Genetic parameter estimates for growth traits at early stage of Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

Heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for juvenile growth traits of Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. The estimates were calculated from shell length and shell width measurements on progeny resulting from 12 half-sib families and 36 full-sib families obtained using artificial fertilization of mating three females to each male. The measurements were taken at 10, 20 and 30 d after fertilization. It was found that heritability estimates based on sire component ranged from 0.23 to 0.36 for shell length and 0.21 to 0.32 for shell width. Heritability estimates from dam component were larger than those from sire component at three ages, indicating presence of maternal effects, non-additive genetic effects and common environmental effects. Phenotypic correlations were significant at three ages (P < 0.05), with values of 0.92, 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. Genetic correlations from the paternal half-sib correlation analysis were highly positive at three ages, with values of 0.50, 0.78 and 0.81, respectively. The results suggest that selective breeding is an effective approach to improving growth traits of Pacific abalone stocks.

Possible suppression of exogenous beta-1,3-glucanase gene gluc78 on rice transformation and growth

Three genes encoding for fungal cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE), ech42, nag7O and gluc78 from the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride were transformed into rice mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens singly and in all possible combinations. A total of more than 1800 independently regenerated plantlets in seven different populations (for each of the three genes and each of the four gene combinations) were obtained. Our data indicated that gluc78 gene had negative effects on transformation frequency and plant growth. Some regenerated plants with gluc78 gene were stunted; spontaneously produced brown specks; could not tassel. The combination with either one of the two other genes (ech42, nag70) present in the same T-DNA region reduced the negative effect of gluc78 on plant growth. These results indicated that expression of several genes in one T-DNA region interfered with each other and expression of exogenous gene in recipient plant was a complex behavior. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.

Preliminary studies on the vitrification of red sea bream (Pagrus major) embryos

The objective was to identify an appropriate cryoprotectant and protocol for vitrification of red sea bream (Pagrus major) embryos. The toxicity of five single-agent cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol (PG), ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol (GLY), and methyl alcohol (MeOH), as well as nine cryoprotectant mixtures, were investigated by comparing post-thaw hatching rates. Two vitrifying protocols, a straw method and a solid surface vitrification method (copper floating over liquid nitrogen), were evaluated on the basis of post-thaw embryo morphology. Exposure to single-agent cryoprotectants (10% concentration for 15 min) was not toxic to embryos, whereas for higher concentrations (20 and 30%) and a longer duration of exposure (30 min), DMSO and PG were better tolerated than the other cryoprotectants. Among nine cryoprotectant mixtures, the combination of 20% DMSO + 10% PG + 10% MeOH had the lowest toxicity after exposure for 10 min or 15 min. High percentages of morphologically intact embryos, 50.6 +/- 16.7% (mean +/- S.D.) and 77.8 +/- 15.5%, were achieved by the straw vitrifying method (20.5% DMSO + 15.5% acetamide + 10% PG, thawing at 43 degrees C and washing in 0.5 M sucrose solution for 5 min) and by the solid surface vitrification method (40% GLY, thawing at 22 degrees C and washing in 0.5 M sucrose solution for 5 min). After thawing, morphological changes in the degenerated embryos included shrunken yolks and ruptured chorions. Furthermore, thawed embryos that were morphologically intact did not consistently survive incubation. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copper complexation by fulvic acid affects copper toxicity to the larvae of the polychaete Hydroides elegans

Copper toxicity is influenced by a variety of environmental factors including dissolved organic matter (DOM). We examined the complexation of copper by fulvic acid (FA), one of the major components of DOM, by measuring the decline in labile copper by anodic stripping voltammetrically (ASV). The data were described using a one-site ligand binding model, with a ligand concentration of 0.19 mu mol site mg(-1) C, and a logK' of 6.2. The model was used to predict labile copper concentration in a bioassay designed to quantify the extent to which Cu-FA complexation affected copper toxicity to the larvae of marine polychaete Hydroides elegans. The toxicity data, when expressed as labile copper concentration causing abnormal development, were independent of FA concentration and could be modeled as a logistic function, with a 48-h EC50 of 58.9 mu g 1(-1). However, when the data were expressed as a function of total copper concentration, the toxicity was dependent on FA concentration, with a 48-h EC50 ranging from 55.6 mu g 1(-1) in the no-FA control to 137.4 mu g 1(-1) in the 20 mg 1(-1) FA treatment. Thus, FA was protective against copper toxicity to the larvae, and such an effect was caused by the reduction in labile copper due to Cu-FA complexation. Our results demonstrate the potential of ASV as a useful tool for predicting metal toxicity to the larvae in coastal environment where DOM plays an important role in complexing metal ions. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Corrosion resistance of steel with hot-dipped galvanized zinc and zinc alloy coatings in seawater

