, we identify a number of challenges conceptualizing board-management relations that deserve our attention. While agency theory privileges controlling behavior, stewardship theory emphasizes the coaching behavior of boards. The purpose of this paper is to offer a concept of governance that is informed by a paradox perspective advancing a subtler, more adequate conceptualization of board governance that accounts for the often conflicting demands on CSO governance. Drawing on a longitudinal interpretive case study, we exemplify our propositions empirically. The paper concludes with discussing the implications of our argument for CSO governance research and practice.

Sharp comparison and maximum principles via horizontal normal mapping in the Heisenberg group

In this paper we solve a problem raised by Gutiérrez and Montanari about comparison principles for H−convex functions on subdomains of Heisenberg groups. Our approach is based on the notion of the sub-Riemannian horizontal normal mapping and uses degree theory for set-valued maps. The statement of the comparison principle combined with a Harnack inequality is applied to prove the Aleksandrov-type maximum principle, describing the correct boundary behavior of continuous H−convex functions vanishing at the boundary of horizontally bounded subdomains of Heisenberg groups. This result answers a question by Garofalo and Tournier. The sharpness of our results are illustrated by examples.

Racial Bias in Motor Vehicle Searches: Additional Theory and Evidence

Knowles, Persico, and Todd (2001) develop a model of police search and offender behavior. Their model implies that if police are unprejudiced the rate of guilt should not vary across groups. Using data from Interstate 95 in Maryland, they find equal guilt rates for African-Americans and whites and conclude that the data is not consistent with racial prejudice against African-Americans. This paper generalizes the model of Knowles, Persico, and Todd by accounting for the fact that potential offenders are frequently not observed by the police and by including two different levels of offense severity. The paper shows that for African-American males the data is consistent with prejudice against African-American males, no prejudice, and reverse discrimination depending on the form of equilibria that exists in the economy. Additional analyses based on stratification by type of vehicle and time of day were conducted, but did not shed any light on the form of equilibria that best represents the situation in Maryland during the sample period.

The Entrepreneurial Theory of the Firm and the Theory of the Entrepreneurial Firm

The entrepreneurial theory of the firm argues that entrepreneurship, properly understood, is a crucial but neglected element in explaining the nature and boundaries of the firm. By contrast, the theory of the entrepreneurial firm presumably seeks not to understand the nature and boundaries of "the firm" in general but rather to understand a particular type of firm: one that is entrepreneurial. This paper is an attempt to reconcile the two. After briefly delving for the concept of entrepreneurship in the work of Schumpeter, Kirzner, and (especially) Knight, the paper makes the case for the entrepreneurial theory of the firm. In such a theory, the firm exists as the solution to a coordination problem in a world of change and uncertainty, including Knightian or structural uncertainty. Taking a historical or developmental perspective, the paper then examines the changing nature of the entrepreneurial coordination problem over the life-cycle. In this formulation, "the entrepreneurial firm" is a nascent firm or proto-firm facing a problem of coordinating systemic change in economic capabilities. Lacking (by definition) adequate guidance from existing systems of rules of conduct embedded in markets or organizations, the entrepreneurial firm typically relies on a form of organization Max Weber called charismatic authority. In the end, although there is no such thing as a non-entrepreneurial firm, firms that must solve coordination problems in a world of novelty and systemic change ("entrepreneurial firms") are perhaps the purest case of the entrepreneurial theory of the firm.

Sexual initiation of U.S. Latino and Colombian high school students: Toward a new theory of adolescent sexuality and implications for sexual health prevention and promotion

