Parasitism by Oestrus ovis: Influence of sheep breed and nematode infections

Previous studies showed that Santa Ines (SI) hair sheep were more resistant to gastrointestinal nematode infections (GIN) than Ile de France (IF) sheep. The present experiment aimed to evaluate if that reported resistance difference against GIN also occurred against Oestrus ovis infestation and also to evaluate the influence of O. ovis infestation on the gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) infections. SI (n = 12) and IF (n = 12) young male lambs were weaned at 2 months of age and moved to a paddock (0.3 ha) with Brachiaria decumbens grass, where they also received concentrate ration. The animals were kept together during the experimental period (September to early December 2009). Fecal and blood samples were taken from all animals every 2 weeks and body weight and nasal discharge score (oestrosis clinic signs) were recorded on the same occasion. In early December 2009, all lambs were sacrificed and O. ovis larvae and GIN were recovered, counted and identified according to the larval stage. All animals were infested by different larval instars of O. ovis without any statistical difference between breeds (P > 0.05). The SI lambs had an average of 24.8 larvae, and the intensity of infection ranged between 14 and 39 larvae, while the IF lambs showed an average of 23.5 larvae with the minimum and maximum from 11 to 36 larvae, respectively. SI lambs presented the lowest nematode fecal egg counts (FECs) and the lowest mean numbers of Haemonchus contort us, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Strongyloides papillosus, however, there was no significant differences between group means (P > 0.05). Inverse relationship between numbers of O. ovis larvae and gastrointestinal nematodes was observed in both breeds. SI sheep showed a significant increase in blood eosinophils and total IgE serum levels and these variables were negatively correlated with nematode FEC. A negative correlation was observed between total IgE serum level and H. contortus burden in both breeds. In conclusion, there was no breed difference regarding O. ovis infestation and in each breed, animals with more nasal bot fly larvae tended to display smaller worm burden. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

HELMINTH PARASITES OF HYPSIBOAS PRASINUS (ANURA: HYLIDAE) FROM TWO ATLANTIC FOREST FRAGMENTS, SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL

Seventy-seven males of Hypsiboas prasinus from 2 Atlantic forest fragments in the municipalities of Botucatu and Jundiai, sao Paulo State, Brazil, were examined for endoparasites. The frogs were captured in summer (January until March) and winter (July/August) of 2008 and 2009. Thirty-three males (75%) from Botucatu were infected with Rhabdias cf. fuelleborni, cosmocerciid nematodes, and Cylindrotaenia americana. Twenty-five tree frogs (78.5%) from Jundiai were infected by Rhabdias cf. fuelleborni, Physaloptera sp., and cosmocerciid nematodes. Only cosmocerciid nematodes presented a statistically significance difference in prevalence (z = 4.345; P < 0.001) and mean abundance (t = 562.0; P < 0.001) between Botucatu and Jundiai during the winter. Also, the cosmocerciids exhibited higher mean abundance (t = 196.0; P = 0.034) in winter when compared with summer at the Jundiai site. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the first report of C. americana in the Brazilian Hylidae. This study presents 4 new records of nematodes in H. prasinus.

Habitat alteration and community-level effects of an invasive ecosystem engineer: a case study along the coast of NSW, Australia

We investigated the effects of the habitat-modifying green algae Caulerpa taxifolia on meiobenthic communities along the coast of New South Wales, Australia. Samples were taken from unvegetated sediments, sediments underneath the native seagrass Zostera capricorni, and sediments invaded by C. taxifolia at 3 sites along the coast. Meiofaunal responses to invasion varied in type and magnitude depending on the site, ranging from a slight increase to a substantial reduction in meiofauna and nematode abundances and diversity. The multivariate structure of meiofauna communities and nematode assemblages, in particular, differed significantly in sediments invaded by C. taxifolia when compared to native habitats, but the magnitude of this dissimilarity differed between the sites. These differential responses of meiofauna to C. taxifolia were explained by different sediment redox potentials. Sediments with low redox potential showed significantly lower fauna abundances, lower numbers of meiofaunal taxa and nematode species and more distinct assemblages. The response of meiofauna to C. taxifolia also depended on spatial scale. Whereas significant loss of benthic biodiversity was observed locally at one of the sites, at the larger scale C. taxifolia promoted an overall increase in nematode species richness by favouring species that were absent from the native environments. Finally, we suggest there might be some time-lags associated with the impacts of C. taxifolia and point to the importance of considering the time since invasion when evaluating the impact of invasive species.

