The problem of the spreading of a liquid film along a solid surface: A new mathematical formulation

A new mathematical model is proposed for the spreading of a liquid film on a solid surface. The model is based on the standard lubrication approximation for gently sloping films (with the no-slip condition for the fluid at the solid surface) in the major part of the film where it is not too thin. In the remaining and relatively small regions near the contact lines it is assumed that the so-called autonomy principle holds—i.e., given the material components, the external conditions, and the velocity of the contact lines along the surface, the behavior of the fluid is identical for all films. The resulting mathematical model is formulated as a free boundary problem for the classical fourth-order equation for the film thickness. A class of self-similar solutions to this free boundary problem is considered.

Effects of unique ion chemistry on thin-film growth by plasma–surface interactions

Plasma processing is a standard industrial method for the modification of material surfaces and the deposition of thin films. Polyatomic ions and neutrals larger than a triatomic play a critical role in plasma-induced surface chemistry, especially in the deposition of polymeric films from fluorocarbon plasmas. In this paper, low energy CF3+ and C3F5+ ions are used to modify a polystyrene surface. Experimental and computational studies are combined to quantify the effect of the unique chemistry and structure of the incident ions on the result of ion-polymer collisions. C3F5+ ions are more effective at growing films than CF3+, both at similar energy/atom of ≈6 eV/atom and similar total kinetic energies of 25 and 50 eV. The composition of the films grown experimentally also varies with both the structure and kinetic energy of the incident ion. Both C3F5+ and CF3+ should be thought of as covalently bound polyatomic precursors or fragments that can react and become incorporated within the polystyrene surface, rather than merely donating F atoms. The size and structure of the ions affect polymer film formation via differing chemical structure, reactivity, sticking probabilities, and energy transfer to the surface. The different reactivity of these two ions with the polymer surface supports the argument that larger species contribute to the deposition of polymeric films from fluorocarbon plasmas. These results indicate that complete understanding and accurate computer modeling of plasma–surface modification requires accurate measurement of the identities, number densities, and kinetic energies of higher mass ions and energetic neutrals.

En el país de nomeacuerdo : Revisitando el film La Historia oficial

A cuarenta años del último Golpe de Estado en nuestro país se hace preciso recrear las lecturas que las manifestaciones artísticas del período de la post dictadura construyeron de su propia historia, particularmente desde el cine. Toda sociedad reflexiona sobre las causas profundas de sus conflictos y el cine, como manifestación artística, logra integrar lo icónico y lo lingüístico, imagen y sonido, convirtiéndose así, en uno de los medios más utilizados a la hora de denunciar determinados sucesos que contribuyen a reconstruir el entramado social desgarrado por la última dictadura. El cine abre nuevas perspectivas sobre lo que una sociedad confiesa de sí misma y también sobre lo que niega, este artículo intenta ser una invitación a revisitar el film La Historia Oficial (Puenzo, 1985) interpretando la trama que narra a partir del viaje de Alicia de Lewis Carroll. Para la Alicia de Carroll, atravesar el espejo implica traspasar el universo de la rutinaria y aburrida realidad a un mundo maravilloso, contrariamente, la Alicia de la película, habitó un mundo fantástico toda su vida y atravesar el espejo significará pasar del espacio privado al público. En ese recorrido, por ese "mundo extraño", descubrirá que el país de las maravillas que la albergaba, desapareció

Tuning the functional properties of Silicon Carbide Thin Film and Nanowires

The present thesis has been devoted to the synthesis and investigation of functional properties of silicon carbide thin films and nanowires. The work took profit from the experience of the research group in the synthesis of 3C-SiC from vapour phase. 3C-SiC thin films Thin films heteroepitaxy on silicon substrates was carried out in a vapour phase epitaxy reactor. The initial efforts were committed to the process development in order to enhance the crystal quality of the epi-layer. The carbonization process and a buffer layer procedure were optimized in order to obtain good quality monocrystalline 3C-SiC layers. The films characterization was used not only to improve the entire process, but also to assess the crystalline quality and to identify the defects. Methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) was introduced during the synthesis to increase the growth rate and enhance crystalline quality. The effect of synthesis parameters such as MTS flow and process temperature was studied in order to promote defect density reduction and the release of the strain due to lattice mismatch between 3C-SiC and silicon substrate. In-growth n-type doping was implemented using a nitrogen gas line and the effect of different synthesis parameters on doping level was studied. Raman measurements allowed a contactless characterization and evaluation of electrically active dopant. The effect of MTS on nitrogen incorporation was investigated and a promotion of dopant concentration together with a higher growth rate were demonstrated. This result allows to obtain higher doping concentrations without deteriorating crystal quality in 3C-SiC and, to the best of our knowledge, it has never been demonstrated before. 3C-SiC nanowires Core-shell SiC-SiO2 nanowires were synthesized using a chemical vapour deposition technique in an open tube configuration reactor on silicon substrates. Metal catalyst were used to promote a uniaxial growth and a dense bundle of nanowires 100 µm long and 60 nm thick was obtained. Substrate preparation was found to be fundamental in order to obtain a uniform nanowire density. Morphological characterization was carried out using scanning electron microscopy and the analysis of structural, compositional, optical properties is reported.

