Peacebuilding in East Timor

This essay analyses some of the political, economic and social challenges of East Timer's transition to independence. It scrutinizes the ethical dimensions of building peace in a territory devastated by the combined effect of Indonesia's colonial occupation and the violent militia attacks of September 1999. The most difficult task ahead does not lie in the physical rebuilding of the territory-gargantuan as it may be-but in the more intricate and long-term rehabilitation of a traumatized society. The latter involves competing Timorese factions as well as a range of international actors, including the United Nations Transitional Authority, foreign governments, business institutions and various multilateral and bilateral donors. each having their own organizational leitmotifs and policy priorities. If not managed carefully, the reconstruction process could further exacerbate existing societal tensions and complicate the starch for peace and reconciliation. The essay identifies a number of crucial components necessary to counter such risks, including the need to promote popular participation in the rebuilding process. Without the legitimacy created by strong community involvement and grassroots participation in decision making, the task of national reconstruction may well become overwhelmed by conflict.

A genetic map of macadamia based on randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting (RAF) markers

The first genetic linkage map of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia and M. tetraphylla) is presented. The map is based on 56 F-1 progeny of cultivars 'Keauhou' and 'A16'. Eighty-four percent of the 382 markers analysed segregated as Mendelian loci. The two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy allowed construction of separate parental cultivar maps. Ninety bridging loci enabled merging of these maps to produce a detailed genetic map of macadamia, 1100 cM in length and spanning 70-80% of the genome. The combined map comprised 24 linkage groups with 265 framework markers: 259 markers from randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting (RAF), five random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and one sequence-tagged microsatellite site (STMS). The RAF marker system unexpectedly revealed 16 codominant markers, one of them a putative microsatellite locus and exhibiting four distinct alleles in the cross. This molecular study is the most comprehensive examination to date of genetic loci of macadamia, and is a major step towards developing marker-assisted selection for this crop.

Cr��tica �� concep����o hegem��nica de "erradica����o da pobreza" : um estudo sobre a estrat��gia de naturaliza����o e gest��o da barb��rie no Esp��rito Santo

Com base em pesquisa bibliogr��fica e documental, e fazendo uso da an��lise de conte��do, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar a meta erradicar a pobreza at�� 2025, constituinte do Plano de Desenvolvimento Esp��rito Santo 2025. Compreendemos que essa meta faz parte do modelo de ���desenvolvimento sustentado��� elaborado pela burguesia capixaba, organizada no Movimento Empresarial Esp��rito Santo em A����o, e em articula����o com o executivo estadual e a Petrobr��s, sem que tenha havido participa����o de trabalhadores na elabora����o do Plano mencionado. Seguem-se as principais conclus��es. A meta em quest��o foi constru��da sob o marco ideopol��tico e te��rico da ���internacionaliza����o do combate �� pobreza���, transpondo-se para o territ��rio estadual o discurso hegem��nico de erradica����o daquela condi����o social, entendida como sendo, em ��ltima an��lise, de responsabilidade do indiv��duo, e n��o enquanto consequ��ncia direta do modo de produ����o capitalista. Al��m disso, os pobres s��o compreendidos, na elabora����o da meta, de forma dual: ora identificados atrav��s do ���pressuposto da falta���, ora enquanto ���agentes��� livres para construir seu pr��prio futuro. Em consequ��ncia dessa dualidade, s��o propostas duas vias de a����o tidas como essenciais para ���erradicar a pobreza���: uma, centrada na transfer��ncia de renda para os que vivem na pobreza mais acentuada, e outra, na concess��o de (micro)cr��dito para os pobres n��o miser��veis, com vistas a possibilitar que se tornem ���empreendedores���. A meta analisada visa contribuir para promover a ���paz social���, atrav��s da conten����o dos pobres e de sua latente revolta diante de sua degradada condi����o de vida em territ��rio esp��rito-santense, o que demonstra sua funcionalidade para naturalizar e gerir a barb��rie que marca a contemporaneidade capitalista.

Rendering peacekeeping instrumental? The Brazilian approach to United Nations peacekeeping during the Lula da Silva years (2003-2010)

The article analyses how Brazilian state actions and policies regarding peace operations during the Presidency of Lula da Silva relate to the country's positions and attitudes towards United Nations peacekeeping. It argues that the inconsistencies identified on the Brazilian positions reflect the lack of a clear strategic horizon guiding the country's participation in UN peacekeeping, which consequentially hinders the country emergence as a great power.

