Geochemistry and descriptions of manganese nodules and crusts retrieved from the open ocean

The book is a compilation of all available data at the time of publication (1965) on the subject of marine minerals together with the author's original ideas regarding their exploitation. It is one of the most significant publications on ocean resources. It is particularly focused on manganese deposits, their description, sedimentary setting, formation and geochemistry.

Caracterização de uma nova exonuclease identificada em uma biblioteca metagenômica

A abordagem metagenômica tem permitido o acesso ao material genético de microrganismos não cultivados e tem sido usada para identificação de novos genes. Apesar da importância dos mecanismos de reparo de DNA para a manutenção da integridade genômica nosso conhecimento sobre mecanismos de reparo de DNA é baseado em organismos modelo como E. coli e pouco é conhecido sobre os organismos de vida livre e não cultivados. Neste trabalho, a abordagem metagenômica foi aplicada para descobrir novos genes envolvidos com a manutenção da integridade genômica. Um clone positivo foi identificado por replicar a biblioteca metagenômica em meio seletivo contendo H2O2. O clone metagenômico foi capaz de complementar parcialmente a deficiência em reparo de DNA de cepas simples e duplo-mutantes de E.coli (recA e xthA nfo, respectivamente) submetidas ao estresse gerado por H2O2 e MMS.A análise de sequência mostrou uma ORF codificando para uma proteína hipotética membro da superfamília Exo_Endo_Phos (PF03372) e, a filogenia indicou que a mesma não está inclusa em nenhuma das subfamílias EEP. Assim, uma nova nuclease foi identificada e experimentalmente caracterizada in vivo e in vitro. Ensaios específicos utilizando a nuclease purificada e oligonucleotideos fluorescentemente marcados revelaram sua atividade 3´-5´exonuclease, em substratos simples e dupla-fita, dependente de Magnésio e sensível a EDTA. Uma vez que este é o primeiro relato e caracterização de uma enzima obtida a partir de abordagem metagenômica mostrando uma atividade exonuclease, foi nomeada EXOMEG1

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from ARA Islas Orcadas Cruise 15 core stations

The purpose of this volume, the tenth in a series of similar publications (Goodell, 1964, 1965, 1968; Frakes 1971, 1973 ; Cassidy et al., 1977), is to continue a presentation to the research community of sediment core descriptions and attendant data of cored and otherwise obtained sediments retrieved in waters of the Southern Ocean aboard the research vessel, ARA Islas Orcadas (formerly, USNS Eltanin), as a part of the circumpolar survey begun by Eltanin in 1962 (see issue of Antarctic Journal of the United States, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1973). The data presented herein are concerned with the results of coring activities aboard cruise 1578 of Islas Orcadas, the fourth marine geology coring cruise of this vessel under the terms of the present United States-Argentine agreement. The core descriptions are organised as follows: 1) a brief summary of the coring objectives of the cruise, together with a discussion of core recovery; 2) a table and map of station location data for materials retrieved; 3) a table of tentative age-dates for each piston core; 4) an explanation of the laboratory procedures and descriptive criteria used in the description of the sediments, and 5) lithologic descriptions of the piston and trigger cores, and the piston and trigger core bag samples.

Observation of manganese coating and encrustation in different environments of the North-Western Atlantic ocean

The major topographic features, or provinces, beyond the continental slope off the Atlantic coast of the United States are (1) Sohm Plain, (2) Hatteras Plain, (3) Nares Plain, (4) Blake Basin, (5) Blake Plateau-Bahama Banks, and (6) Bermuda Rise. The whole of the described area is commonly referred to as the North American Basin. This basin is bounded on the north by Newfoundland Ridge and on the south by Puerto Rico Trench. Topographic features of note within the basin are the divide and the area of depressions between Sohm and Hatteras Plains, the sharply crested Blake Ridge, and the Puerto Rico Ridge. Recently accumulated data on deep-sea oores has given good evidence that the silt and sand covering the abyssal plains are displaced continental sediments in a virtually quartz-free oceanic environment. These sediments were deposited on a primary volcanic bottom. The primary or volcanic bottom is characterized by abyssal hills and seamounts, and the sediment bottom is characterized by abyssal plains, which extend seaward from the continental margins. On the Blake Plateau, bottom photographs and dredge hauls in the axis of the stream show that locally sediment has been removed and the bottom is paved with crusts and nodules of manganese. Photographs and dredged samples from the outer part of the New England Seamount, Chain and Caryn Peak also indicate extensive encrustations of manganese oxide which acts as a binding agent in areas of ooze or other organic debris and thus helps to stabilize the bottom.

Observation of manganese nodules and encrustations in various lakes of Finland

The limnic ferromanganese ore concretions in some Finnish lakes are described. Their chemical and mineral compositions have been measured as have their natural surroundings - the latter by means of physico-chemical in-situ analysis. The sources of the nodules' contents are discussed, and a theory based on the calculated precipitation fields of the important ore minerals is presented for the ore formation.

