Laura Dexter letter, commenting on the McLeod murder trial, October 5, 1841

Alexander McLeod was Deputy Sheriff of the Niagara District during the Rebellion of 1837-38 in Upper Canada. On December 24, 1837, he became aware of a scheme by the rebels to use the American steamboat Caroline to provide supplies to William Lyon Mackenzie and his followers on Navy Island in the Niagara River. McLeod notified the authorities in Upper Canada about the situation. A few days later, on December 29, Commodore Andrew Drew led a band of men, including McLeod, to the American side, where the Caroline was moored at Schlosser’s Wharf. A scuffle ensued, in which American Amos Durfee was killed. The Caroline was then released from its moorings, set on fire, and drifted downstream before sinking. Many Americans viewed the incident as a violation of their sovereignty. Tensions between the United States and England were already strained over a boundary dispute between Maine and New Brunswick, and the situation with the Caroline further escalated the tension. McLeod was subsequently arrested in November, 1840 in Lewiston, NY and indicted for arson and murder. The British foreign secretary, Lord Palmerston, insisted that McLeod be released and could not be held personally responsible for the incident, as he was acting on orders from authorities in Canada. Eventually, McLeod was acquitted.

Receipt from E.C. Staples, proprietor of Old Orchard House, Old Orchard Beach,

Receipt from E.C. Staples, proprietor of Old Orchard House, Old Orchard Beach, Maine for bath house and laundry, Aug. 15, 1887.

Some Incidents and Circumstances

- The first part of the document traces Mr. Haile’s lineage. His father, James Haile was a farmer. His grandfather, Amos Haile was a sailor for the early part of his life. He was placed on a British man-of- war in about 1758. He escaped and settled in Putney. (p.1) - His father’s mother’s maiden name was Parker. His mother’s maiden name was Campbell. Her father was a captain in the Revolutionary Army. (p.2) - His earliest memories revolve around the death of his aunt and the funeral of General Washington (although he did not witness this). At the time, his father was a Lieutenant in a regiment militia of Light Dragoons who wore red coats. (p.3) - In 1804, an addition was added to the Haile house which necessitated that William was to stay home to help with the building. He continued to study and read on his own. He was particularly interested in Napoleon Bonaparte’s victories. In that same year he was sent to Fairfield Academy where Reverend Caleb Alexander was the principal. (p.4) - On June 1, 1812, William was appointed as an Ensign in the Infantry of the Army of the United States. He was put into the recruiting service at Nassau (20 miles east of Albany) where he remained until September. (p.4) - He was assigned to the 11th Regiment of the W.S. Infantry and directed to proceed to Plattsburgh to report to Colonel Isaac Clark. (p.7) - He was assigned to the company commanded by Captain Samuel H. Halley who was not in the best of health and often absent. For a good part of the time William was in charge of the company. (p.8) - The 11th Regiment was encamped beside the 15th Regiment commanded by Col. Zebulon Montgomery Pike [Pike’s Peak was named after him]. Col. Pike generously drilled and disciplined the 11th Regiment since their officers didn’t seem capable of doing so. (p.8) - The first brigade to which William’s regiment was attached to was commanded by Brigadier General Bloomfield of New Jersey. Brigadier Chandler of Maine commanded the second brigade. (p.9) - At the beginning of November, Major General Dearborn took command of the army. He had been a good officer in his time, but William refers to him as “old and inefficient” earning him the nickname “Granny Dearborn” (p.9) - On November 17th, 1812, General Dearborn moved north with his army. The troops ended up in Champlain. There was no fighting, only a skirmish between a party of men under Colonel Pike and a few British troops who he succeeded in capturing. (p.10) - The troops were moved to barracks for the winter. Colonel Pike’s troops were put into suitable barracks and kept healthy but another part of the army (including the 11th Regiment) were sent to a barracks of green lumber north of Burlington. Disease soon broke out in the damp barracks and the hundreds of deaths soon followed. One morning, William counted 22 bodies who had died the previous night. He puts a lot of this down to an inexperienced commanding officer, General Chandler. (p.11) - At the beginning of 1813, William was stationed as a recruiter on the shore of Shoreham across from Fort Ticonderoga. In February, he returned to Burlington with his recruits. In March he received an order from General Chandler to proceed to Whitehall and take charge of the stores and provisions. In April and May it was decided that his half of the regiment (the First Battalion) should march to Sackett’s Harbour, Lake Ontario. They arrived at Sackett’s Harbour about the 10th of June, a few days after the Battle of Sackett’s Harbour. (p.12) - He was camped near the site of Fort Oswego and got word to head back to Sackett’s Harbour. A storm overtook the schooner that he was on. (p.14) - William was involved in the Battle of Williamsburg (or Chrysler’s Farm) which he calls a “stupid and bungling affair on the part of our generals”.(p. 18) - General Covington was wounded and died a few days after the battle. (p.19) - William speaks of being ill. The troops were ordered to march to Buffalo, but he is able to go to his father’s house in Fairfield where his mother nursed him back to health (p.23) - Upon arrival at Buffalo, the “old fogy Generals” were replaced with younger, more efficient men. (p.25) - On page 27 he sums up a few facts: In 1812, the army was assembled on Lake Champlain with the intention of capturing Montreal, and then Quebec. That year, under General Dearborn the army marched as far as Champlain, then turned back and went into winter quarters. In 1813, the army was assembled at Sackett’s Harbour and that year the campaign ended at French Mills which was 70 or 80 miles from Montreal. In 1814, the army at Buffalo were some 400 miles from Montreal with still the same object in view. - He says that these facts make “a riddle – difficult to explain”. (p.27) - On the evening of July 2nd they embarked on the boats with the objective of capturing Fort Erie. The enemy were all made prisoners of war (p.27) - On July 4th they went to Street’s Creek, 2 miles above the Chippewa [Chippawa] River (p.28) - Page 29 is titled The Battle of Chippewa [Chippawa] - He speaks of 2 drummers who were fighting over the possession of a drum when a cannonball came along and took of both of their heads (p.29) - He proclaims that this was one of the “most brilliant battles of the war”. The battle was fought and won in less than an hour after they left their tents. He credits General Scott with this success and states that was due to his rapid orders and movements. (p.30) - The dead of the battle remained on the field during the night. He describes this as quite gloomy seeing friend and foe lying side by side. At daybreak they set to work digging trenches to bury the dead. (p.31) - Colonel Campbell was wounded and advised to have his leg amputated. He refused, and subsequently died. (p.32) - It is said that the British threw several of their dead into the river and they went over the Falls. (p.32) - His troops repaired the bridge over Chippawa which the enemy had partially destroyed and then pursued the British as far as Queenston Heights. (p.32) - On pages 33 and 34 he speaks about meeting an old friend of his, Philip Harter. - The account ends at Queenston Heights