First assessment of the endoparasitic nematode fauna of four psammophilous species of Tropiduridae (Squamata: Iguania) endemic to north-eastern Brazil

Tropiduridae (Squamata: Iguania) is a lizard taxon widely distributed in the neotropics. Among its representatives, some species are classified as generalists regarding habitat usage. Others exhibit a very restricted and probably relict distribution, and are strongly associated with predominantly sandy and dry habitats. Within this rather ecologically similar than phylogenetically closely related group we examined specimens of Eurolophosaurus amathites, E. divaricatus, Tropidurus hygomi, T. psammonastes for endoparasites. In all four species examined we recorded parasitic nematodes (Nemathelminthes: Nematoda). At least three nematode species were recovered: Parapharyngodon sp., Physaloptera lutzi and Strongyluris oscari, with Ph. lutzi being the most abundant parasite encountered in all lizard species examined. In spite of the hosts' habitat specialization, these parasites are also found frequently in non-psammophilous tropidurid species as well as in other squamates. Individual species richness per lizard was low, with usually just one species parasitizing at a time. These are the first parasites registered for these tropidurids and constitute a total of six new host records.

Analysis of Schistosoma mansoni genes shared with Deuterostomia and with possible roles in host interactions

Abstract Background: Schistosoma mansoni is a blood helminth parasite that causes schistosomiasis, a disease that affects 200 million people in the world. Many orthologs of known mammalian genes have been discovered in this parasite and evidence is accumulating that some of these genes encode proteins linked to signaling pathways in the parasite that appear to be involved with growth or development, suggesting a complex co-evolutionary process. Results: In this work we found 427 genes conserved in the Deuterostomia group that have orthologs in S. mansoni and no members in any nematodes and insects so far sequenced. Among these genes we have identified Insulin Induced Gene (INSIG), Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) and vasohibin orthologs, known to be involved in mammals in mevalonate metabolism, immune response and angiogenesis control, respectively. We have chosen these three genes for a more detailed characterization, which included extension of their cloned messages to obtain full-length sequences. Interestingly, SmINSIG showed a 10-fold higher expression in adult females as opposed to males, in accordance with its possible role in regulating egg production. SmIRF has a DNA binding domain, a tryptophan-rich N-terminal region and several predicted phosphorylation sites, usually important for IRF activity. Fourteen different alternatively spliced forms of the S. mansoni vasohibin (SmVASL) gene were detected that encode seven different protein isoforms including one with a complete C-terminal end, and other isoforms with shorter C-terminal portions. Using S. mansoni homologs, we have employed a parsimonious rationale to compute the total gene losses/gains in nematodes, arthropods and deuterostomes under either the Coelomata or the Ecdysozoa evolutionary hypotheses; our results show a lower losses/gains number under the latter hypothesis. Conclusion: The genes discussed which are conserved between S. mansoni and deuterostomes, probably have an ancient origin and were lost in Ecdysozoa, being still present in Lophotrochozoa. Given their known functions in Deuterostomia, it is possible that some of them have been co-opted to perform functions related (directly or indirectly) to host adaptation or interaction with host signaling processes.

Low genetic diversity in Wolbachia-Infected Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brazil and Argentina

Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of human pathogens, including filarial nematodes and several viruses. Although its epidemiological relevance is known to vary across geographical regions, an understanding of its population genetic structure is still incipient. In light of this, we evaluated the genetic diversity of Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens x Cx. quinquefasciatus hybrids collected from nine localities in Brazil and one site in Argentina. We used mitochondrial genes cox1 and nd4, along with the coxA and wsp genes of the maternally-inherited Wolbachia endosymbiont. The nd4 fragment was invariant between samples, whilst cox1 exhibited four haplotypes that separated two types of Cx. quinquefasciatus, one clustered in southern Brazil. Low sequence diversity was generally observed, being discussed. Both Brazilian and Argentinian mosquitoes were infected with a single Wolbachia strain. As reported in previous studies with these populations, cox1 and nd4 diversity is not congruent with the population structure revealed by nuclear markers or alar morphology. Future Cx. quinquefasciatus research should, if possible, evaluate mtDNA diversity in light of other markers.