The general research question for this dissertation was: do the data on adolescent sexual experiences and sexual initiation support the explicit or implicit adolescent sexuality theories informing the sexual health interventions currently designed for youth? To respond to this inquiry, three different studies were conducted. The first study included a conceptual and historical analysis of the notion of adolescence introduced by Stanley Hall, the development of an alternative model based on a positive view of adolescent sexuality, and the rationale for introducing to adolescent sexual health prevention programs the new definitions of sexual health and the social determinants of health approach. The second one was a quantitative study aimed at surveying not only adolescents' risky sexual behaviors but also sexual experiences associated with desire/pleasure which have been systematically neglected when investigating the sexual and reproductive health of the youth. This study was conducted with a representative sample of the adolescents attending public high schools in the State of Caldas in the Republic of Colombia. The third study was a qualitative analysis of 22 interviews conducted with male and female U.S. Latino adolescents on the reasons for having had or having not had vaginal sex. The more relevant results were: most current adolescent sexual health prevention programs are still framed in a negative approach to adolescent sexuality developed a century ago by Stanley Hall and Sigmund Freud which do not accept the adolescent sexual experience and propose its sublimation. In contrast, the Colombian study indicates that, although there are gender differences, adolescence is for males and females a normal period of sexual initiation not limited to coital activity, in which sexual desire/pleasure is strongly associated with sexual behavior. By the same token, the study about the reasons for having had or not had initiated heterosexual intercourse indicated that curiosity, sexual desire/pleasure, and love are basic motivations for deciding to have vaginal sexual intercourse for the first time and that during adolescence, young women and men reach the cognitive development necessary for taking conscious decisions about their sexual acts. The findings underline the importance of asking pertinent questions about desire/pleasure when studying adolescent sexuality and adopting an evidence-based approach to sexual health interventions.^

Concepciones en torno a la normatividad en la didáctica : Un análisis interdisciplinario de obras teóricas didácticas y curriculares en la Argentina, entre 1960 y 1990

Las concepciones en torno a la normatividad en la didáctica constituyen el problema de investigación central de esta tesis y cobran relevancia al postular que la didáctica es una teoría acerca de la enseñanza con posibilidades de influir en el mejoramiento de las prácticas. Se propone indagar, desde una perspectiva histórica, cómo se ha ido resolviendo la cuestión de la normatividad, o más específicamente, cómo aparece planteada la normatividad en la producción teórica de la didáctica entre los años 1960 y 1990 en la Argentina. Asimismo, se incluyen las relaciones entre la didáctica y el curriculum. Se parte de dos supuestos principales: el primero de ellos se refiere a que la didáctica ha incorporado en su estructura disciplinar la teoría curricular ocasionando que desde ella se definan los temas, problemas y orientaciones de la producción curricular, y que "en parte por esto" el curriculum no posee un desarrollo autónomo en nuestro país, al menos en el período aquí estudiado. El segundo supuesto se refiere a un comportamiento disímil que cada una de estas disciplinas evidencia en torno a la normatividad. Por otra parte, esta forma de entender la didáctica conduce a introducirse en teorías epistemológicas y metodológicas con una doble intención: en primer lugar, para indagar en problemas y esquemas interpretativos que con respecto a la normatividad aparecen en la reflexión epistemológica y metodológica en las ciencias sociales, para luego con ellos enriquecer el análisis en la disciplina de base. En segundo lugar, porque parece evidente que una investigación como la que se realiza no es posible sin contar con categorías que habiliten un análisis metateórico. A su vez, la didáctica ha ido atravesando por diferentes momentos históricos en su constitución y los mismos pueden analizarse desde una particular configuración integrada por conocimiento, normas, valores y prácticas. Construcción histórica que se enriquece en su comparación con el recorrido realizado por teorías epistemológicas y metodológicas. La construcción de conocimientos que se propone para esta tesis se realiza en el diálogo entre el marco conceptual referencial antes delineado y el análisis de un corpus empírico integrado por diez (10) obras de didáctica y de curriculum seleccionadas en base a cuatro criterios centrales. El primer criterio permite seleccionar obras de Imídeo Nérici y Hans Aebli para dar cuenta de las características de la didáctica general que se conoció en Argentina en las décadas del '50 y del '60. El segundo criterio se refiere a considerar obras de la teoría curricular norteamericana y que se difundieron en nuestro país desde principios de los '70, específicamente se analizan trabajos de Ralph Tyler, Hilda Taba y Clifton Chadwick. El tercer criterio permite considerar textos de Susana Avolio, Susana Barco, Gloria Edelstein y Azucena Rodríguez, ya que dan cuenta de las características del pensamiento local en el área de didáctica general en los años '70. Por último, el cuarto criterio se refiere a obras de curriculum de Joseph Schwab y Lawrence Stenhouse que se conocieron en la Argentina en la década del '80 y que impactaron en la didáctica

Concepciones en torno a la normatividad en la didáctica : Un análisis interdisciplinario de obras teóricas didácticas y curriculares en la Argentina, entre 1960 y 1990