(Tables, page 17-18), Chemical composition of ferromanganese concretions of the lakes of Northern Savolax in Eastern Finland

This paper discusses the occurrence of manganese-rich concretions in the lakes of Northern Savolax in Eastern Finland. The samples were collected in the summer of 1905 and left to dry for 2 months at room temperature. The quantity of H2O mentionned in the analysis was obtained by dessication at 155°C. The amount of Mn is calulated as MnO2 although other valences might be present in the samples. The contents in CO2 and organic substances was not determined. J. Aschan determined that as a general rule, in Finland the manganese rich lake deposits are rather associated with soft bottom sediments while the iron rich deposits are more assocaited with hard or sandy bottoms.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from R/V Caryn Cruise 25 stations

The cores described are taken during the R/V Caryn Cruise 25 in August-September 1951 by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. A total of 11 cores were recovered and are available at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from USS San Pablo Cruises 10 and 11 stations

The cores described are taken during the USS San Pablo Cruises 10 and 11 in 1952 by the Scripps Institute of Oceanography. A total of 21 cores were recovered and are available at Scripps Institute of Oceanography for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from ANTIPODE Expedition stations

Deep-sea sediment cores from Scripps Institution of Oceanography's ANTIPODE Expedition were described to identify visually distinct units based on color, texture, or other feature, sedimentary structures, lithology and abundance of component grains, and paleontology. Sixty-eight cores were examined, of which 34 are large diameter piston cores. Photographs and graphic lithology legs are included as PLATES 1-48. ANTIPODE Expedition recovered cores from: the Monterey-Ascension Fan, the Northeast Pacific, the Aleutians, the Northwest Pacific, the Philippine Sea, Indonesia, the Tonga Ridge, the Seychelles, Chagos Archipelago, the Mid-Indian Ridge, the Bay of Bengal, near Sumatra, and near the Cocos Island in the Indian Ocean. The purpose of this report is to present sufficient basic data on ANTIPODE cores for invesiigators to choose samples for their own research.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from COCOTOW Expedition stations in the intersection of the Siqueiros Transform Fault and the East Pacific Rise

A near-bottom geological and geophysical survey was conducted at the western intersection of the Siqueiros Transform Fault and the East Pacific Rise. Transform-fault shear appears to distort the east flank of the rise crest in an area north of the fracture zone. In ward-facing scarps trend 335° and do not parallel the regional axis of spreading. Small-scale scarps reveal a hummocky bathymetry. The center of spreading is not a central peak but rather a 20-40 m deep, 1 km wide valley superimposed upon an 8 km wide ridge-crest horst. Small-scale topography indicates widespread volcanic flows within the valley. Two 0.75 km wide blocks flank the central valley. Fault scarps are more dominant on the western flank. Their alignment shifts from directions intermediate to parallel to the regional axis of spreading (355°). A median ridge within the fracture zone has a fault-block topography similar to that of the East Pacific Rise to the north. Dominant eastward-facing scarps trending 335° are on the west flank. A central depression, 1 km wide and 30 m deep, separates the dominantly fault-block regime of the west from the smoother topography of the east flank. This ridge originated by uplift due to faulting as well as by volcanism. Detailed mapping was concentrated in a perched basin (Dante's Hole) at the intersection of the rise crest and the fracture zone. Structural features suggest that Dante's Hole is an area subject to extreme shear and tensional drag resulting from transition between non-rigid and rigid crustal behavior. Normal E-W crustal spreading is probably taking place well within the northern confines of the basin. Possible residual spreading of this isolated rise crest coupled with shear drag within the transform fault could explain the structural isolation of Dante's Hole from the remainder of the Siqueiros Transform Fault.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the Southern Borderland (SOB) Expedition stations

The cores and dredges described in this report were taken on the Southern Borderland (SOB) Expedition in February-March 1960 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from the R/V Spencer F. Baird. A total of 34 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Scripps for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from CLIMAX I Expedition stations

The cores described in this report were taken on the CLIMAX I Expedition in September 1968 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from the R/V Horizon. A total of 3 cores were recovered and are available at Scripps for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from PROA Expedition stations

The cores and dredges described in this report were taken on the PROA Expedition in April 1962 until August 1962 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography from the R/V Spencer F. Baird. A total of 180 cores and dredges were recovered and are available at Scripps for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the CLIMAX II (SCAN) Expedition stations aboard R/V Argo in the central North Pacific

A 0.25 m US Naval Electronics Lab box corer was used to take replicate samples from an oligotrophic bottom under the North Pacific Central Water Mass (approx. 28 degrees N, 155 degrees W). The bottom is a red clay with manganese nodules at a depth of 5500-5800 m. Macrofaunal density ranges from 84 to 160 individuals per m super(2) and is therefore much the same as in Northwest Atlantic Gyre waters. Of the macrofaunal taxa, polychaetes dominate (55 per cent), followed by tanaids (18 per cent), bivalves (7 per cent), and isopods (6 per cent). Meiofaunal taxa were only partially retained by the 297 micrometer screen used in washing. Even then, they are 1.5-3.9 times as abundant as the microfaunal taxa, with nematodes being numerically dominant by far. Foraminifera seem to comprise an important portion of the community, but could not be assessed accurately because of the inability to discriminate living and dead tests. Remains of what are probably xenophyophoridans are also very important, but offer the same problem. Faunal diversity is extremely high, with deposit feeders comprising the overwhelming majority. Most spp are rare, being encountered only once. The distributions of only 3 spp show any significant deviation from randomness. The polychaete fauna from box cores collected from 90 m to the north was not significantly different from that of the principal study locality. Concordance appeared at several taxonomic levels, from spp through microfaunal/ meiofaunal relationships. As a result, the variation in total animal abundance shows aggregation among cores. The authors discuss Sokolova's concept of a deep-sea oligotrophic zone dominated by suspension feeders, and reconcile it with our present findings. The high diversity of the fauna combined with the low food level contradict theories that relate diversity directly with productivity.