Movement of Heterorhabditis amazonensis and Steinernema arenarium in search of corn fall armyworm larvae in artificial conditions

Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is considered to be the main pest of maize crops in Brazil. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) may be used to control this pest and exhibit different, unique abilities to search for their hosts. The movement of EPN in relation to S. frugiperda was evaluated. To test for horizontal movement, a styrofoam enclosure filled with sand was divided into segments, nematodes were placed at the entrance to the enclosure and a larva was placed at the end of each division. The same approach was used to evaluate vertical movement; however, PVC pipes were used in this case. In general, the mortality was inversely proportional to the initial distance between host and nematodes. In the vertical displacement test, both nematodes were able to kill the larvae up to a distance of 25 cm. Therefore, the infective juveniles of H. amazonensis and S. arenarium can search out, infect and kill larvae of S. frugiperda at distances of up to 60 cm and 25 cm of horizontal and vertical displacement, respectively.

Population biology and diet of the southern kingcroaker Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae) in Caraguatatuba Bay, southeastern Brazil

This study evaluated the spatio-temporal distribution, population biology and diet of Menticirrhus americanus in Caraguatatuba Bay. Samples were taken monthly between August 2003 and October 2004, by trawling in two previously selected areas. The northern area is more exposed to wave activity and is influenced by a river, functioning as a small estuary. In contrast, the southern area is relatively sheltered from wave energy and influenced to a lesser degree by smaller rivers. The fishes' length was measured, and the sex and gonadal stage macroscopically identified. The abundance of this species was compared between areas and among months. The diet was identified and quantified. M. americanus occurred in equal proportions in the two study areas, being most abundant in April 2004, followed by December 2003 and January 2004. The population was dominated by small immature individuals. The few individuals in maturation or mature that were captured showed no seasonal pattern of distribution. This species had a varied diet, feeding on worms (nemerteans, sipunculans and echiurans), mollusks (bivalves and cephalopods), polychaetes, crustaceans and fish. The presence of intact nematodes in the intestine suggests that these are parasites. The results demonstrated that M. americanus has a homogeneous spatial and temporal distribution in Caraguatatuba Bay, being uniformly distributed between the south and north areas as well as across the months. This species can be considered a carnivorous predator, showing a preference for consuming benthic sandy-beach species such as glycerids and other polychaetes, crustaceans, and bivalve siphons.

Primeiro relato de larvas de Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) em Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) no Estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil

O presente artigo descreve o primeiro relato de larvas de Eustrongylides sp. em Hoplias malabaricus Bloch, 1794 (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) no Estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil, sendo mais um parasita com a possibilidade de contaminar humanos no Estado.

Differences in diversity, structure, and variability between intertidal and subtidal meiofaunal assemblages

[EN] Meiofaunal assemblages from intertidal and shallow subtidal seabeds were studied at two sites (one dominated by volcanic sands and the other by organogenic sands) at Tenerife (Canary Islands, NE Atlantic Ocean) throughout an entire year (May 2000?April 2001). Specifically, we aimed (i) to test for differences in diversity, structure, and stability between intertidal and subtidal meiofaunal assemblages, and (ii) to determine if differences in the meiofaunal assemblage structure may be explained by environmental factors (granulometric composition, availability of organic matter, and carbonate content in sediments). A total of 103,763 meiofaunal individuals were collected, including 203 species from 19 taxonomic groups (Acari, Amphipoda, Cnidaria, Copepoda, Echinodermata, Gastrotricha, Isopoda, Insecta, Kinorrhyncha, Misidacea, Nematoda, Nemertini, Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Polychaeta, Priapulida, Sipuncula, Tanaidacea, and Turbellaria). Nematodes were the most abundant taxonomic group. Species diversity was higher in the subtidal than in the intertidal zone at both sites, as a result of the larger dominance of a few species in the intertidal zone. The meiofaunal assemblage structure was different between tidal levels at both sites, the intertidal presenting greater temporal variability (multivariate dispersion) in the meiofaunal assemblage structure than the subtidal. Sediment grain size, here quantified by the different granulometric fractions, explained the variability in meiofaunal assemblage structure to a greater extent than the percentage of carbonates, a variable linked to sediment origin. This study revealed differences in diversity, assemblage structure, and variability between intertidal and subtidal meiofauna.