Las concepciones en torno a la normatividad en la didáctica constituyen el problema de investigación central de esta tesis y cobran relevancia al postular que la didáctica es una teoría acerca de la enseñanza con posibilidades de influir en el mejoramiento de las prácticas. Se propone indagar, desde una perspectiva histórica, cómo se ha ido resolviendo la cuestión de la normatividad, o más específicamente, cómo aparece planteada la normatividad en la producción teórica de la didáctica entre los años 1960 y 1990 en la Argentina. Asimismo, se incluyen las relaciones entre la didáctica y el curriculum. Se parte de dos supuestos principales: el primero de ellos se refiere a que la didáctica ha incorporado en su estructura disciplinar la teoría curricular ocasionando que desde ella se definan los temas, problemas y orientaciones de la producción curricular, y que "en parte por esto" el curriculum no posee un desarrollo autónomo en nuestro país, al menos en el período aquí estudiado. El segundo supuesto se refiere a un comportamiento disímil que cada una de estas disciplinas evidencia en torno a la normatividad. Por otra parte, esta forma de entender la didáctica conduce a introducirse en teorías epistemológicas y metodológicas con una doble intención: en primer lugar, para indagar en problemas y esquemas interpretativos que con respecto a la normatividad aparecen en la reflexión epistemológica y metodológica en las ciencias sociales, para luego con ellos enriquecer el análisis en la disciplina de base. En segundo lugar, porque parece evidente que una investigación como la que se realiza no es posible sin contar con categorías que habiliten un análisis metateórico. A su vez, la didáctica ha ido atravesando por diferentes momentos históricos en su constitución y los mismos pueden analizarse desde una particular configuración integrada por conocimiento, normas, valores y prácticas. Construcción histórica que se enriquece en su comparación con el recorrido realizado por teorías epistemológicas y metodológicas. La construcción de conocimientos que se propone para esta tesis se realiza en el diálogo entre el marco conceptual referencial antes delineado y el análisis de un corpus empírico integrado por diez (10) obras de didáctica y de curriculum seleccionadas en base a cuatro criterios centrales. El primer criterio permite seleccionar obras de Imídeo Nérici y Hans Aebli para dar cuenta de las características de la didáctica general que se conoció en Argentina en las décadas del '50 y del '60. El segundo criterio se refiere a considerar obras de la teoría curricular norteamericana y que se difundieron en nuestro país desde principios de los '70, específicamente se analizan trabajos de Ralph Tyler, Hilda Taba y Clifton Chadwick. El tercer criterio permite considerar textos de Susana Avolio, Susana Barco, Gloria Edelstein y Azucena Rodríguez, ya que dan cuenta de las características del pensamiento local en el área de didáctica general en los años '70. Por último, el cuarto criterio se refiere a obras de curriculum de Joseph Schwab y Lawrence Stenhouse que se conocieron en la Argentina en la década del '80 y que impactaron en la didáctica

Concepciones en torno a la normatividad en la didáctica : Un análisis interdisciplinario de obras teóricas didácticas y curriculares en la Argentina, entre 1960 y 1990