Polímeros condutores aplicados a sistemas-modelo de liberação controlada eletroquimicamente de drogas

Este trabalho descreve a síntese, caracterização e aplicação de sistemas poliméricos baseados em polímeros condutores em sistemas de liberação controlada de drogas. Esta tese pode ser dividida em duas partes: na primeira se apresentam os resultados da aplicação de filmes de polianilina e polipirrol na liberação de drogasmodelo como a dopamina protonada e o ácido salicílico. Na liberação de salicilato utilizou-se um filme polianilina eletrosintetizado e dopado com íons cloreto. Já para a liberação de dopamina protonada (um cátion) a liberação foi conduzida a partir de um sistema bicamadas, com um filme de polianilina recoberta com uma camada de Náfion. É mostrada a liberação controlada nos dois casos, porém também se discutem limitaçãoes deste tipo de sistema que levaram ao estudo de uma forma alternativa de controle eletroquímico utilizando polímeros condutores. A segunda parte do trabalho mostra então esta nova metodologia que se baseia em compósitos de poianilina eletropolimerizada no interior de hidrogéis de poliacrilamida. É mostrado que este novo material é eletroativo e mantém as características de intumescimento dos hidrogéis, tanto necessárias ao desenvolvimento destes sistemas de liberação controlada. Mecanismos para o crescimento e distribuição da polianilina na matriz isolante e para a atuação do compósito no controle eletroquímico da liberação são propostos com base nos dados de microscopia de força atômica, Raman e eletrônica de varredura, além de testes de liberação controlada com moléculas de diferentes cargas.

Remaking Movie Making: The Environmental Impacts of the Film Industry in Southern California

The film and television industry is integral to the economics and culture of the Southern California region. It is also a major contributing factor to the environmental problems in the region. Currently the Motion Picture, Television, and Commercial Industries Act of 1984 is the only regulation written specifically for the entertainment industry. This regulation was created with the purpose of streamlining the film permitting process to prevent run-away production, taking production out of state, and encourage growth. A change in this regulation is needed since studios routinely fail to meet environmental standards or work towards improvement during on-location filming. Amendments to this regulation requiring permits to contain environmental conditions would improve environmental conditions and stay true to the original purpose of the act.

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Building a Film/TV Production Industry to Boost its Economy and Unite its Divided Cultures

This paper discusses how Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) can boost its stalled economy by generating jobs and increasing film-tourism, while simultaneously helping unite its culturally divided nation, by building a film/TV production industry looking to Northern Ireland's successful model following its similarly violent history. Evidence is presented substantiating that BiH has the infrastructure and workforce from which to grow a film/TV production industry, but it must be built through large-scale foreign productions like Northern Ireland did with Game of Thrones. Examining studies conducted by industry experts, strategies are offered for building a competitive and sustainable film/TV production industry in BiH. Results reveal more research is needed evidencing film/TV production can unify people from different ethno-religious/political groups in post-conflict societies.

Spanish Literature and Film

Material docente para la enseñanza de cine y literatura española

Environmentally friendly reduction of a platinum catalyst precursor supported on polypyrrole

Supported metals are traditionally prepared by impregnating a support material with the metal precursor solution, followed by reduction in hydrogen at elevated temperatures. In this study, a polymeric support has been considered. Polypyrrole (PPy) has been chemically synthesized using FeCl3 as a doping agent, and it has been impregnated with a H2PtCl6 solution to prepare a catalyst precursor. The restricted thermal stability of polypyrrole does not allow using the traditional reduction in hydrogen at elevated temperature, and chemical reduction under mild conditions using sodium borohydride implies environmental concerns. Therefore, cold RF plasma has been considered an environmentally friendly alternative. Ar plasma leads to a more effective reduction of platinum ions in the chloroplatinic complex anchored onto the polypyrrole chain after impregnation than reduction with sodium borohydride, as has been evidenced by XPS. The increase of RF power enhanced the effectiveness of the Ar plasma treatment. A homogeneous distribution of platinum nanoparticles has been observed by TEM after the reduction treatment with plasma. The Pt/polypyrrol catalyst reduced by Ar plasma at 200 watts effectively catalyzed the aqueous reduction of nitrates with H2 to yield N2, with a very low selectivity to undesired nitrites and ammonium by-products.