Influence of the combined disposal of sewage and brine on meiofauna

[EN] Confluence of anthropogenic influences is common in coastal areas (e.g., disposal of different pollutants like industrial and domestic sewage, brine, etc.). In this study we assessed whether the combined disposal of domestic sewage and brine altered patterns in the abundance and assemblage structure of subtidal meiofauna inhabiting sandy seabeds. Samples were collected in May 2008 and January 2009 at varying distances (0, 15, and 30 m) from the discharge point. Meiofaunal abundances were consistently larger at 0 m (1663.05 ± 1076.86 ind 10 cm?2, mean ± standard error) than at 15 m (471.21 ± 307.97 ind 10 cm?2) and 30 m (316.50 ± 256.85 ind 10 cm?2) from the discharge outfall. This pattern was particularly accentuated for nematodes. Proximity to the discharge point also altered patterns in meiofaunal assemblage structure, though temporal shifts in the sedimentary composition also contributed to explain differences in the meiofaunal assemblage structure. As a result, meiofauna may be a reliable tool for monitoring studies of the combined disposal of sewage and brine as long as potential confounding factors (here temporal changes in grain size composition) are considered.

Stato sanitario di Spigole (Dicentrarchus Labrax) ed Orate (Sparus Aurata) allevate in Grecia e in Italia in relazione alla presenza di agenti di Zoonosi ed Ectoparassiti patogeni

Le attività di ricerca della presente tesi di dottorato si sono focalizzata principalmente sulla parassitofauna dei pesci marini allevati in Grecia ed in Italia con particolare attenzione allo studio degli ectoparassiti di maggior rilievo sanitario in maricoltura ed alla ricerca di endoparassiti di potenziale interesse zoonosico, in particolare larve di nematodi Anisakidae del genere Anisakis. Nel corso del triennio sono stati sottoposti ad esami parassitologici 916 spigole (Dicentrarchus labrax) e 462 orate (Sparus aurata) prelevate presso diverse tipologie di allevamenti greci ed italiani. Per quanto concerne le spigole, la presenza di ectoparassiti è stata riscontrata nel 29,2% e nel 61,9% dei soggetti provenienti rispettivamente da impianti siti in Grecia ed in Italia, mentre le orate hanno presentato percentuali di positività rispettivamente del 87,5% e del 26,7%. Gli ectoparassiti dominanti sono risultati essere il monogeneo Diplectanum aequans nelle spigole ed il ciliato Cryptocaryon irritans e il monogeneo Furnestinia echeneis nelle orate, sebbene sia stato possibile studiare anche il coinvolgimento di altri ectoparassiti, quali il monogeneo Sparicotyle chrysophrii ed il dinoflagellato Amyloodinium ocellatum, nel determinismo di alcuni episodi morbosi. Le osservazioni istopatologiche hanno permesso di caratterizzare le lesioni causate dagli ectoparassiti a diverse intensità d’infestazione. Per quanto concerne la ricerca di parassiti zoonosici, con particolare riferimento agli stadi larvali di nematodi Anisakidae del genere Anisakis, si sono condotti esami parassitologici a livello di cavità viscerale e di muscolo laterale in tutti i soggetti provenienti da allevamenti in gabbia (626 soggetti, di cui 441 spigole e 185 orate). Tutti i soggetti esaminati sono risultati negativi, indicando come il rischio di infestazione da larve di nematodi anisakidi possa essere considerato trascurabile in spigole ed orate allevate in gabbia, come già dimostrato per il salmone atlantico (EFSA, 2010).