A paz (ainda) pela jurisdi����o compuls��ria?

Seguindo a tradi����o kantiana, Hans Kelsen, em seu Peace through Law (1944), defendeu que a cria����o de um tribunal internacional com jurisdi����o compuls��ria deveria ser o primeiro passo rumo �� elimina����o das guerras. Anos depois, Kelsen foi vitorioso e derrotado. Embora muitos tribunais internacionais possuam jurisdi����o compuls��ria, problemas como guerra e paz, por sua complexidade, continuam sem solu����o definitiva.

Swords into ploughshares? China's Soft Power strategy in Southeast Asia and its challenges1

Since the 1990s, alongside China's economic growth, the international community has fostered a general anxiety towards a "China threat." In order to relieve itself from suspicion, China adopted the dual strategies of "harmonious worldview" and "good neighbor policy." The strategies led to the use of soft power in China's foreign policy. China aimed to reduce security concerns implied by the threat theory by supporting an image that caters to international peace and development. This article seeks to explain how China achieves its interests in Southeast Asia through the use of soft power. The authors address the concepts of "harmonious worldview" and "good neighbor policy" and how the twin strategies and soft power have shaped China's foreign policy in recent years. This article aims to provide insights into China's policy options in Southeast Asia in the near future.

The UN peacebuilding process: an analysis of its shortcomings in Timor-Leste

This paper brings a comprehensive analysis of the peacebuilding process conducted by the UN in Timor-Leste. Drawing on fieldwork, interviews, and secondary sources, the paper brings light to the main fragilities of this process. Firstly, the paper briefly outlines the scholarly debate around UN peacebuilding process. Then, the paper brings an overview of the UN missions deployed to Timor-Leste. Finally, the paper identifies the major limitations of such engagement. By highlighting the main flaws of this peacebuilding process, the paper opens the space for (re)thinking alternative ways of building peace in post-conflict scenarios.

The 1623 Plan for Global Governance: the obscure history of its reception

Abstract In the present article we analyze the characteristics and the reception of the first plan for global governance, the New Cyneas by ��meric Cruc��. With this goal in mind, we examine the history of its readings and the possible influence on the Duke of Sully's project for European confederation, the case most often cited by historians of ideas. Our analysis takes into consideration the 17th century reception, the scant dissemination of the work and the possible causes of its limited impact. Our conclusions support, on the one hand, the novelty of Cruc��'s principal ideas, and on the other, their limited impact over the time with the exception of the period surrounding the creation of the League of Nations.

Preven����o do Terrorismo versus Neoliberalismo

Ora, a preven����o do terrorismo, �� o contr��rio de tudo isto, com um Estado cada vez maior a intervir em todo o lado, vigiando tudo e todos, aumentando os or��amentos na seguran��a e paz p��blicas, em milhares de milh��es. Analisando os capitais branqueados e quem vai ��s privatiza����es para evitar o pr��ximo atentado terrorista. Imaginem se o Estado Isl��mico compra a TAP! �� Now, the prevention of terrorism, is the opposite of all this, with a state increasingly to intervene everywhere, watching everything and everyone, increasing the budgets in public security and peace, in billions. Analyzing the laundered money and who is going to privatizations to prevent the next terrorist attack. Imagine if the Islamic state buys TAP!

