Vector-Based Integration of Local and Long-Range Information in Visual Cortex

Integration of inputs by cortical neurons provides the basis for the complex information processing performed in the cerebral cortex. Here, we propose a new analytic framework for understanding integration within cortical neuronal receptive fields. Based on the synaptic organization of cortex, we argue that neuronal integration is a systems--level process better studied in terms of local cortical circuitry than at the level of single neurons, and we present a method for constructing self-contained modules which capture (nonlinear) local circuit interactions. In this framework, receptive field elements naturally have dual (rather than the traditional unitary influence since they drive both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons. This vector-based analysis, in contrast to scalarsapproaches, greatly simplifies integration by permitting linear summation of inputs from both "classical" and "extraclassical" receptive field regions. We illustrate this by explaining two complex visual cortical phenomena, which are incompatible with scalar notions of neuronal integration.

Computational Models of Object Recognition in Cortex: A Review

Understanding how biological visual systems perform object recognition is one of the ultimate goals in computational neuroscience. Among the biological models of recognition the main distinctions are between feedforward and feedback and between object-centered and view-centered. From a computational viewpoint the different recognition tasks - for instance categorization and identification - are very similar, representing different trade-offs between specificity and invariance. Thus the different tasks do not strictly require different classes of models. The focus of the review is on feedforward, view-based models that are supported by psychophysical and physiological data.

Visual Segmentation without Classification in a Model of the Primary Visual Cortex

Stimuli outside classical receptive fields significantly influence the neurons' activities in primary visual cortex. We propose that such contextual influences are used to segment regions by detecting the breakdown of homogeneity or translation invariance in the input, thus computing global region boundaries using local interactions. This is implemented in a biologically based model of V1, and demonstrated in examples of texture segmentation and figure-ground segregation. By contrast with traditional approaches, segmentation occurs without classification or comparison of features within or between regions and is performed by exactly the same neural circuit responsible for the dual problem of the grouping and enhancement of contours.

Factores relacionados con el manejo quirúrgico de estrechez de la unión pieloureteral en niños

Objetivo: Describir los factores relacionados con la toma de decisión de manejo quirúrgico en pacientes con hidronefrosis secundaria a estrechez de la unión pieloureteral en el servicio de Urología Pediátrica de una institución de IV nivel. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se seleccionaron por conveniencia a 100 pacientes con diagnóstico antenatal de hidronefrosis, 37 fueron llevados a manejo quirúrgico por estrechez de la unión pieloureteral (EUPU) entre los años 2009 y 2012. Se evaluaron los factores que llevaron a la toma| de esta decisión. Resultados: Los pacientes con diagnóstico postnatal de EUPU representaron el 37% de la población, la indicación de manejo quirúrgico en 13 pacientes (35,1%) fue dilatación caliceal (SFU 3), en 21 pacientes (56,8%) de deterioro de la función renal y en los restantes (8,1%) infección urinaria recurrente. Se encontró una progresión de 30% en la severidad de la dilatación en el periodo postnatal, habían 9 pacientes (24% de la muestra) SFU de 3 y 4 en el periodo prenatal y 20 (54%) en el periodo postnatal que fueron llevados a manejo quirúrgico. De los pacientes que disponíamos de datos precisos de valores de variación porcentual de gammagrafía 16% de la muestra, se encontró que había una variación del 50% en deterioro de la función renal. Conclusión: En el grupo de pacientes colombianos de la consulta externa del servicio de urología pediátrica estudiado se encontró que la decisión de manejo quirúrgico en pacientes con EUPU, está en concordancia con lo encontrado en la literatura mundial, siendo estos la presencia de dilatación caliceal deterioro de la función renal en gammagrafía DMSA.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to Dieulafoy vascular lesion

One patient with massive upper GI bleeding due to Dieulafoy vascular lesion treated at our institution is reported. In this case, adequate control of bleeding could not be achieved by endoscopicmethods, and selective arteriography and embolization was required. A review of this uncommon cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and its management is presented.

Multiple intelligences : upper primary : a thematic approach.

La diversificación del desarrollo cognitivo que preconiza la teoría de las inteligencias múltiples de Howard Gardner ha venido a indicar líneas de acción pedagógica adaptadas a las características del individuo. Este recurso ofrece enseñanza y oportunidades de aprendizaje utilizando las ocho inteligencias múltiples: lingüística, lógica-matemática, corporal y kinésica, visual y espacial, musical y ritmica, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalista. Contiene seis unidades de trabajo: las especies en peligro de extinción, los desastres, las civilizaciones antiguas, las cuestiones medioambientales, el deporte, el desarrollo personal. Hay un texto informativo para los alumnos, sobre cada tema, y notas para el profesor que acompañan a cada actividad, incluyendo el objetivo, enlaces al plan de estudios, preparación, respuestas y sugerencias de actividades adicionales. Al final de cada unidad de trabajo hay una hoja para que el alumno autoevalúe sus ocho inteligencias.

Listening activities : photocopiable resource book. 2 : Intermediate upper-intermediate.

Recurso complementario para los jóvenes que aprenden el idioma inglés en el nivel intermedio. Contiene hojas de ejercicios para fotocopiar que son independientes y que pueden utilizarse en el orden deseado y aunque no tienen una progresión sistemática en el nivel del lenguaje, las primeras hojas son las más fáciles. El índice de contenidos da una visión general rápida de las funciones, temas y área del vocabulario, gramática y actividad que se practica.