Hot-dipped galvanized zinc and zinc alloy coatings were used as the hot-dipped low alloy zinc coatings (aluminum content less than protective metallic coatings for steel structures in seawater in Chi- or equal to 10 wt%) is equal to or even lower than that of the pure na. Corrosion of the two coatings immersed in sea water in Qingdao zinc sheet, while the performance of the hot-dipped high alloy zinc and Xiamen for 6 years were introduced and analyzed, which pro-coatings is higher than that of the pure zinc sheet. The hot-dipped vides a basis for further development and applications of these coat- high alloy zinc coatings can be further developed for optimal tings in China. Tests proved that the anti-corrosion performance of formance in the future.

灌溉对高寒草原植被群落的影响试验

[目的]研究水分灌溉对退化高寒草原恢复重建中的作用和影响。[方法]2007年在玛多县鄂陵湖边的高寒草原进行灌溉与非灌溉试验,并进行植物种类及生物量的调查。[结果]灌溉后高寒草原植物种类组成增加,物种丰富度高于非灌溉区;植物地上、地下生物量均比非灌溉区明显提高,灌溉区平均地上和地下生物量分别为83.5和2 112.2 g/m~2,比非灌溉区地上和地下生物量增加13.4和594.7g/m~2。[结论]灌溉有利于植物生长和群落的重建。

青海东部4种作物群落蒸散规律研究

采用改进的离体连续快速称重法对7~9月燕麦(Avena Sativa)、豌豆(Pisum Sativum)、无芒雀麦(Bromus Innermis)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago Sativa)枝和叶片的蒸腾速率、蒸腾量及土面蒸发量进行了测定。结果表明,豌豆的枝蒸腾速率和叶片蒸腾速率均最高,其次为紫花苜蓿和燕麦,无芒雀麦最低。在7~9月中,8月4种作物整株和叶片的平均日蒸腾量均最高,9月次之,7月最低。4种作物群落土面蒸发量的日变化无明显规律性。

青藏高原高寒草甸植物群落物种组成和生物量沿环境梯度的变化

生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系及其机制是生态学领域的重大科学问题．人们越来越关注环境因子对多样性-生产力关系的影响．植物群落组成、物种丰富度、物种特征、生物量的分布结构和植物枯枝落叶对高寒草甸物种多样性和生产力有着重要的影响．因此，我们利用2001～2004年中国科学院海北生态系统定位站高寒草甸群落的实测资料，研究了不同环境梯度（土壤含水量和营养）下，植物群落生物量，物种丰富度及组成的变化．结果表明，植物群落物种组成的不同反应在生物量的分布上，以藏嵩草为优势种的藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落总生物量（地上、地下）最高（13196．96±719．69g／m~2），次之是以杂类草和莎草科为主的小嵩草草甸（2869．58±147．52g／m~2），以禾本科和杂类草为主的矮嵩草草甸最低（2153．08±141．95g／m~2）．藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中，草本植物枯枝落叶显著高于小嵩草、矮嵩草草甸，土壤含水量对草本植物枯枝落叶有较大的影响．不同类型草甸群落中，地上生物量与土壤有机质、全氮和群落盖度之间均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）；藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中，总生物量与物种丰富度呈负相关（rs=-0．907，P〈0．05）、地下生物量与土壤含水量呈正相关（rs=-0．900，P〈0．05）；而在小嵩草和矮嵩草草甸中它们之间均没有达到显著水平，说明不同类型高寒草甸群落生产力除受物种多样性、功能群内物种密度和均匀度的影响，同时也受物种本身特征和外部环境资源的影响．不同类型草甸群落生物量的分布与土壤含水量和土壤养分的变化相一致．

环青海湖地区草地近地层气象要素变化特征

利用青海湖北岸海北牧业气象试验站2006年5月-12月观测的天然草地近地面层气象要素梯度资料,分析了该地区近地层温度、湿度和风速的日变化规律及其廓线特征.结果表明:青海湖北岸草地近地层0.3-10.0 m高度范围内温度、相对湿度和风速都呈现出明显的以24 h为周期的日变化规律;各层温度最高和最低时的位相随高度增加而滞后,相对湿度和风速最大与最小时的位相随高度增加而提前;14 时温度随高度的增加而降低,20时的温度随高度增加先增后降,温度廓线在4.0m高度存在一拐点,随后逐渐进入逆温状态,至8时逆温程度达到最大;不论白天还是夜间,相对湿度随高度的增加而减小;风速随高度的增加而增大.