Valutazione della sostenibilità ambientale tramite metodologia LCA di sistemi per lo sfruttamento di fonti alternative di energia e materiali

La dissertazione ha riguardato l’analisi di sostenibilità di un sistema agronomico per la produzione di olio vegetale a fini energetici in terreni resi marginali dall’infestazione di nematodi. Il processo indagato ha previsto il sovescio di una coltura con proprietà biofumiganti (brassicacea) coltivata in precessione alla specie oleosa (soia e tabacco) al fine di contrastare il proliferare dell’infestazione nel terreno. Tale sistema agronomico è stato confrontato attraverso una analisi di ciclo di vita (LCA) ad uno scenario di coltivazione della stessa specie oleosa senza precessione di brassica ma con l’utilizzo di 1-3-dicloropropene come sistema di lotta ai nematodi. Allo scopo di completare l’analisi LCA con una valutazione dell’impatto sull’uso del suolo (Land use Impact) generato dai due scenari a confronto, sono stati costruiti due modelli nel software per il calcolo del Soil Conditioning Index (SCI), un indicatore quali-quantitativo della qualità del terreno definito dal Dipartimento per l’Agricoltura degli Stati Uniti d’America (USDA).

Untersuchungen zur Wirkung des Ginkgo-biloba-Extraktes EGb 761 auf die Proteinaggregation in der Huntington-Krankheit

Der Ginkgo biloba-Extrakt EGb 761 besteht aus einer Reihe pharmakologisch wirksamer Substanzen, welche gut beschriebene Wirkungen auf verschiedene potentiell zytoprotektive Signalwege ausüben und u.a. antioxidative Wirksamkeit haben. Folglich wurde EGb 761 bisher als eine natürliche Behandlung bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen mit zellulärem oxidativen Stress angewendet, einschließlich der Alzheimer-Krankheit (AD). Aufgrund von vielen gemeinsamen Merkmalen zwischen der AD und der Huntington-Krankheit (HD) wurde vermutet, dass EGb 761 eventuell auch positive Wirksamkeit bei der HD aufweisen könnte. rnDie Neuropathologie der HD wird durch pathologische Verlängerung an Glutamin-Wiederholungen im Huntingtin-Protein (polyQ-Protein) verursacht, wodurch es zu Fehlfaltungen im Protein kommt und hierdurch der proteasomale Abbau aberranter Proteine erschwert wird. Somit sollten in der vorliegenden Arbeit die EGb 761-Wirkungen auf die Proteasom-Aktivität und die Proteinaggregation in zellulären Modellen der HD untersucht werden. rnWie die ersten Untersuchungen in nativen HEK293-Zellen ergaben, bewirkte die Behandlung der Zellen mit EGb 761 eine Steigerung der basalen Proteasom-Aktivität sowie des proteasomalen Proteinabbaus und erhöhte die Transkription proteasomaler Gene. Hieraus ergaben sich Untersuchungen in Zellen mit Expressionen pathologischer Varianten von polyQ-Proteinen als zelluläre Modelle der HD. Hierbei konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Expression aberranter polyQ-Proteine eine verminderte zelluläre Proteasom-Aktivität bewirkte. Interessanterweise verursachte EGb 761 eine Abmilderung der pathologisch-induzierten verminderten Proteasom-Aktivität, in dem die EGb 761-Behandlung der Zellen zu einer erhöhten Proteasom-Aktivität, einem verbesserten proteasomalen Proteinabbau, sowie zu einer erhöhten Transkription proteasomaler Gene führte. Da diese EGb 761-Effekte unabhängig von der Expression aberranter polyQ-Proteine waren, demonstrierten diese Ergebnisse eine allgemeine EGb 761-Wirkungen auf die Proteasom-Aktivität. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse sollten anschließend weitere Untersuchungen mit zellulären Modellen der HD die genau Wirkung von EGb 761 auf die Degradation von abnormal verlängerten polyQ-Proteinen sowie auf die Bildung von polyQ-Aggregaten klären. rnHier konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Expression aberranter polyQ-Proteinen zu einer Akkumulation von SDS-resistenten bzw. SDS-unlöslichen, aggregierten polyQ-Proteinen führte, sowie die Bildung von sichtbaren polyQ-Aggregaten in Zellen bewirkte. Hierbei verursachte eine EGb 761-Behandlung der Zellen eine signifikante Verminderung im Gehalt an SDS-resistenten polyQ-Proteinen sowie eine Reduzierung von Aggregat-tragenden Zellen. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine pharmakologische Inhibition des Proteasoms in EGb 761-behandelten Zellen, den Gehalt an SDS-unlöslichen polyQ-Proteinaggregate wieder erhöhte und somit den Effekt von EGb 761 aufhob. Folglich zeigten diese Ergebnisse, dass die EGb 761-induzierte Reduzierung der polyQ-Proteinaggregate durch einen effizienteren proteasomalen Abbau von fehlgefalteten, aberranten polyQ-Proteinen bewirkte wurde. rnAufbauend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde eine experimentell-therapeutische Anwendung von EGb 761 in Modellen der HD in vitro und in vivo überprüft und hierzu primäre humane Fibroblasten sowie transgene C. elegans Würmer mit Expressionen aberranter polyQ-Proteine untersucht. Interessanterweise konnte in vitro und in vivo gezeigt werden, dass die EGb 761-Behandlung auch hier eine Reduzierung von SDS-unlöslichen polyQ-Proteinen bewirkte und zudem eine Reduzierung des pathologisch erhöhten Gehalts an Polyubiquitin-Proteinen bewirkte. Folglich wurde auch hier vermutet, dass EGb 761 einen verbesserten proteasomalen Abbau von polyQ-Proteinen induzierte und dies eine Verminderung der polyQ-Proteinaggregate verursachte. Darüber hinaus führte die EGb 761-Behandlung von seneszenten Fibroblasten zur Reduzierung von altersabhängig erhöhten Mengen von polyQ-Aggregaten, wodurch ein therapeutischer Effekt auf den proteasomalen Abbau der polyQ-Proteine verdeutlicht wurde. Zusätzlich konnte in polyQ-transgenen C. elegans demonstriert werden, dass eine EGb 761-Behandlung die Abmilderung eines typischen pathologischen Phänotyps bewirkte, indem eine polyQ-induzierte verminderte Motilität der Nematoden verbessert wurde und hierdurch eine positive EGb 761-Wirkung auf die Pathologie der HD in vivo dargestellt wurde. rnZusammenfassend konnten in dieser Arbeit neue Wirkungen von EGb 761 in der HD demonstriert werden. Hierbei wurde gezeigt, dass EGb 761 die Aggregation von pathogenen aberranten polyQ-Proteinen in vitro und in vivo reduziert, indem eine effizientere Degradation von polyQ-Proteinen erfolgt. Somit könnte diese Wirkungen von EGb 761 eine potentiell therapeutische Anwendung in der HD und ähnliche neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen darstellen.