English result : upper-intermediate photocopiable resource book.

Libro y DVD con material de apoyo para el profesor en la enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera en el nivel intermedio-alto (B2 del marco común europeo de referencia para las lenguas). Contiene cuarenta actividades para practicar gramática y vocabulario, dando la oportunidad a los alumnos de describir, explicar, especular, debatir y preguntar en inglés. Y quince hojas de trabajo para usar con los clips documentales y entrevistas reales del DVD. Incluye instrucciones completas para el profesor de cada actividad y las soluciones a los ejercicios.

Dynamics and mixing in the Upper Ocean Layer

S'estudia la resposta de la capa de barreja oceànica al forçament atmosfèric considerant dades obtingudes durant 12 dies d'abril del 2001 a 42 estacions a través de l'Atlàntic nord seguint aproximadament la latitud de 53ºN. Aquestes dades inclouen, a més de variables atmosfèriques, mesures de CTD, velocitats amb ADCP i dades de microestructura obtingudes amb un perfilador de caiguda lliure. En aquest últim cas, s'han desenvolupat tècniques de processament de les dades que també es presenten aquí. El transsecte estudiat segueix la posició climatològica del rotacional mitjà anual del vent igual a zero i travessa el corrent del Labrador i algunes branques i meandres del Corrent Atlàntic Nord. El forçament atmosfèric es va caracteritzar per vents intensos i fluxos superficials de calor negatius, tot i que, tal com es dedueix de la comparació del gruix de la capa de barreja amb la longitud de Monin-Obukov, la barreja induïda pel vent va dominar sobre la convectiva durant tot el transsecte.

Basic world geography for upper school students

This paper contains curriculum for teaching of world geography.

Site Safety and Food Affect Movements of Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) Migrating Through the Upper Bay of Fundy

The upper Bay of Fundy is a critical stopover site for Semipalmated Sandpipers (Calidris pusilla) during their fall migration. However, little is known about factors that influence selection of feeding and roosting sites by these birds, or the extent to which birds move between different sites during their time in the region. Using radio-telemetry, we studied movement patterns, examined habitat use, and tested hypotheses associated with factors influencing foraging and roost-site selection. Movements of radio-tagged sandpipers were tracked in the upper Bay of Fundy in August 2004 and 2005. In 2004, sandpipers from the Minas Basin, Nova Scotia and Chignecto Bay, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, were tracked, and in 2005, sandpipers were tracked only in Chignecto Bay. Sandpipers were highly mobile in both the Minas Basin 2004 and Chignecto Bay 2005, making daily movements of up to 20 km between foraging and roosting sites, although very little movement was detected in Chignecto Bay in 2004. Migrating sandpipers appeared to select foraging sites based on relative safety, as measured by distance to cover, provided that these sites offered an adequate food supply. Similarly, roosting sandpipers preferred sites that were far from nearby trees that might offer cover to predators. This preference for safe sites became more apparent later in their stay in the Bay of Fundy, when birds were heavier and, therefore, possibly more vulnerable to predation. Semipalmated Sandpipers appear to be flexible during their time in the upper Bay of Fundy, displaying year-to-year and site-to-site variability in movement and mudflat usage. Therefore, multiple, synchronized population counts should be conducted at known roost sites in order to more accurately estimate Semipalmated Sandpiper abundance in this region. Furthermore, in a highly dynamic system where food can be variable, landscape features such as distance to cover may be important factors to consider when selecting candidate sites for shorebird conservation measures.

Effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin on [35S]GTPgammaS binding in mouse brain cerebellum and piriform cortex membranes

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We have recently shown that the phytocannabinoid Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Delta9-THCV) and the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 increase inhibitory neurotransmission in mouse cerebellum and also exhibit anticonvulsant activity in a rat piriform cortical (PC) model of epilepsy. Possible mechanisms underlying cannabinoid actions in the CNS include CB1 receptor antagonism (by displacing endocannabinergic tone) or inverse agonism at constitutively active CB1 receptors. Here, we investigate the mode of cannabinoid action in [35S]GTPgammaS binding assays. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Effects of Delta9-THCV and AM251 were tested either alone or against WIN55,212-2-induced increases in [35S]GTPgammaS binding in mouse cerebellar and PC membranes. Effects on non-CB receptor expressing CHO-D2 cell membranes were also investigated. KEY RESULTS :Delta9-THCV and AM251 both acted as potent antagonists of WIN55,212-2-induced increases in [35S]GTPgammaS binding in cerebellar and PC membranes (Delta9-THCV: pA2=7.62 and 7.44 respectively; AM251: pA2=9.93 and 9.88 respectively). At micromolar concentrations, Delta9-THCV or AM251 alone caused significant decreases in [35S]GTPgammaS binding; Delta9-THCV caused larger decreases than AM251. When applied alone in CHO-D2 membranes, Delta9-THCV and AM251 also caused concentration-related decreases in G protein activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Delta9-THCV and AM251 act as CB1 receptors antagonists in the cerebellum and PC, with AM251 being more potent than Delta9-THCV in both brain regions. Individually, Delta9-THCV or AM251 exhibited similar potency at CB1 receptors in the cerebellum and the PC. At micromolar concentrations, Delta9-THCV and AM251 caused a non-CB receptor-mediated depression of basal [35S]GTPgammaS binding.