Le site CjEd-8 : l'Archaïque supérieur au Témiscouata

Occupé depuis près de 10 000 ans, le Témiscouata est un lieu clé pour mieux comprendre la préhistoire du Québec, en raison de son emplacement stratégique entre l’Atlantique et la vallée du Saint-Laurent et de la cinquantaine de sites archéologiques connus dans la région. Le site CjEd-8 est le seul site associé à l’Archaïque supérieur (6 000 à 4 000 ans avant aujourd’hui) connu dans la région. Cette recherche palethnographique porte sur l’analyse de la collection lithique du site archéologique CjEd-8. Nos questions de recherche sont les suivantes : quel était le mode de vie et les activités des occupants du site CjEd-8? Quel était leur environnement et comment s’y sont-ils adapté? Comment l’espace était-il utilisé sur le site? Comment ce site se compare-t-il aux autres sites de l’Archaïque supérieur au Québec et dans le nord-est américain? Est-il possible de relier l’occupation du site CjEd-8 à un plus vaste cadre régional ou culturel, comme un réseau d’interaction, par exemple? Nous avons effectué une analyse techno-morphologique individuelle de tous les outils et du débitage de la collection. Nous avons pu constater que tous les stades de réduction lithique (initial, intermédiaire et final) sont présents sur le site CjEd-8. Les matières premières locales sont représentées dans tous ces stades de réduction, bien que les matières premières exotiques soient surtout présentes au sein du stade initial de réduction, davantage que les matières premières locales. Ceci laisse croire que le dégrossissement initial des blocs et galets de matière première locale se faisait ailleurs que sur le site, fort probablement sur les carrières de chert de la région, et que des matières exotiques ont aussi été travaillées sur le site. Des activités de taille ont eu lieu sur les deux zones du site, probablement autour de deux foyers distincts. Les quelques individus présents y sont demeurés très brièvement, semblent avoir effectué un nombre limité d’activités et sont peut-être repassés quelques temps après. L’Archaïque supérieur est caractérisé par une augmentation de la population et par l’intensification des interactions et de l’appartenance régionale. Or, il semblerait que ce soit l’inverse que l’on observe archéologiquement au Témiscouata. L’assemblage de CjEd-8 ne présente aucune ressemblance particulière avec les sites associés à l’Archaïque supérieur au Québec, bien que pour presque tous ces sites, on constate une exploitation importante des matières premières locales (même si ces dernières sont de qualité moyenne), combinée à l’exploitation de matières premières exotiques de sources très éloignées. L’industrie du quartz, importante dans la plupart des sites de l’Archaïque supérieur, se reflète très peu sur CjEd-8. Bien qu’il nous soit impossible d’associer l’occupation du site CjEd-8 à une tradition culturelle précise, cela ne signifie pas que ses occupants n’étaient pas en interaction avec l’une ou l’autre des entités culturelles de la fin de l’Archaïque, que ce soit avec les groupes de la région de Quoddy, de la Gaspésie, de la Vallée du Saint-Laurent, de l’Outaouais, de la Haute Côte nord, du Vermont, de l’État de New York et de l’intérieur du Maine. La question des modes de subsistance des occupants de CjEd-8 n’a pas été soulevée lors de nos analyses. Nous savons toutefois que les occupants du Témiscouata avaient alors accès à une faune riche et diversifiée.

