Associação clima x monitoramento fenológico da Caatinga por meio de câmeras digitais: aspectos metodológicos.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar os aspectos metodológicos do monitoramento fenológico de uma área de Caatinga preservada por meio de câmeras digitais, exemplificando sua aplicação para um dia na estação chuvosa e outro na estação seca. Para isso, foram descritas todas as etapas envolvidas na obtenção e processamento das imagens digitais diárias de uma área de Caatinga preservada, incluindo os índices %R (vermelho), %G (verde), %B (azul) e excG (excesso de verde). As imagens dos dias 10/05/2015 e 15/09/2015 foram usadas para representar o período com e sem folhas, respectivamente. Para estas datas, os valores médios dos índices foram: %R = 0,3326, %G = 0,3514, %B = 0,3124, excG = 13,7139 para o dia 10/05; e %R = 0,3465, %G = 0,3411, %B = 0,3125, excG = 7,4177 para 15/09. Esta metodologia envolvendo o monitoramento constante desse tipo de vegetação, por meio de fotografias digitais repetidas, é capaz de detectar as mudanças nos padrões de verde no dossel, principalmente por meio do índice excG.

Spatial scale effects of sampling on the interpolation of species distribution models in the southwestern Amazon.

Knowledge of the geographical distribution of timber tree species in the Amazon is still scarce. This is especially true at the local level, thereby limiting natural resource management actions. Forest inventories are key sources of information on the occurrence of such species. However, areas with approved forest management plans are mostly located near access roads and the main industrial centers. The present study aimed to assess the spatial scale effects of forest inventories used as sources of occurrence data in the interpolation of potential species distribution models. The occurrence data of a group of six forest tree species were divided into four geographical areas during the modeling process. Several sampling schemes were then tested applying the maximum entropy algorithm, using the following predictor variables: elevation, slope, exposure, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and height above the nearest drainage (HAND). The results revealed that using occurrence data from only one geographical area with unique environmental characteristics increased both model overfitting to input data and omission error rates. The use of a diagonal systematic sampling scheme and lower threshold values led to improved model performance. Forest inventories may be used to predict areas with a high probability of species occurrence, provided they are located in forest management plan regions representative of the environmental range of the model projection area.

Transformation from natural (thermal contraction) to anthropogenic (resource exploitation) depressions in the Krotoszyn-Koźmin-Raszków area (Polish Lowland)

An exceptional concentration of almost identical depressions exist near the small towns of Krotoszyn, Koźmin and Raszków (southern Wielkopolska). Their origin is, however, different from that of the typical post glacial-relief: they are Man-made enlarged thermal-contraction structures that developed at the very end of the Middle Polish (Warthian) glaciation and during the North Polish (Weichselian) glaciation, most probably under periglacial conditions.

Soil resource supply influences faunal size-specific distributions in natural food webs

The large range of body-mass values of soil organisms provides a tool to assess the ecological organization of soil communities. The goal of this paper is to identify graphical and quantitative indicators of soil community composition and ecosystem functioning, and to illustrate their application to real soil food webs. The relationships between log-transformed mass and abundance of soil organisms in 20 Dutch meadows and heathlands were investigated. Using principles of allometry, maximal use can be made of ecological theory to build and explain food webs. The aggregate contribution of small invertebrates such as nematodes to the entire community is high under low soil phosphorus content and causes shifts in the mass-abundance relationships and in the trophic structures. We show for the first time that the average of the trophic link lengths is a reliable predictor for assessing soil fertility responses. Ordered trophic link pairs suggest a self-organizing structure of food webs according to resource availability and can predict environmental shifts in ecologically meaningful ways.

Essential natural science. Teacher's resource pack.

Recurso para el profesor que enseña ciencias naturales a través del inglés, en el primer curso de la enseñanza secundaria obligatoria (ESO). Temas tales como: la atmósfera de la Tierra; los átomos y elementos; el universo y los vertebrados, se presentan de manera clara y fácil de entender con un lenguaje que permite a los estudiantes a comprender los puntos clave. Además, hace hincapié en la autonomía del aprendizaje y ayuda a los alumnos a analizar y razonar a través de investigaciones sencillas. Incluye CD con presentaciones de PowerPoint, páginas web, audio y hojas de actividades.

Natural hazards : GCSE physical geography resource pack.

Es un recurso que cumple con los requisitos para la preparación del General Certificate Secondaty Education (GCSE) en geografía. Está dividido en ocho temas cada uno de los cuales tiene las siguientes características: notas para ayudar al profesor en la explicación y definición de conceptos clave dentro de casa sub-tema, en el repaso de las lecciones en clase, en el desarrollo de habilidades específicas en cada tema y en proporcionarle hojas de ejercicios para evaluar el resultado del aprendizaje de los alumnos, o para estimar la comprensión de éstos antes de pasar a otro tema.

Natural disaster accounting bias and its equivalence across genetic resource stocks

Two sources of bias arise in conventional loss predictions in the wake of natural disasters. One source of bias stems from neglect of accounting for animal genetic resource loss. A second source of bias stems from failure to identify, in addition to the direct effects of such loss, the indirect effects arising from implications impacting animal-human interactions. We argue that, in some contexts, the magnitude of bias imputed by neglecting animal genetic resource stocks is substantial. We show, in addition, and contrary to popular belief, that the biases attributable to losses in distinct genetic resource stocks are very likely to be the same. We derive the formal equivalence across the distinct resource stocks by deriving an envelope result in a model that forms the mainstay of enquiry in subsistence farming and we validate the theory, empirically, in a World-Society-for-the-Protection-of-Animals application

Sustainability in the Upper Colorado River Basin: A Struggle Between Water Resource Use and Remnants of the Natural Ecosystem

This study evaluated whether development of the Colorado River system has exceeded sustainability by comparing the trends in water use in the Colorado River. Two sustainable areas were identified in the upper basin and one in the lower-- the mainstream Colorado River, Green and Yampa rivers, and the Little Colorado River. These areas are also high priority recovery areas for four endangered fishes and protected by critical habitat provisions of the ESA. Unfortunately, the endangered fishes are declining because of habitat destruction and non-native species. If increasing water demand causes the fishes to go extinct the few sustainable areas will be lost. It will take careful management of the endangered fishes and water users to ensure these areas are maintained.

Minot, North Dakota; Oroville-Tonasket, Washington; and San Luis Valley Project, Colorado--water resource legislation : hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, first session, on S. 641 ... S. 649 ... S. 1549 ... August 5, 1987.

Shipping list no.: 88-43-P.

Entrance fees and resource protection for units of the national park system : hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, Reserved Water, and Resource Conservation of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, on S. 2130 ... S. 2204 ... June 12, 1986.

Mode of access: Internet.

Various authorizations to units of the national park system and an addition to the wild and scenic river system : hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, Reserved Water, and Resource Conservation of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session ....

Shipping list no.: 86-432-P (pt. 2).

Miscellaneous conveyances, transfers, and boundary modifications pertaining to public lands : hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands, Reserved Water, and Resource Conservation of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session on S. 304, S. 829, S. 360, S. 1530, S. 446, S. 1625, S. 565, S. 1690, S. 567.

"March 4, 1986"--Pt. 2.