Tradurre il genere documentario : Due proposte di sottotitolaggio del documentario Little Land a confronto

The aim of this thesis is to discuss the main translation issues encountered while performing a double version of the subtitles of the documentary “Little Land” from English into Italian. The main motivation behind my choice is a personal interest in the subtitling field applied to the documentary filmic genre. This project is divided into two parts. The first part constitutes the theoretical basis of the thesis and is divided in three chapters. The first chapter introduces the documentary “Little Land” and analyses its main features and characteristics. The second chapter is devoted to documentary studies and theory of documentary, including the historical overview of the changes of this filmic genre and an overview of its market potential in order to meet both the audience and the director’s requirements. The third chapter deals with audiovisual translation as a discipline, and analyses the main translation techniques adopted for the documentary genre: dubbing, voice-over and subtitling. The subtitling section is particularly rich, and a discussion of the use of double and pivot subtitles and the possibilities of subtitling for accessibility issues is included. The second part constitutes the practical development of the theories introduced and dealt with in the first part. Chapter four provides an overview of the history of the Cineteca di Bologna, for whom I worked as a subtitler, and explains the guide lines and equipment required in order to perform the manual launch of the subtitles during their festival Human Rights Nights. The fifth and final chapter provides an analysis of the second version of the subtitles, meant for TV broadcasting, and highlights the main issues encountered during the translation process, both from a structural and a lexical point of view. A discussion of the different translation strategies adopted is provided, in a constant comparison with the first version of the subtitles. The function of self-reflection and self-observation in translation is also examined. Appendix A and B contain the interviews with “Little Land”’s director and protagonist respectively, Appendix C contains the subtitles table.

[CONSORT 2010 Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials (Chinese version)]

Overwhelming evidence shows the quality of reporting of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is not optimal. Without transparent reporting, readers cannot judge the reliability and validity of trial findings nor extract information for systematic reviews. Recent methodological analyses indicate that inadequate reporting and design are associated with biased estimates of treatment effects. Such systematic error is seriously damaging to RCTs, which are considered the gold standard for evaluating interventions because of their ability to minimise or avoid bias. A group of scientists and editors developed the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement to improve the quality of reporting of RCTs. It was first published in 1996 and updated in 2001. The statement consists of a checklist and flow diagram that authors can use for reporting an RCT. Many leading medical journals and major international editorial groups have endorsed the CONSORT statement. The statement facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of RCTs. During the 2001 CONSORT revision, it became clear that explanation and elaboration of the principles underlying the CONSORT statement would help investigators and others to write or appraise trial reports. A CONSORT explanation and elaboration article was published in 2001 alongside the 2001 version of the CONSORT statement. After an expert meeting in January 2007, the CONSORT statement has been further revised and is published as the CONSORT 2010 Statement. This update improves the wording and clarity of the previous checklist and incorporates recommendations related to topics that have only recently received recognition, such as selective outcome reporting bias. This explanatory and elaboration document-intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the CONSORT statement-has also been extensively revised. It presents the meaning and rationale for each new and updated checklist item providing examples of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies. Several examples of flow diagrams are included. The CONSORT 2010 Statement, this revised explanatory and elaboration document, and the associated website (www.consort-statement.org) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of randomised trials.

[Multiple tooth resorption in an Italian greyhound]

An Italian greyhound was presented three times during a two-year period for dental prophylaxis due to periodontal disease. Clinical examination revealed lesions on several teeth. Radiographs revealed extensive resorptive root lesions. On histological examination, the presence of odontoclasts and signs of boney remodeling of the roots confirmed the resorptive nature of the lesions. Given the extent of the lesions, and poor prognosis with conservative treatment alone, teeth affected by the most severe resorption were extracted at each visit using a flap technique combined with alveolar vestibular osteotomy. Dental resorptive lesions are rarely detected in the dog but may be more frequent than previously thought. The routine use of dental radiographs can be used to reveal these lesions in the dog.