Dinámicas de las relaciones políticas franco-alemanas en el marco de la Unión Europea. Un análisis en el contexto de la crisis griega. Período 8 de diciembre del 2009- 21 de febrero del 2012

La crisis griega no condicionó de manera especial la manera de negociar de Francia y Alemania. Si se comparan las ruedas de negociación para votar los salvavidas económicos y las negociaciones que se dieron para la firma del Tratado de Maastricht, se puede concluir que, en general, negociaron de una manera similar.

Factores de riesgo para morbilidad materna extrema en gestantes

Introducción: La morbilidad materna extrema es un término usado para definir cualquier condición obstétrica severa que amenaza la vida y requiere una intervención médica urgente con el fin de prevenir la probable muerte materna. Con el presente estudio se pretendió evaluar los factores de riesgo para morbilidad materna extrema en las gestantes del Hospital Universitario Mayor. Metodología Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, comparando pacientes con MME y sin MME en una relación de 1:1. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio simple teniendo en cuenta 95% de la población apareadas por diagnóstico de ingreso. Resultados Se incluyeron un total de 110 pacientes (55 en cada grupo). Ambas poblaciones fueron comprables. Ser de estrato socioeconómico bajo (p 0,000), haber tenido 2 o menos partos (p 0,000), ser tipo de sangre negativo (p0.000) realizar entre 0-3 controles prenatales (p 0,000), tener antecedente de preeclampsia (p 0,000), hipotiroidismo (p 0,000), o trastorno bipolar (p 0,000), son factores de riesgo significativos para presentar MME. Entre los factores protectores están tener más de tres partos OR 0,60 (IC95%: 0,17-0,82, p=0,00) y 7 o más controles prenatales OR 0,23 (IC95%: 0,09-0,55, p=0,000). Resultados concordantes con la literatura Discusión: Es importante dar a conocer los resultados del presente estudio para promover las campañas de prevención primaria, secundaria y terciaria con el fin de evitar las altas complicaciones que se pueden presentar en las mujeres en edad fértil de nuestra población.

Construcción personal.

El autor presenta tres experiencias de construcción personal.

La infraestructura, una base necesaria.

Consejos para montar unos macrocampamentos.

Visión y versión de la historia.

Se exponen las diferentes formas de interpretar el mundo históricamente, o las distintas corrientes filosóficas que tratan el tema. El positivismo de Comte y su estudio naturista del ser humano, el existencialismo de Heidegger, la doctrina espiritualista y psicologista de Maine de Biran, el idealismo de Georg Hegel, Immanuel Kant o George Berkeley, el materialismo en el que lo material precede al pensamiento, como en Karl Marx y Friederich Engels, inciado por Feuerbach, el realismo político de Maquiavelo y Guicciardini, el moralismo de Tomás Moro y el espiritualismo de Savonarola, se comparan con los ideales de Wilhelm Dilthey y su ordenamiento del mundo histórico en antropología, ontología y gnoseología, lanzando una crítica de la razón histórica.

Nuestro hombre del 98.

Dos rasgos importantes de la generación del 98 se observan en José Martí: uno es su preferencia por el ensayo y esa preferencia se abre espacio dentro del gran crecimiento del periodismo moderno. Hizo de su periodismo un gran ensayismo de gran porte crítico y artístico. Los del 98 no fueron ninguno hombres de acción, pero si Martí hasta el extremo de morir por su causa. Está en contra de esta guerra del sistema colonial español (nunca contra el pueblo español), como contra el colonialismo americano. Por todo ello, pude afirmarse que el único cubano preparado para afrontar política y culturalmente el viraje histórico del 98 fue el mismo, cuya muerte tres años antes fue tan trágica como involuntario había facilitado aquel viraje. Había presentido la intervención de Cuba por Estados Unidos. Choca también la ausencia en términos generales del tema norteamericano en la generación del 98. pudo ser por el trauma interno, salvo en Ortega que este tema no desapareció. Sin embargo, los cubanos del 98 y sus descendientes, en cambio, no han podido olvidar la amenaza que José Martí previó como peligro consciente para Cuba. En los umbrales del tercer milenio, el nuevo 98 se nos presenta como amplificación a nivel planetario de lo que empezó con la explosión del Maine enla bahía de la Habana. Ya no hay enmienda, ni suspense, ni alternativa. El todo poderoso imperio norteamericano sigue salvando el mundo. Los marines son el ejército de salvación mundial.

Articulation rate : effects of age, fluency, and syntactic structure

Resumen en inglés