Las concepciones en torno a la normatividad en la didáctica constituyen el problema de investigación central de esta tesis y cobran relevancia al postular que la didáctica es una teoría acerca de la enseñanza con posibilidades de influir en el mejoramiento de las prácticas. Se propone indagar, desde una perspectiva histórica, cómo se ha ido resolviendo la cuestión de la normatividad, o más específicamente, cómo aparece planteada la normatividad en la producción teórica de la didáctica entre los años 1960 y 1990 en la Argentina. Asimismo, se incluyen las relaciones entre la didáctica y el curriculum. Se parte de dos supuestos principales: el primero de ellos se refiere a que la didáctica ha incorporado en su estructura disciplinar la teoría curricular ocasionando que desde ella se definan los temas, problemas y orientaciones de la producción curricular, y que "en parte por esto" el curriculum no posee un desarrollo autónomo en nuestro país, al menos en el período aquí estudiado. El segundo supuesto se refiere a un comportamiento disímil que cada una de estas disciplinas evidencia en torno a la normatividad. Por otra parte, esta forma de entender la didáctica conduce a introducirse en teorías epistemológicas y metodológicas con una doble intención: en primer lugar, para indagar en problemas y esquemas interpretativos que con respecto a la normatividad aparecen en la reflexión epistemológica y metodológica en las ciencias sociales, para luego con ellos enriquecer el análisis en la disciplina de base. En segundo lugar, porque parece evidente que una investigación como la que se realiza no es posible sin contar con categorías que habiliten un análisis metateórico. A su vez, la didáctica ha ido atravesando por diferentes momentos históricos en su constitución y los mismos pueden analizarse desde una particular configuración integrada por conocimiento, normas, valores y prácticas. Construcción histórica que se enriquece en su comparación con el recorrido realizado por teorías epistemológicas y metodológicas. La construcción de conocimientos que se propone para esta tesis se realiza en el diálogo entre el marco conceptual referencial antes delineado y el análisis de un corpus empírico integrado por diez (10) obras de didáctica y de curriculum seleccionadas en base a cuatro criterios centrales. El primer criterio permite seleccionar obras de Imídeo Nérici y Hans Aebli para dar cuenta de las características de la didáctica general que se conoció en Argentina en las décadas del '50 y del '60. El segundo criterio se refiere a considerar obras de la teoría curricular norteamericana y que se difundieron en nuestro país desde principios de los '70, específicamente se analizan trabajos de Ralph Tyler, Hilda Taba y Clifton Chadwick. El tercer criterio permite considerar textos de Susana Avolio, Susana Barco, Gloria Edelstein y Azucena Rodríguez, ya que dan cuenta de las características del pensamiento local en el área de didáctica general en los años '70. Por último, el cuarto criterio se refiere a obras de curriculum de Joseph Schwab y Lawrence Stenhouse que se conocieron en la Argentina en la década del '80 y que impactaron en la didáctica

Concepciones en torno a la normatividad en la didáctica : Un análisis interdisciplinario de obras teóricas didácticas y curriculares en la Argentina, entre 1960 y 1990

Las concepciones en torno a la normatividad en la didáctica constituyen el problema de investigación central de esta tesis y cobran relevancia al postular que la didáctica es una teoría acerca de la enseñanza con posibilidades de influir en el mejoramiento de las prácticas. Se propone indagar, desde una perspectiva histórica, cómo se ha ido resolviendo la cuestión de la normatividad, o más específicamente, cómo aparece planteada la normatividad en la producción teórica de la didáctica entre los años 1960 y 1990 en la Argentina. Asimismo, se incluyen las relaciones entre la didáctica y el curriculum. Se parte de dos supuestos principales: el primero de ellos se refiere a que la didáctica ha incorporado en su estructura disciplinar la teoría curricular ocasionando que desde ella se definan los temas, problemas y orientaciones de la producción curricular, y que "en parte por esto" el curriculum no posee un desarrollo autónomo en nuestro país, al menos en el período aquí estudiado. El segundo supuesto se refiere a un comportamiento disímil que cada una de estas disciplinas evidencia en torno a la normatividad. Por otra parte, esta forma de entender la didáctica conduce a introducirse en teorías epistemológicas y metodológicas con una doble intención: en primer lugar, para indagar en problemas y esquemas interpretativos que con respecto a la normatividad aparecen en la reflexión epistemológica y metodológica en las ciencias sociales, para luego con ellos enriquecer el análisis en la disciplina de base. En segundo lugar, porque parece evidente que una investigación como la que se realiza no es posible sin contar con categorías que habiliten un análisis metateórico. A su vez, la didáctica ha ido atravesando por diferentes momentos históricos en su constitución y los mismos pueden analizarse desde una particular configuración integrada por conocimiento, normas, valores y prácticas. Construcción histórica que se enriquece en su comparación con el recorrido realizado por teorías epistemológicas y metodológicas. La construcción de conocimientos que se propone para esta tesis se realiza en el diálogo entre el marco conceptual referencial antes delineado y el análisis de un corpus empírico integrado por diez (10) obras de didáctica y de curriculum seleccionadas en base a cuatro criterios centrales. El primer criterio permite seleccionar obras de Imídeo Nérici y Hans Aebli para dar cuenta de las características de la didáctica general que se conoció en Argentina en las décadas del '50 y del '60. El segundo criterio se refiere a considerar obras de la teoría curricular norteamericana y que se difundieron en nuestro país desde principios de los '70, específicamente se analizan trabajos de Ralph Tyler, Hilda Taba y Clifton Chadwick. El tercer criterio permite considerar textos de Susana Avolio, Susana Barco, Gloria Edelstein y Azucena Rodríguez, ya que dan cuenta de las características del pensamiento local en el área de didáctica general en los años '70. Por último, el cuarto criterio se refiere a obras de curriculum de Joseph Schwab y Lawrence Stenhouse que se conocieron en la Argentina en la década del '80 y que impactaron en la didáctica

