Xarxa RESTAURO. Projecte d'una plataforma per a la comunicació en I'ambit de la Conservació-Restauració a Catalunya

La restauració és una disciplina que moltes vegades es caracteritza per saber incorporar noves tècniquesi solucions basades en les innovacions que es produeixen en altres sectors més o menys afins, des dela medicina, fins a les ciències experimentals, la informàtica o I'enginyeria, entre tantes d'altres.Aquesta capacitat desacomplexada de treballar de manera interdisciplinar amb altres professionalssol ser pal de palier de I'ideari de la restauració, contribuint en gran mesura al seu creixement i a larecerca de noves tècniques i solucions.Tot i això, potser la comunicació i difusió de les intervencions de restauració sigui un dels àmbitsen els quals tinguem més camp per recórrer, per tal d'aconseguir obrir la restauració i els seusconeixements al públic general. Un treball costós que s'ha d'abordar transversalment però que ens pot oferir la complicitat i el recolzament social que requereix una professió que treballa amb el patrimoni col·lectiu . Ja que com a custodis de I'art, potser també tinguem un deure envers el retorn d'aquest a la societat.Amb aquest projecte s'analitza aquesta situació específica i es pretén oferir una proposta de plataforma on-line per difondre i promoure les intervencions de restauració en tot l'àmbit català, segons el context i les oportunitats actuals.D'aquesta manera, la xarxa RESTAURO busca promoure I'accés i la difusió de les intervencions de conservació i restauració que es realitzen sobre el patrimoni moble català per tal d'aprofundir en lavivència i el coneixement del mate ix per part del públic general.No satisfà donar una imatge estàtica i finalitzada del patrimoni, sinó que es vol que el ciutadà puguiconèixer la importància de les tasques de restauració i conservació en I'apreciació dels monuments o obres d'art i la seva imatge actual.

Teor de fluoretos em infusões de chá verde (Camellia sinensis)

The aim of this work was to study the influence of green tea consumption on fluoride ingestion. The extraction conditions of fluorides from green tea infusions were defined and nine brands of green tea available in Portugal were analyzed. The quantification of fluorides in the green tea was preceded by the implementation and validation of the potentiometric method (commercial fluoride selective electrode). The concentration of fluorides in the samples ranged from 0. 8 to 2. 0 mg L-1.

Efeito da acidez e de modificadores orgânicos na determinação de metilxantinas: um experimento de cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) empregando otimização uni e multivariada

In this work a new experiment using HPLC is proposed in order to explore the role of acidity and the organic modifiers in the determination of methylxanthines in tea and coffee. Multivariate and univariate optimizations of the experimental conditions were used.

Avaliação da composição mineral do chá da folha senescente de Montrichardia linifera (arruda) schott (araceae) por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama (FAAS)

Levels of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were determinated by FAAS in the tea and dry matter from senescent leaf from Montrichardia linifera, plant used in folk medicine Amazon. The content of these metals that are transferred of the leaf to the infusions have presented significant reductions, however, the Mn values in the infusion may exceed the tolerable daily intake (11 mg) if consumption of this tea is greater than 1.0 L per day. So the tea of senescent leaves of M. linifera may be considered as a toxic beverage and thus its use is not advised.

Nanostructured systems containing an essential oil: protection against volatilization

The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of preparing nanocapsules and nanoemulsions using tea tree oil as oily phase aiming to protect its volatilization. The nanostructures presented nanometric mean size (160-220 nm) with a polydispersity index below 0.25 and negative zeta potential. The pH values were 6.43 ± 0.37 and 5.98 ± 0.00 for nanoemulsions and nanocapsules, respectively. The oil content after preparation was 96%. The inclusion of tea tree oil in nanocapsules showed higher protection against volatilization. The analysis of mean size and polydispersity index of formulations presented no significant alteration during the storage time.

Voltammetric determination of sibutramine in beverages and in pharmaceutical formulations

A simple and sensitive method has been proposed for the determination of sibutramine-HCl in energy drinks, green tea and pharmaceutical formulations using differential pulse voltammetry performed on a hanging mercury drop electrode. In the chosen experimental condition (Mcllvaine pH 4.0 buffer, 50 mV pulse amplitude and 40 mV s-1 scan velocity), sibutramine-HCl presented a reversible behavior and a peak maximum at -80 mV. Detection limit was 0.4 mg L-1 and the working linear range extended up to 33.3 mg L-1 (r = 0.99). Analysis of real and fortified samples enabled recoveries between 91 and 102%. The electroanalytical method was compared with a HPLC method which indicated it accuracy.

Extração/pré-concentração de íons cobre no ponto nuvem explorando a formação de complexos com DMIT [4,5-dimercapto-1,3-ditiol-2-tionato]

The present study proposes a method for cloud point preconcentration of copper ions at pH 2.0 based on complexes formed with [4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithyol-2-thionate] and subsequent determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Under optimal analytical conditions, the method provided limits of detection of 0.84 and 0.45 µg L-1, by preconcentrating 12.0 and 24.0 mL of sample, respectively. The method was applied for copper determination in water samples, synthetic saliva, guarana powder, tea samples and soft drinks and the accuracy was assessed by analyzing the certified reference materials Dogfish Liver (DOLT-4) and Lobster Hepatopancreas (TORT-2).

Separation and preconcentration of copper in environmental samples on Amberlite XAD-8 resin after complexation with a carbothioamide derivative

A new solid phase extraction (SPE) method has been developed for the selective separation and preconcentration of Cu (II) ions in food and water samples prior to its flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination. The method is based on the adsorption of the Cu(II) - 2-{[4-Amino-3-(4-methylphenyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]acetyl}-N-phenyl hydrazinecarbothioamide complex on Amberlite XAD-8 resin. The metal complex retained on the resin was eluted with 7.5 mL of 2.0 mol L-1 HCl in acetone. The optimum conditions for the SPE of Cu(II) ions were investigated, and the method was subsequently applied to sea water, stream water, rice, tea, and tobacco samples for the determination of Cu(II) levels.

LC/ESI-MS method applied to characterization of flavonoids glycosides in B. forficata subsp. pruinosa

Bauhinia forficata is used in folk medicine for its hypoglycemiant effect. In the south of Brazil, the subspecies pruinosa is found in a region with the characteristic flora, pampa biome. This species has been consumed by the local population as a tea for diabetes treatment. We studied the chemical composition of hydroethanolic extracts using LC/ESI-MS. The leaf extracts were prepared by percolation with 50% (v/v) ethanol. The chromatographic analyses were performed using a reverse-phase system, gradient elution with acetonitrile:phosphoric acid 0.05%, and ESI-MS in the positive ion mode. The chemical profile of the flavonoids was suggested to involve four quercetin and kaempferol glycosides.

USO DA RMN DE BAIXA RESOLUÇÃO NA AVALIAÇÃO DA DINÂMICA MOLECULAR DO Origanum vulgare

In this work, proton NMR relaxometry was used to measure the behavior of spin-lattice relaxation time with T1H as the time constant, and also of spin-spin relaxation time with the time constant T2H. These relaxometry parameters were determined to better understand the changes in the main structures present in commercial and in nature forms of origanum. The T1H relaxation data showed that the structures which had higher molecular mass were more sensitive to degradation with increased temperature treatment. According to the values of the T2H parameter, up to 150 degrees no significant change in the mobility and organization of water was observed. These data infer that the ideal cooking temperature and tea preparation mode for this herb should be around 100 degrees for the sample not to lose its characteristics. Also, it is not advisable to cook this herb at higher than 150 degrees but better to consume it at room temperature, especially give commercial herb has already been dehydrated.

DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF Ilex paraguariensis BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Ilex paraguariensis (yerba-mate) is used as a beverage, and its extract requires adequate quality control methods in order to guarantee quality and safe use. Strategies to develop and optimize a chromatographic method to quantify theobromine, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in I. paraguariensis extracts were evaluated by applying a quality by design (QbD) model and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The presence of these three phytochemical markers in the extracts was evaluated using UHPLC-MS and was confirmed by the chromatographic bands in the total ion current traces (m/z of 181.1 [M+H]+, 195.0 [M+H]+, and 353.0 [M−H]−, respectively). The developed method was then transferred to a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) platform, and the three phytochemical markers were used as external standards in the validation of a method for analyses of these compounds in extracts using a diode array detector (DAD). The validated method was applied to quantify the chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and theobromine in the samples. HPLC-DAD chromatographic fingerprinting was also used in a multivariate approach to process the entire data and to separate the I. paraguariensis extracts into two groups. The developed method is very useful for qualifying and quantifying I. paraguariensis extracts.

The molecular mechanisms and evolutionary significance of plumage colour variation in pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca)

A common feature of natural populations is that individuals differ in morphology, physiologyand behavior (i.e .phenotype). A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary forces behind this phenotypic variation is a prerequisite for understanding evolution.This thesis examines the molecular mechanism and the roles of the different evolutionary forces in plumage colour variation in pied flycatchers (Ficedulahypoleuca). Malepied flycatchers exhibit marked variation in both pigmentary and structural plumage colourand the trait has repeatedly been suggested to be of adaptive significance. An examination of plumage colour variation on reproductive output trevealed that structural colouration, and more specifically the degree of ultraviolet (UV) reflectance had an effect on number of young sired. Paternity analyses of breeding males revealed that males that had been cuckolded by their social mate tended to be less UV reflectant than males that had not been cuckolded.Neither pigment-based norstructural colouration was found to affect the probability of siring young in other nests. Phenotypic differentiation was found to be markedly greater than differentiation at neutralgenetic markers across the pied flycatcher breeding range. Furthermore patterns of differentiationin phenotypes and selectively neutral genes were not uniform. Outlier tests searching for genomic footprints of selection revealed elevated levels of genetic divergence in a gene associated with feather development (and thus potentially structural colouration) and ultraviolet vision. Th eobserved differentiation in allelic frequencies was particularly pronounced in the Spanish piedflycatcher populations. Examining gene expression during feather development indicated that the TYRP1 gene (known to be involved in the production of black pigment) may be relevant in generating phenotypic variation in pied flycatcher plumage. Also, energy homeostasis related genesfeatured prominently among the genes found to be expressed in one extreme phenotype but not the other. This is of particular interest in light of what is known about the pleiotropy ofthe melanocortin system which underlies brown-black pigment production. The melanocortinsystem is also associated with energy homeostasis (among a number of other physiological functions) and thus the results could be pointing to the signalling function of brown-blackplumage. Plumage colour variation in pied flycatchers, both structural and pigmentary, can thus beconcluded to be exhibiting signals of non-neutral evolution. Structural colouration was found to play a role in sexual selection and putative signals of selection were further detected in acandidate gene for this trait. Evidence for non-neutral evolution of pigmentary colouration was also detected. These findings, together with the fact that preliminary evidence for an energy balance associated signalling function for plumage was found, present good starting points for further investigations into the meaning and mechanisms of plumage colour variation in piedflycatchers.

Sosiaalisen sukupuolen rakentuminen, suurkaupunki ja kammottavan kokemus Katherine Mansfieldin novelleissa

Tutkielmani tarkastelee englantilaisen modernistin Katherine Mansfieldin (1888–1923) novelleja The Woman at the Store, The Little Governess, Bliss, Pictures, Miss Brill ja A Cup of Tea sosiaalisen sukupuolen rakentumisen näkökulmasta. Novellien kirjoitus- ja julkaisuajankohta ajoittuu vuosille 1911–1924. Uudesta-Seelannista Lontooseen muuttanutta Mansfieldia pidetään yhtenä englantilaisen modernistisen kirjallisuuden uranuurtajista, jonka kehittämän modernin novellimuodon keskeisiä innovaatioita olivat tarinan juonettomuus, tajunnanvirta osana kerrontaa ja psykologisen hetken korostaminen. Mansfieldin tuotannon taustalla vaikuttivat voimakkaasti myös ajankohdalle ominaiset diskurssit naisen asemasta ja mahdollisuuksista. Lähestyn aihettani gender-teoreettisesta viitekehyksestä käsin, jonka keskeisin näkemys on käsitys sukupuolesta sosiaalisesti rakentuneena. Ensimmäisessä käsittelyluvussa pohdin niitä naisen ja miehen representaatioita, joita valitsemissani novelleissa esiintyy. Toisessa käsittelyluvussa syvennyn tarkastelemaan naishahmojen suhdetta suurkaupunkiympäristöön, johon monet novelleista sijoittuvat, ja analysoimaan sitä, millä lailla kaupunki tilana muovaa naissubjekteja. Kolmannessa eli viimeisessä käsittelyluvussa kiinnitän huomioni kammottavan kokemukseen, joka on ominainen kaikille käsittelemilleni novelleille ja joka juontuu sekä niiden kerronnallisista keinoista että novellihenkilöiden konflikteista itsensä ja ulkomaailman kanssa, joilla näen vahvan yhteyden sukupuolitematiikkaan. Sigmund Freud on määritellyt kammottavan joksikin ammoin tutuksi ja torjutuksi, joka on yhtäkkiä murtautunut esiin. Tätä ajatusta kehitellyt Julia Kristeva näkee kammottavan ilmenevän muukalaisena meissä itsessämme. Edellä esitetyin tavoin on mahdollista hahmottaa myös sitä novellien loppuratkaisua, jossa arkinen muuttuu yllättäen uhkaavaksi ja pelottavaksi ja päähenkilöille avautuu jokin uusi tietoisuus itsestään ja ympäröivästä maailmasta. Mansfieldin naiskuva osoittautuu analyysini pohjalta melko monipuoliseksi, mutta miehet esitetään novelleissa lähes poikkeuksetta hegemonisen maskuliinisina. Tällä on yhteytensä novellien kirjoitusajankohtaan ja sen kiivaaseen yhteiskunnalliseen keskusteluun naisen roolista. 1900-luvun alussa naiset alkoivat enenevässä määrin ottaa haltuunsa julkista tilaa. Tarkastelemani novellit ilmentävät monin tavoin sitä ”toisin toistamisen” vaikeutta, minkä totunnaisista sukupuolirooleista poikkeaminen tuottaa. Novellien naishenkilöitä leimaa halu vapautua, mutta rajat tulevat vastaan viimeistään julkisessa tilassa. Käsittelemäni novellit tuovat oivaltavasti esille sukupuolten keskinäisiä valtarakenteita, joita säännöstelee pitkälti vallassa oleva heteronormatiivinen maskuliinisuus. Novellien lopussa henkilöt joutuvat kohtaamaan itsensä uudella tavalla ja määrittelemään uudelleen suhteensa omaan sukupuoleensa ja seksuaalisuuteensa.