Combined Effect of Poly(hydroxybutyrate) and Plasticizers on Polylactic acid Properties for Film Intended for Food Packaging

Poly(lactic acid) PLA, and poly(hydroxybutyrate) PHB, blends were processed as films and characterized for their use in food packaging. PLA was blended with PHB to enhance the crystallinity. Therefore, PHB addition strongly increased oxygen barrier while decreased the wettability. Two different environmentally-friendly plasticizers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and acetyl(tributyl citrate) (ATBC), were added to these blends to increase their processing performance, while improving their ductile properties. ATBC showed higher plasticizer efficiency than PEG directly related to the similarity solubility parameters between ATBC and both biopolymers. Moreover, ATBC was more efficiently retained to the polymer matrix during processing than PEG. PLA–PHB–ATBC blends were homogeneous and transparent blends that showed promising performance for the preparation of films by a ready industrial process technology for food packaging applications, showing slightly amber color, improved elongation at break, enhanced oxygen barrier and decreased wettability.

Electrochemical reactions of catechol, methylcatechol and dopamine at tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) thin film electrodes

The electrochemical reactions of dopamine, catechol and methylcatechol were investigated at tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) thin film electrodes. In order to better understand the reaction mechanisms of these molecules, cyclic voltammetry with varying scan rates was carried out at different pH values in H2SO4 and PBS solutions. The results were compared to the same redox reactions taking place at glassy carbon (GC) electrodes. All three catechols exhibited quasi-reversible behavior with sluggish electron transfer kinetics at the ta-C electrode. At neutral and alkaline pH, rapid coupled homogeneous reactions followed the oxidation of the catechols to the corresponding o-quinones and led to significant deterioration of the electrode response. At acidic pH, the extent of deterioration was considerably lower. All the redox reactions showed significantly faster electron transfer kinetics at the GC electrode and it was less susceptible toward surface passivation. An EC mechanism was observed for the oxidation of dopamine at both ta-C and GC electrodes and the formation of polydopamine was suspected to cause the passivation of the electrodes.

Enzyme mediated synthesis of polypyrrole in the presence of chondroitin sulfate and redox mediators of natural origin

Polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized by enzyme mediated oxidation of pyrrole using naturally occurring compounds as redox mediators. The catalytic mechanism is an enzymatic cascade reaction in which hydrogen peroxide is the oxidizer and soybean peroxidase, in the presence of acetosyringone, syringaldehyde or vanillin, acts as a natural catalysts. The effect of the initial reaction composition on the polymerization yield and electrical conductivity of PPy was analyzed. Morphology of the PPy particles was studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy whereas the chemical structure was studied by X-ray photoelectron and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic techniques. The redox mediators increased the polymerization yield without a significant modification of the electronic structure of PPy. The highest conductivity of PPy was reached when chondroitin sulfate was used simultaneously as dopant and template during pyrrole polymerization. Electroactive properties of PPy obtained from natural precursors were successfully used in the amperometric quantification of uric acid concentrations. PPy increases the amperometric sensitivity of carbon nanotube screen-printed electrodes toward uric acid detection.

Improving the photoactivity of bismuth vanadate thin film photoanodes through doping and surface modification strategies

Currently, one of the most attractive and desirable ways to solve the energy challenge is harvesting energy directly from the sunlight through the so-called artificial photosynthesis. Among the ternary oxides based on earth–abundant metals, bismuth vanadate has recently emerged as a promising photoanode. Herein, BiVO4 thin film photoanodes have been successfully synthesized by a modified metal-organic precursor decomposition method, followed by an annealing treatment. In an attempt to improve the photocatalytic properties of this semiconductor material for photoelectrochemical water oxidation, the electrodes have been modified (i) by doping with La and Ce (by modifying the composition of the BiVO4 precursor solution with the desired concentration of the doping element), and (ii) by surface modification with Au nanoparticles potentiostatically electrodeposited. La and Ce doping at concentrations of 1 and 2 at% in the BiVO4 precursor solution, respectively, enhances significantly the photoelectrocatalytic performance of BiVO4 without introducing important changes in either the material structure or the electrode morphology, according to XRD and SEM characterization. In addition, surface modification of the electrodes with Au nanoparticles further enhances the photocurrent as such metallic nanoparticles act as co-catalysts, promoting charge transfer at the semiconductor/solution interface. The combination of these two complementary ways of modifying the electrodes has resulted in a significant increase in the photoresponse, facilitating their potential application in artificial photosynthesis devices.