O papel da Organiza����o das Na����es Unidas em Angola

RESUMO: Angola tem sido ao longo dos tempos objecto de cobi��a por parte de pa��ses estrangeiros por motiva����es diversas, que foram desde interesses coloniais ��� como aconteceu com Portugal, que durante s��culos a colonizou, e da Holanda, que dominou Luanda entre 1641 e 1648 ��� ou por interesses hegem��nicos, ideol��gicos e pol��ticos ��� como sucedeu com os EUA e a URSS, mas tamb��m com a Republica Popular da China e Cuba ��� e at�� por interesses regionais ��� como foram os casos da ��frica do Sul e dos cont��guos Congo Belga, hoje Republica Democr��tica do Congo, e Z��mbia. No entanto, a todos estes interesses diversos n��o se pode excluir um que lhes �� transversal: o interesse econ��mico. De facto, os 1246700 km�� de que Angola disp��e, aliados �� sua excelente localiza����o geogr��fica com uma extensa costa atl��ntica e a sua extraordin��ria riqueza em recursos naturais podem explicar este envolvimento estrangeiro na Hist��ria de Angola. No que diz respeito ao objecto da Disserta����o, o envolvimento da ONU nas quest��es relacionadas com Angola remonta �� d��cada de 50, ou seja, ao per��odo colonial e muito antes da independ��ncia do pa��s em 1975, devido �� pol��tica descolonizadora sa��da da II Guerra Mundial. Al��m disso, a din��mica que emergiu da II Guerra Mundial, rapidamente, reconfigurou o panorama pol��tico internacional em dois blocos: o ocidental liderado pelos EUA e o de Leste liderado pela URSS, que se envolveram numa Guerra Fria, polariza����o cujos efeitos se ligam de forma tr��gica �� guerra em Angola, primeiro para a autodetermina����o, e, depois, j�� num contexto de independ��ncia, num conflito armado que ultrapassou o plano interno. Os interesses dos EUA e da URSS, que come��aram por ser antag��nicos, deram lugar em 1989 com o fim da bipolaridade a uma coopera����o mais aberta e uma abertura pol��tica em Angola rumo �� paz e ao in��cio da constru����o da democracia. Neste trabalho estuda-se o papel da ONU em Angola, quer no per��odo de luta pela independ��ncia, quer depois, na busca da paz no sangrento conflito ��� nem sempre civil ��� que mesmo antes da data da independ��ncia, a 11 de Novembro de 1975, e at�� Fevereiro de 2002, dilacerou o pa��s. Procura-se, igualmente, analisar o contributo da ONU na consolida����o das institui����es e na constru����o de um regime democr��tico em Angola. ABSTRACT: Angola has been along time subject to the greed of several foreign countries for many reasons and motivations which go from colonial interests - that is the cases of, Portugal which for centuries colonized it, and Netherlands under whose administration had been Luanda between 1641 and 1648 - or for hegemonic, ideological and political interests - as it happened in regard to USA and USSR, but also People���s Republic of China, Cuba, - and even for regional interests - regarding South Africa Republic, and the neighbouring countries, Democratic Republic of Congo (ancient Republic of the Congo ���Leopoldville���), and the Republic of Zambia. On the other hand to these interests we may join another which is transversal to all of them: economic interest. Effectively, Angola���s 481,351 square miles (1,246,700 Km2) estimated area, combined with its excellent geographical location with a lengthy Atlantic coast, its extraordinary richness in natural resources may well explain this foreign participation in its Political History. Concerning the objective of this work, the UN has been involved in matters regarding Angola since the decade of 50 of the last century, during the colonial period, long before the independence of the country in 1975, due to the decolonization policy emerged from the Second World War. Furthermore, after the Second World War, international environment has changed, transforming quickly the world into two main blocs, the West with the leadership of the USA and the East with the leadership of USSR which went into a Cold War. The effects of this polarization reached tragically Angola, early in the fight for self-determination, and went on later after independence in an armed conflict, which has overcome the internal dimension. The USA and USSR interests, at the beginning being antagonistic had become by 1989, with the end of bipolarity, more cooperative, leading Angola to a political reform towards peace and beginning the construction of democracy. In this academic work it���s studied the UNO role in Angola since the fight for self-determination early in the sixties of last century, and later in the search for peace during the bloody - and not always civil ��� war conflict which very before independence date in 11th November 1975, and as long as 2002, divided the country. Additionally, this work aims to understand the UNO contribution to consolidate institutions and to promote democracy in Angola.

e-learning in the classroom?

As teachers, we are challenged everyday to solve pedagogical problems and we have to fight for our students��� attention in a media rich world. I will talk about how we use ICT in Initial Teacher Training and give you some insight on what we are doing. The most important benefit of using ICT in education is that it makes us reflect on our practice. There is no doubt that our classrooms need to be updated, but we need to be critical about every peace of hardware, software or service that we bring into them. It is not only because our budgets are short, but also because e���learning is primarily about learning, not technology. Therefore, we need to have the knowledge and skills required to act in different situations, and choose the best tool for the job. Not all subjects are suitable for e���learning, nor do all students have the skills to organize themselves their own study times. Also not all teachers want to spend time programming or learning about instructional design and metadata. The promised land of easy use of authoring tools (e.g. eXe and Reload) that will lead to all teachers become Learning Objects authors and share these LO in Repositories, all this failed, like previously HyperCard, Toolbook and others. We need to know a little bit of many different technologies so we can mobilize this knowledge when a situation requires it: integrate e���learning technologies in the classroom, not a flipped classroom, just simple tools. Lecture capture, mobile phones and smartphones, pocket size camcorders, VoIP, VLE, live video broadcast, screen sharing, free services for collaborative work, save, share and sync your files. Do not feel stressed to use everything, every time. Just because we have a whiteboard does not mean we have to make it the centre of the classroom. Start from where you are, with your preferred subject and the tools you master. Them go slowly and try some new tool in a non���formal situation and with just one or two students. And you don���t need to be alone: subscribe a mailing list and share your thoughts with other teachers in a dedicated forum, even better if both are part of a community of practice, and share resources. We did that for music teachers and it was a success, in two years arriving at 1.000 members. Just do it.