Formless as Water, Flaming as a Fire-Some observations on the Theory and Practice of Self-Determination

The concept of national self-determination is a highly contested concept from very outset. It is partly due to its dual parentage, namely nationalism and liberalism. Prior to 1945 it was only a political concept without legal binding. With the incorporation of the principle in the UN Charter it was universalized and legalized. However, there were two competing interpretations at the UN based on de-colonization and representative government. How to define self and what really determined remain highly controversial. How to reconcile the international norm of sovereignty of state and self determination of people became more complex problem with the tide of secessionist movements based on ethno-nationalism. The concept of internal self-determination came as a compromise; but it is also very vague and harbors a wide range of interpretations.

Behavior competence development through e-learning: experience at the undergraduate level in the context of Aula a Distancia Abierta (ADA) Madrid, Spain

This communication presents the results of an innovative approach for competencedevelopment suggesting a new methodology for the integration of these elements in professional development within the ADA initiative (AulaaDistanciaAbierta, Distance and Open Classroom) of the Community of Madrid. The main objective of this initiative is to promote the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for educational activities by creating a new learning environment structured on the premises of commitment to self–learning, individual work, communication and virtual interaction, and self and continuous assessment. Results from this experience showed that conceptualization is a positive contribution to learning, as students added names and characteristics to competences and abilities that were previously unknown or underestimated. Also, the diversity of participants’ disciplines indicated multidimensional interest in this idea and supported the theory that this approach to competencedevelopment could be successful in all knowledge areas.

InN/GaN heterojunction electrical behavior

Indium nitride (InN) has been the subject of intense research in recent years. Some of its most attractive features are its excellent transport properties such as its small band edge electron effective mass, high electron mobilities and peak drift velocities, and high frequency transient drift velocity oscillations [1]. These suggest enormous potential applications for InN in high frequency electronic devices. But to date the high unintentional bulk electron concentration (n~1018 cm-3) of undoped InN samples and the surface electron accumulation layer make it a hard task to create a reliable metalsemiconductor Schottky barrier. Some attempts have been made to overcome this problem by means of material oxidation [2] or deposition of insulators [3]. In this work we present a way to obtain an electrical rectification behaviour by means of heterojunction growth. Due to the big band gap differences among nitride semiconductors, it’s possible to create a structure with high band offsets. In InN/GaN heterojunctions, depending on the GaN doping, the magnitude of conduction and valence band offset are critical parameters which allow distinguishing among different electrical behaviours. The earliest estimate of the valence band offset at an InN–GaN heterojunction in a wurtzite structure was measured to be ~0.85 eV [4], while the Schottky barrier heights were determined to be ~ 1,4 eV [5].We grew In-face InN layer with varying thickness (between 150 nm and 1 mm) by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) on GaNntemplates (GaN/Al2O3), with temperatures ranging between 300°C and 450°C. The different doping in GaN template (Si doping, Fe doping and Mg doping) results in differences in band alignments of the two semiconductors changing electrical barriers for carriers and consequently electrical conduction behaviour. The processing of the devices includes metallization of the ohmic contacts on InN and GaN, for which we used Ti/Al/Ni/Au. Whereas an ohmic contact on InN is straightforward, the main issue was the fabrication of the contact on GaN due to the very low decomposition temperature of InN. A standard ohmic contact on GaN is generally obtained by high temperature rapid thermal annealing (RTA), typically done between 500ºC and 900ºC[6]. In this case, the limitation due to the presence of In-face InN imposes an upper limit on the temperature for the thermal annealing process and ohmic contact formation of about 450°C. We will present results on the morphology of the InN layers by X-Ray diffraction and SEM, and electrical measurements, in particular current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics.