Caracterização microbiológica de águas utilizadas em hemodiálise

A insuficiência renal crónica tem como possível tratamento a hemodiálise de alto-fluxo de hemodiafiltração. Este estudo tem por objectivo caracterizar a qualidade de águas de diálise, provenientes de 4 clínicas. Realizou-se um estudo observacional descritivo transversal com base nos resultados das análises de águas de diálise, de 07-2009 a 04-2010. Nas amostras, à entrada do tratamento, verificou-se que 100% destas se encontravam nãoconformes nos parâmetros microbiológicos e 53,85% apresentavam-se não-conformes nos parâmetros químicos. Após tratamento, 6,41% continuavam não-conformes nos parâmetros microbiológicos e todas as amostras apresentaram-se conformes nos parâmetros químicos. Conclui-se que o tratamento tem elevado grau de efectividade.

Nutritional status and overhydration: can bioimpedance spectroscopy be useful in haemodialysis patients?

Background: Protein-energy wasting (PEW), associated with inflammation and overhydration, is common in haemodialysis (HD) patients and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Objective: Assess the relationship between nutritional status, markers of inflammation and body composition through bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) in HD patients. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional, single centre study, carried out in an HD centre in Forte da Casa (Portugal), involved 75 patients on an HD programme. In all participating patients, the following laboratory tests were conducted: haemoglobin, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. The body mass index of all patients was calculated and a modified version of subjective global assessment (SGA) was produced for patients on dialysis. Intracellular water (ICW) and extracellular water (ECW) were measured by BIS (Body Composition Monitor®, Fresenius Medical Care®) after the HD session. In statistical analysis, Spearman’s correlation was used for the univariate analysis and linear regression for the multivariate analysis (SPSS 14.0). A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: PEW, inversely assessed through the ICW/body weight (BW) ratio, was positively related to age (P<.001), presence of diabetes (P=.004), BMI (P=.01) and CRP (P=.008) and negatively related to albumin (p=.006) and 25(OH)D3 (P=.007). Overhydration, assessed directly through the ECW/BW ratio, was positively related with CRP (P=.009) and SGA (P=.03), and negatively with 25(OH)D3 (P=.006) and BMI (P=.01). In multivariate analysis, PEW was associated with older age (P<.001), the presence of diabetes (P=.003), lower 25(OH)D3 (P=.008), higher CRP (P=.001) and lower albumin levels (P=.004). Over-hydration was associated with higher CRP (P=.001) and lower levels of 25(OH)D3 (P=.003). Conclusions: Taking these results into account, the ICW/BW and ECW/BW ratios, assessed with BIS, have proven to be good markers of the nutritional and inflammatory status of HD patients. BIS may be a useful tool for regularly assessing the nutritional and hydration status in these patients and may allow nutritional advice to be improved and adjusted.

Effect of a sardine supplement on C-reactive protein in patients receiving hemodialysis

Objective - The study evaluated the effect of a canned sardine supplement in C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients on hemodialysis (HD) and the compliance and adherence to this supplement. Design - This was a quasi-experimental study: Participants with a serum CRP of 5 mg/dL or less volunteered to consume a sardine supplement or were maintained on the usual cheese/ham sandwich supplement. Setting - The study took place in two outpatient dialysis units in Lisbon, Portugal. Patients - The study comprised 63 patients receiving maintenance HD three times per week for at least 6 months and an initial CRP concentration of 5 mg/dL or less. Exclusion criteria included the presence of graft vascular access or history of cancer. Intervention - After a 4-week washout period, the nutritional intervention included a canned sardine sandwich for the case group (n = 31) and a cheese or ham sandwich for the control group (n = 32), to be ingested during each routine HD session, 3 times per week, for 8 weeks. Main outcome measure - Serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP were the outcome measure. Results - Only 65 patients from the invited 186 patients met the inclusion criteria and agreed to eat the sardine sandwich supplement three times per week and were involved in the study. A significant proportion of 48% (n = 31, case group) consumed the sardine sandwich supplement three times per week for 8 weeks, fulfilling the requirements and completing the study. The present investigation showed that a sardine sandwich supplement had no effect on CRP levels among patients on HD. However, when participants were stratified according to tertiles of CRP distribution values at baseline, a reduction in CRP levels was found for those in the higher tertile, being higher for the case group (P = .047). Although diabetic patients were excluded from the analysis (eight in the sardine supplementation group and seven in the control group) a significant CRP reduction was found (P = .034). Conclusion - Although a supplement of low-dose n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids had no effect on the plasma high-sensitivity CRP of the supplemented group, a reduction in CRP levels was found when patients were stratified for tertiles of CRP (for the upper tertile) and diabetic status (for nondiabetic patients). These findings need to be further confirmed. This canned sardine supplement was accepted by an important proportion of patients, enhancing diet variety and contributing for a greater n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intake.

Perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva no Brasil, 2000-2004

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e clínico de pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva, identificando fatores associados ao risco de morte. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, prospectivo não concorrente, a partir de dados de 90.356 pacientes da Base Nacional em Terapias Renais Substitutivas, no Brasil. Foi realizado relacionamento determinístico-probabilístico do Sistema de Autorização de Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade/Custo e do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade. Foram incluídos todos os pacientes incidentes que iniciaram diálise entre 1/1/2000 e 31/12/2004, acompanhados até a morte ou final de 2004. Idade, sexo, região de residência, doença renal primária, causa do óbito foram analisados. Ajustou-se um modelo de riscos proporcionais para identificar fatores associados ao risco de morte. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu um aumento médio de 5,5% na prevalência de pacientes em terapia enquanto a incidência manteve-se estável no período. Hemodiálise foi a modalidade inicial predominante (89%). A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino, com idade média de 53 anos, residente na região Sudeste, e apresentava causa indeterminada como principal causa básica da doença renal crônica, seguida da hipertensão, diabetes e glomerulonefrites. Desses pacientes, 7% realizou transplante renal e 42% evoluiu para o óbito. Os pacientes em diálise peritoneal eram mais idosos e apresentavam maior prevalência de diabetes. Entre os não transplantados, 45% foi a óbito e, entre os transplantados, 7%. No modelo final de riscos proporcionais de Cox, o risco de mortalidade foi associado com o aumento da idade, sexo feminino, ter diabetes, residir nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, diálise peritoneal como modalidade de entrada e não ter realizado transplante renal. CONCLUSÕES: Houve aumento da prevalência de pacientes em terapia renal no Brasil. Pacientes com idade avançada, diabetes, do sexo feminino, residentes nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e sem transplante renal apresentam maior risco de morte.

Permanent vascular access in patients with end-stage renal disease, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess factors associated with the establishment of permanent vascular access for patients with end-stage renal disease. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in a nationally representative sample of Brazilian end-stage renal disease patients in dialysis and transplant centers during 2007. The sample comprised only patients who received hemodialysis as a primary therapy modality and reported the type of vascular access for their primary hemodialysis treatment (N=2,276). Data were from the TRS Project - "Economic and Epidemiologic Evaluation of Modalities of Renal Replacement Therapy in Brazil". Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with the establishment of permanent vascular access in these patients. RESULTS: About 30% of the patients studied had an arteriovenous vascular access. The following factors were associated with a lower likelihood of having an arteriovenous vascular access as a primary type of access: time of hemodialysis start since the diagnosis of chronic renal failure < 1 year; shorter dialysis therapy; having no private health insurance; living in the central-western, northeastern and southeastern regions of Brazil; and living in the northern region plus having no private health insurance. In the final model there was found a positive association between the outcome and pre-dialysis care and no were association with socioeconomic and comorbidity variables. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed that the focus should on pre-dialysis care to increase the establishment of an arteriovenous vascular access before starting hemodialysis in Brazil.

Electrochemical studies on small electron transfer proteins using membrane electrodes

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 541 (2003) 153-162

Health self-assessment by hemodialysis patients in the Brazilian Unified Health System

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine whether the level of complexity of the services structure and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients in hemodialysis are associated with the prevalence of poor health self-assessment. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 1,621 patients with chronic terminal kidney disease on hemodialysis accompanied in 81 dialysis services in the Brazilian Unified Health System in 2007. Sampling was performed by conglomerate in two stages and a structured questionnaire was applied to participants. Multilevel multiple logistic regression was used for data analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of poor health self-assessment was of 54.5%, and in multivariable analysis it was associated with the following variables: increasing age (OR = 1.02; 95%CI 1.01–1.02), separated or divorced marital status (OR = 0.62; 95%CI 0.34–0.88), having 12 years or more of study (OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.37–0.71), spending more than 60 minutes in commuting between home and the dialysis service (OR = 1.80; 95%CI 1.29–2.51), having three or more self-referred diseases (OR = 2.20; 95%CI 1.33–3.62), and reporting some (OR = 2.17; 95%CI 1.66–2.84) or a lot of (OR = 2.74; 95%CI 2.04–3.68) trouble falling asleep. Individuals in treatment in dialysis services with the highest level of complexity in the structure presented less chance of performing a self-assessment of their health as bad (OR = 0.59; 95%CI 0.42–0.84). CONCLUSIONS We showed poor health self-assessment is associated with age, years of formal education, marital status, home commuting time to the dialysis service, number of self-referred diseases, report of trouble sleeping, and also with the level of complexity of the structure of health services. Acknowledging these factors can contribute to the development of strategies to improve the health of patients in hemodialysis in the Brazilian Unified Health System.