放牧率对高寒混播草地主要植物种群生态位的影响

对垂穗披碱草／星星草混播草地不同放牧率下22种植物种群优势度和生态位分化规律的研究结果表明：不同放牧率下混播草地的建群种相同，而次优势种和伴生种发生了明显变化；不同放牧率下混播草地的建群种垂穗披碱草因其高度和发达的根系成为竞争的优胜者，抑制了星星草的生长，因而其生态位宽度最大，为0．956，星星草次之，为0．821；不同放牧率下混播草地的建群种垂穗披碱草、星星草和侵入种早熟禾与其他植物种之间（除了落草、紫羊茅和乳白香青）及彼此之间的生态位重叠均较大，而同属的鹅绒萎陵菜、多裂萎陵菜和雪白萎陵菜之间以及生活型相近的小嵩草、矮嵩草和青海苔草之间的生态位重叠也较大。这说明具有相同形态特征或生活型的物种之间生态位重叠较大，且生态位宽度较大的物种与其他种群间也有较大的生态位重叠，但分布于放牧演替系列两个极端的种群间生态位重叠较小。

藏药五脉绿绒蒿的化学成分研究

从传统藏药五脉绿绒蒿(Meconopsis quintuplinervia Regel.)全草乙醇提取物中分离得到 6个化合物,利用波谱方法鉴定为 8,9-dihydroxy-1,5,6,10b-tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-3-one(1)、甲氧基淡黄巴豆亭碱(o-methylflavi nantine,2)、黑水罂粟碱(murine,3)、tricin(4)、木犀草素(luteolin,5)以及β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,6).其中化合物1,4为首次从该植物中分得.

我国优质野生植物微孔草资源的研究与开发利用进展

微孔草是青藏高原及其邻近高海拔地区特有的野生珍贵优质油料植物资源,是获取纯天然多功能油脂成分--γ-亚麻酸(GLA)的一条新途径.微孔草油具有很高的药用、保健和营养价值,其茎叶和块根等副产品具有食用和饲用等多种用途.目前,已成为开发利用研究的重点.为此,在多年考察和试验研究的基础上,综述近年来对微孔草开发利用价值、生物学特性和资源分布等方面的研究,为开发利用微孔草资源,推动西部经济发展提供理论依据和应用技术.

青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳通量特征及其控制因子

青藏高原特殊的气候变化特征,在区域生态系统碳动态平衡起着重要作用。本文就青藏高原不同生态系统CO_2通量的时空变化及其影响因子和控制途径进行综述,以明确青藏高原植草地生态系统的碳源汇状况及时空变化特征,为全球变化的研究提供依据。

温度对青藏高原高寒灌丛CO_2通量日变化的影响

应用涡度相关技术连续监测的CO2通量及温度数据(2003年1月1日至2004年12月31日),分析了青藏高原高寒灌丛净生态系统CO_2交换(NEE)日变化与温度之间的关系.结果表明:1)在暖季夜间(21:00至次日06:00时)温度与NEE变化呈显著正相关关联,而白昼(07:00～20:00时)NEE变化与温度无显著关联;2)在冷季不论夜间还是白昼,NEE变化均与温度密切相关,温度是决定冷季高寒灌丛生态系统CO_2交换的主要因素.在全球气候变暖背景下,青藏高原气候变化呈现出冬季增温率明显高于春、夏季特征,未来气候变暖导致的增温效应可能会加速青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统CO_2排放,使其作为碳汇的能力而减弱.

青海果洛黄河源区高寒草甸CO_2释放速率研究

以青海果洛黄河源区高寒退化草甸生态系统为对象,应用静态密闭箱-气相色谱法对高寒退化草甸生态系统CO_2释放进行了初步研究.结果表明:所选4种不同退化程度高寒草甸,即未退化草甸(A)、轻度退化草甸(B)、中度退化草甸(C)和重度退化草甸(D),其CO_2释放速率有明显的日变化特征,日最大排放速率在15:00-17:00左右出现,最低值出现于清晨7:00-9:00左右,释放白天大于夜晚;(2)CO_2释放速率具有明显的季节性变化特征,生长期CO_2释放速率明显高于枯黄期,8月为CO_2释放高峰期,1月或2月为CO_2释放低谷期;(3)CO_2释放速率的日变化主要受地表温度和5cm地温制约,季节动态与5cm地温呈显著正相关关系(P＜0.01),本研究为进一步进行高寒退化草甸生态系统源江效应的准确估测提供科学依据.