Speech of Mr. Doddridge, in the case of Samuel Houston, charged with a contempt and breach of the privileges of the House, by assaulting the Hon. William Stanberry...delivered in the House of Representatives, May 9, 1832.

Bound with other speeches, addresses, and reports.

The report of Hiram Maxwell's case, decided at the City-hall of the city of New-York, on the 3d day of February, 1823 : with the speech and doctrine advanced by John A. Graham, L.L.D., on the practice of taking the examinations and confessions in the police office of prisoners charged with crime; together with the letters and opinions of many of the greatest and wisest philosophers, civilians, orators, and statesmen in the United States.

Contains only Graham's speech and letters concerning it, from John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay and others.

Identification of oxidized phospholipids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and LC-MS using a QQLIT instrument

Phospholipids are complex and varied biomolecules that are susceptible to lipid peroxidation after attack by free radicals or electrophilic oxidants and can yield a large number of different oxidation products. There are many available methods for detecting phospholipid oxidation products, but also various limitations and problems. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry allows the simultaneous but specific analysis of multiple species with good sensitivity and has a further advantage that it can be coupled to liquid chromatography for separation of oxidation products. Here, we explain the principles of oxidized phospholipid analysis by electrospray mass spectrometry and describe fragmentation routines for surveying the structural properties of the analytes, in particular precursor ion and neutral loss scanning. These allow targeted detection of phospholipid headgroups and identification of phospholipids containing hydroperoxides and chlorine, as well as the detection of some individual oxidation products by their specific fragmentation patterns. We describe instrument protocols for carrying out these survey routines on a QTrap5500 mass spectrometer and also for interfacing with reverse-phase liquid chromatography. The article highlights critical aspects of the analysis as well as some limitations of the methodology.

Tear and skin phospholipids:analysis and hydrogel analogues

This thesis is concerned with the analysis of phospholipids in the tear film and with the synthesis of phospholipids analogous to hydrogels. The work consists of two areas. The first area is the study of the phospholipids in the tear film, their nature and fate. The use of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry determined that the concentration of phospholipids in the tear film was less than previously thought. The analysis of the tear film phospholipids continued with thin layer chromatography. This showed the presence of diacylglycerides (DAGs) in the tear film at relatively high concentrations. The activity of an enzyme, phospholipase C, was found in the tear film. It was hypothesised that the low concentration of phospholipids and high concentrations of DAG in the tear film was due to the action of this enzyme. The second area of study was the synthesis of phospholipids analogous materials for use in ocular and dermal applications for use in ocular and dermal applications.For ocular applications the synthesis involved the use of the monomer N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-acryloylethyl)-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine (SPDA) in combination with 2-hdyroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Charge-balanced membranes were also synthesised using potentially anionic monomers in conjunction with cationic monomers in stoichiometrically equivalent ratios also with HEMA as a commoner. Membranes of SPDA copolymers and charge-balanced copolymers proved to have some properties suitable for ocular applications. The dermal materials consisted of one family of partially hydrated hydrogels synthesised from SPDA in combination with ionic monomers: sodium 2-(acrylamido)-2-methyl propane sulfonate and acrylic acid-bis(3-sulfopropyl)-ester, potassium salt. A second family of partially hydrated hydrogels was synthesised from N-vinyl pyrrolidone in combination with the same ionic monomers. Both of the partially hydrated hydrogels synthesised proved to have some properties suitable for use as adhesives for the skin.

Guilty as charged? The effect of interpreting on interviews with suspects

The ways in which an interpreter affects the processes and, possibly, the outcomes of legal proceedings has formed the focus of much recent research, most of it centred upon courtroom discourse. However comparatively little research has been carried out into the effect of interpreting on the interview with a suspect, despite its 'upstream' position in the legal process and vital importance as evidence. As a speech event in the judicial system, the interview differs radically from that which takes place 'downstream', that is, in court. The interview with suspect represents an entirely different construct, in which a range of registers is apparent, and participants use distinctive means to achieve their institutional goals. When a transcript of an interpreter-mediated interview is read out in court, it is assumed that this is a representation of an event, which is essentially identical to a monolingual interview. This thesis challenges that assumption. Using conservation analytic techniques, it examines data from a corpus of monolingual and interpreter-mediated, taped interviews with suspects, in order to identify potentially significant interactional differences and describe ways in which the interpreter affects the processes and may affect the outcomes of the interview. It is argued that although individually, the interactional differences may appear slight, their cumulative effect is significant, particularly since the primary participants in the event are unaware of the full force of the interpreting effect. Finally, the thesis suggests that the insights provided by linguistic analysis of the interpreting on interviews may provide the basis for training, both for interpreters themselves, and for officers in techniques for interpreter-mediated interviews.

Engineering liposomal systems to develop solubility enhancing technology

This research primarily focused on identifying the formulation parameters which control the efficacy of liposomes as delivery systems to enhance the delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Preliminary studies focused on the drug loading of ibuprofen within vesicle systems. Initially both liposomal and niosomal formulations were screened for their drug-loading capacity: liposomal systems were shown to offer significantly higher ibuprofen loading and thereafter lipid based systems were further investigated. Given the key role cholesterol is known to play within the stability of bilayer vesicles. the optimum cholesterol content in terms of drug loading and release of poorly soluble drugs was then investigated. From these studies a concentration of 11 total molar % of cholesterol was used as a benchmark for all further formulations. Investigating the effect of liposomc composition on several low solubility drugs, drug loading was shown to be enhanced by adopting longer chain length lipids. cationic lipids and. decreasing drug molecular weight. Drug release was increased by using cationic lipids and lower molecular weight of drug; conversely, a reduction was noted when employing longer chain lipids thus supporting the rational of longer chain lipids producing more stable liposomes, a theory also supported by results obtained via Langmuir studies· although it was revealed that stability is also dependent on geometric features associated with the lipid chain moiety. Interestingly, reduction in drug loading appeared to be induced when symmetrical phospholipids were substituted for lipids constituting asymmetrical alkyl chain groups thus further highlighting the importance of lipid geometry. Combining a symmetrical lipid with an asymmetrical derivative enhanced encapsulation of a hydrophobic drug while reducing that of another suggesting the importance of drug characteristics. Phosphatidylcholine liposornes could successfully be prepared (and visualised using transmission electron microscopy) from fatty alcohols therefore offering an alternative liposomal stabiliser to cholesterol. Results obtained revealed that liposomes containing tetradecanol within their formulation shares similar vesicle size, drug encapsulation, surface charge. and toxicity profiles as liposomes formulated with cholesterol, however the tetradecanol preparation appeared to release considerably more drug during stability studies. Langmuir monolayer studies revealed that the condensing influence by tetradecanol is less than compared with cholesterol suggesting that this reduced intercalation by the former could explain why the tetradecanol formulation released more drug compared with cholesterol formulations. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was used to analyse the morphology and stability of liposomes. These investigations indicated that the presence of drugs within the liposomal bilayer were able to enhance the stability of the bilayers against collapse under reduced hydration conditions. In addition the presence of charged lipids within the formulation under reduced hydration conditions compared with its neutral counterpart. However the applicability of using ESEM as a new method to investigate liposome stability appears less valid than first hoped since the results are often open to varied interpretation and do not provide a robust set of data to support conclusions in some cases.

Tear analysis and lens-tear interactions:part II. Ocular lipids-nature and fate of meibomian gland phospholipids

Purpose: Published data indicate that the polar lipid content of human meibomian gland secretions (MGS) could be anything between 0.5% and 13% of the total lipid. The tear film phospholipid composition has not been studied in great detail and it has been understood that the relative proportions of lipids in MGS would be maintained in the tear film. The purpose of this work was to determine the concentration of phospholipids in the human tear film. Methods: Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) were used to determine the concentration of phospholipid in the tear film. Additionally, an Amplex Red phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PLC) assay kit was used for determination of the activity of PLC in the tear film. Results: Phospholipids were not detected in any of the tested human tear samples with the low limit of detection being 1.3 µg/mL for TLC and 4 µg/mL for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. TLC indicated that diacylglycerol (DAG) may be present in the tear film. PLC was in the tear film with an activity determined at approximately 15 mU/mL, equivalent to the removal of head groups from phosphatidylcholine at a rate of approximately 15 µM/min. Conclusions: This work shows that phospholipid was not detected in any of the tested human tear samples (above the lower limits of detection as described) and suggests the presence of DAG in the tear film. DAG is known to be at low concentrations in MGS. These observations indicate that PLC may play a role in modulating the tear film phospholipid concentration.