Holochilus brasiliensis nanus Thomas, 1897: sugestão de modelo experimental para filariose, leishmaniose e esquistossomose

Roedores silvestres, classificados como Holochilus brasiliensis nanus Thomas,1897, foram capturados na cidade de São Bento, pertencente à Região da Baixada, do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil, naturalmente infectados com formas adultas de filaria, na cavidade peritoneal, e microfilárias sangüíneas, assim como, com esquistossoma mansoni (vermes adultos e granulomas peri-ovulares hepáticos; intestinais; pulmonares; esplênicos e pancreáticos). Animais nascidos em Biotério, descendentes de Holochilus da Região da Baixada, foram infectados experimentalmente com Leishmania m. amazonensis e Schistosoma mansoni. Em observações semanais, foram encontradas lesões teciduais, semelhantes às que se desenvolvem em hamsters infectados com Leishmania, e hipergamaglobulinemia. Nos esquistossomóticos, foram constatadas hipergamaglobulinemia e reações granulomatosas similares às encontradas nos animais infectados naturalmente. Foram observadas, também, lesões hepática graves, semelhantes às encontradas na esquistossomose humana. Estes achados sugerem a utilização do Holochilus b. nanus como modelo experimental destas três doenças tropicais.

Anaphylaxis with Schistosoma mansoni extracts in normal and infected mice

Methods generally utilized for studies on anaphylaxis to protein antigens such as determination of histamine release to the blood, hemoconcentration, histamine release from peritoneal mast cells and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) were used to investigate some aspects of the anaphylaxis to parasite antigens in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. The release of histamine to the blood and significant rates of hemoconcentration were induced by intravenous injection of schistosomula or cercarial extracts into 10-13 weeks infected mice. Cercarial, schistosomula, worm tegument and soluble egg antigens were able to trigger histamine release from peritoneal mast cells from chronically infected mice. In spite of the PCA reaction beeing detected within 2 hours of sensitization (IgG1antibodies) in 6 of 8 tested sera from chronically infected mice, no detectable reactions were obtained after 48 hours sensitization (IgE antibodies). Although IgE was not detected in the circulation, by the PCA technique, the results indicate that the infected mice contained IgE antibodies bound to their mast cells.

Paracoccidioidomicose enzoótica em tatus (Dasypus novemcinctus) no estado do Pará

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis foi encontrado, por inoculação de triturado de fígado e baço em hamsters, em 4 de 20 tatus (Dasypus novemcinctus) examinados na região de Tucuruí, Pará. Hamsters inoculados por via intradérmica e peritoneal com o parasito desenvolveram infecções generalizadas e morreram em 1½ a 13 meses. A diagnose do fungo foi confirmada por histopatologia e cultura. Não se observaram sinais macroscópios de doenças nos tatus. A distribuição geográfica de D. novemcinctus abrange a área endêmica de paracoccidioidomicose humana, sugerindo-se que o tatu tenha algum papel na ecologia do fungo.

Interaccion de promastigotes de Leishmania donovani con celulas de exudado peritonial de ratones mediante la influencia de la quimotripsina

Se hace un estudio de la interacción de promastigotes de Leishmania donovani con células de exudado peritoneal de ratón (c e p) mediante la influencia de la quimotripsina. La adhesión de los promastigotes a las c e p fue terminal y marginal, y en observaciones hechas a partir de los 10 minutos de enfrentamiento, esta adhesión fue nula hasta los 30 minutos en el grupo tratado, y sólo a las das horas hubo un pequeño incremento (2.4%) con respecto al control. Se observa marcada disminución en todos los parámetro medidos, tales como enlace, penetración, multiplicación intracelular, división de formas flageladas, en el grupo tratado. La quimotripsina favorece la formación de formas intermedias flageladas, heciendose el parásito piriforme y esférico, apareciendo una forma aberrante de extremo anterior cilindrico que semeja a una forma coanoflagelada. Se sospecha que la enzima reduce efectivamente fragmentos proteicos o péptidos, los cuales pueden haber sido tan pequeños como para esconder a otros ligandos relacionados con la adhesión macrófago-parásito.

Infectivity of amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi

The infectivity amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, isolated from the supernatant of the J774G8 macrophage-like cell line infected with trypomastigotes to normal macrophages in vitro was tested. After a period of 1 h of T. cruzi-macrophage interaction about 2% of the mouse peritoneal macrophages had ingested amastigotes. In contrast 12% of the macrophages had ingested epimastigotes. Treatment of the amastigotes with trypsin did not interfere with their ingestion by macrophages. Once inside the macrophages the amastigotes divided and after some days transformed into trypomastigotes. When i.p. inoculated into mice the amastigotes were highly infective, inducing high levels of parasitaemia and tissue parasitism. As previously described for trypomastigotes, amastigotes were not lysed when incubated in the presence of fresh guinea-pig serum. Contrasting with what has been described for trypomastigotes, the resistance of amastigotes to complement-mediated lysis persisted after treatment with trypsin.

Insuficiência renal aguda secundária a acidentes ofídicos botrópico e crotálico. Análise de 63 casos

Sessenta e três pacientes com insuficiência renal aguda secundária a acidente ofídico foram tratados no CTI do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG. Em 32 pacientes (51%) o acidente foi produzido por serpentes do gênero Bothrops (grupo bio-trópico) e em 32 pacientes (49%) pela cascavel sul-americana (grupo crotálico). As principais complicações apresentadas pelos pacientes foram a uremia (100% dos casos), hiperpotassemia (89% dos casos), anemia (78% dos casos), infecção urinária (37% dos casos), hiper-hidratação (17% dos casos), parada cardíaca (14% dos casos) e edema agudo dos pulmões (11% dos casos). Cinco pacientes do grupo crotálico (16%) tiveram insuficiência respiratória aguda atribuída à ação neurotóxica do veneno, quatro dos quais se recuperaram completamente. Sete pacientes do grupo botrópico (22%) tiveram necrose cortical renal diagnosticada em cinco através da biópsia renal e em dois na necropsia. Quarenta e cinco pacientes (71%) foram tratados com diálise peritoneal e a hemodiálise foi necessária em dois pacientes, um dos quais havia sido submetido a diálise peritoneal. Em 17 pacientes (27%) o tratamento foi conservador. Cinqüenta e cinco pacientes receberam alta hospitalar, quatro dos quais com insuficiência renal crônica secundária a necrose cortical renal e oito (13%) faleceram. Os óbitos foram atribuídos a edema pulmonar agudo em quatro pacientes, a estado de choque em dois pacientes e a coma e infecção respiratória após parada cardíaca em dois pacientes.

Sensibility of different larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni to the Larvae Disappearing Reaction (LDR) in murine schistosomiasis

The delay produced by drug, in the process of cercaria-schistosomulum transformation, was used to verify the sensibility of different larval stages to the host cell immune responses, in vivo. The peritoneal cavity of mice, a model used for in vivo observations, was choiced for the experiments. As well characterized schistosomules, cercariae and larvae in the process of transformation were coated and arrested by host cells, and could not be recovered by simple saline washings. After 10-²M EDTA saline washings, they were released alive, with good vitality and movements. Thus, different kind of larvae in the process of adaptation of the cercaria to the host are strongly coated by immune cells, but these fail to kill the invading organisms, at least during a few hours after invasion.

Tuberculosis in patients with chronic renal failure

Nine cases of tuberculosis (TB) were diagnosed among 800 uremic patients, followed-up during 11 years, a prevalence of 1125%, 2.5 times higher than that in the general population. Six patients (66.7%) had lymph node involvement (4 cervical and 2 mediastinal). Three patients (33.3%) had pulmonary involvement (2 pleuro-pulmonary and 1 bilateral apical pulmonary). Eight patients were undergoing dialysis and 1 was pre-dialytic. The duration of dialysis ranged from 1 to 60 months. Three patients had previously received immunosuppressive drugs for unsuccessful renal transplantation. Daily fever was present in all but one patient; he was asymptomatic and TB was suspected after routine chest radiography. Biopsy was the diagnostic procedure in 7 patients (77.8%), four by direct cervical lymph node biopsy, 2 by mediastinal, performed by mediastinoscopy and 1 by pleural biopsy. In 2 other patients TB was confirmed by the presence of tubercle bacilli; in sputum (1 patient) and in a bronchial flushing specimen (the other patient). Triple therapy was used in all patients (isoniazid and ethambutol in all), plus rifampicin in 8 and streptomycin in 1. One patient had jaundice and another had optical neuritis. Five patients were cured. The other four died during treatment of causes unrelated to TB or its treatment.