Mundos dentro de um mundo: representa����es interculturais na Pol��nia sob a influ��ncia nazi

Europa, 1939 A Alemanha, sob a influ��ncia do partido Alem��o Nazi, deu in��cio a um confronto que mudou a face do mundo. Inicialmente os seus pa��ses vizinhos Europeus, depois alguns mais distantes e at�� o continente Africano sentiram o seu poder e tremeram de medo. Medo, um sentimento t��o poderoso que em pequenas quantidades, pode agu��ar os sentidos mas que, em quantidades grandes, pode gerar p��nico, suprimir o intelecto e at�� levar a negar aquilo que temos presente como verdades absolutas. A Europa era uma mistura de culturas; at�� os pr��prios pa��ses eram uma mistura de culturas. A Pol��nia era um desses pa��ses. Neste pa��s, Polacos, Judeus, Ucranianos e Romanis viviam numa paz fr��gil mas duradora. Quando a II Guerra Mundial come��ou, as cidades polacas foram conquistadas uma ap��s a outra e, uns ap��s os outros, os seus cidad��os foram confinados �� sua cidade para manter a ordem p��blica. Nesta ��poca de incerteza e inseguran��a poder��amos pensar que todas estas culturas, diferentes nas suas funda����es mas todas elas constitu��das por seres humanos que respondem da mesma forma em situa����es desta natureza, sentir-se- iam na necessidade de se juntar, deixar de parte as suas diferen��as e tentariam fazer tudo o que estivesse ao seu alcance para assegurar aquilo que �� a necessidade b��sica de qualquer ser humano: sobreviver. A sobreviv��ncia �� o instinto mais b��sico atribu��do ao ser humano. O medo de n��o ser capaz de sobreviver gerou algo que vai contra este tipo de certezas. Gerou ��dio. N��o ��dio contra o inimigo comum mas sim uma cultura contra a outra. O ex��rcito Alem��o Nazi foi implac��vel na sua marcha em busca do dom��nio total mas, em alguns casos, n��o foi ele apenas a face do terror. O ex��rcito Alem��o Nazi conquistava e seguia em frente, a caminho da pr��xima conquista, deixando governos de fachada para manter a ordem. O medo e o terror eram gerados por outr��m. Um verdadeiro choque de culturas cujo resultado foi um dos maiores derramamentos de sangue na hist��ria do mundo civilizado.

Validation of an instrument to evaluate health promotion at schools

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To validate an instrument designed to assess health promotion in the school environment. METHODS A questionnaire, based on guidelines from the World Health Organization and in line with the Brazilian school health context, was developed to validate the research instrument. There were 60 items in the instrument that included 40 questions for the school manager and 20 items with direct observations made by the interviewer. The items’ content validation was performed using the Delphi technique, with the instrument being applied in 53 schools from two medium-sized cities in the South region of Brazil. Reliability (Cronbach’s alpha and split-half) and validity (principal component analysis) analyses were performed. RESULTS The final instrument remained composed of 28 items, distributed into three dimensions: pedagogical, structural and relational. The resulting components showed good factorial loads (> 0.4) and acceptable reliability (> 0.6) for most items. The pedagogical dimension identifies educational activities regarding drugs and sexuality, violence and prejudice, auto care and peace and quality of life. The structural dimension is comprised of access, sanitary structure, and conservation and equipment. The relational dimension includes relationships within the school and with the community. CONCLUSIONS The proposed instrument presents satisfactory validity and reliability values, which include aspects relevant to promote health in schools. Its use allows the description of the health promotion conditions to which students from each educational institution are exposed. Because this instrument includes items directly observed by the investigator, it should only be used during periods when there are full and regular activities at the school in question.