Monepantel allosterically activates DEG-3/DES-2 channels of the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus

Monepantel is the first drug of a new family of anthelmintics, the amino acetonitrile derivatives (AAD), presently used to treat ruminants infected with gastrointestinal nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus. Monepantel shows an excellent tolerability in mammals and is active against multidrug-resistant parasites, indicating that its molecular target is absent or inaccessible in the host and is different from those of the classic anthelmintics. Genetic approaches with mutant nematodes have suggested acetylcholine receptors of the DEG-3 subfamily as the targets of AADs, an enigmatic clade of ligand-gated ion channels that is specific to nematodes and does not occur in mammals. Here we demonstrate direct interaction of monepantel, its major active metabolite monepantel sulfone, and other AADs with potential targets of the DEG-3 subfamily of acetylcholine receptors. H. contortus DEG-3/DES-2 receptors were functionally expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and were found to be preferentially activated by choline, to permeate monovalent cations, and to a smaller extent, calcium ions. Although monepantel and monepantel sulfone did not activate the channels by themselves, they substantially enhanced the late currents after activation of the channels with choline, indicating that these AADs are type II positive allosteric modulators of H. contortus DEG-3/DES-2 channels. It is noteworthy that the R-enantiomer of monepantel, which is inactive as an anthelmintic, inhibited the late currents after stimulation of H. contortus DEG-3/DES-2 receptors with choline. In summary, we present the first direct evidence for interaction of AADs with DEG-3-type acetylcholine receptors and discuss these findings in the context of anthelmintic action of AADs.