Immunohistochemical evidence of synaptic retraction, cytoarchitectural remodeling, and cell death in the inner retina of the rat model of Oygen-Induced Retinopathy (OIR)

Purpose. Postnatal exposure to hyperoxia destroys the plexiform layers of the neonatal rat retina, resulting in significant electroretinographic anomalies. The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanisms at the origin of this loss. Methods. Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Long Evans (LE) rats were exposed to hyperoxia from birth to postnatal day (P) 6 or P14 and from P6 to P14, after which rats were euthanatized at P6, P14, or P60. Results. At P60, synaptophysin staining confirmed the lack of functional synaptic terminals in SD (outer plexiform layer [OPL]) and LE (OPL and inner plexiform layer [IPL]) rats. Uneven staining of ON-bipolar cell terminals with mGluR6 suggests that their loss could play a role in OPL thinning. Protein kinase C(PKC)-α and recoverin (rod and cone ON-bipolar cells, respectively) showed a lack of dendritic terminals in the OPL with disorganized axonal projections in the IPL. Although photoreceptor nuclei appeared intact, a decrease in bassoon staining (synaptic ribbon terminals) suggests limited communication to the inner retina. Findings were significantly more pronounced in LE rats. An increase in TUNEL-positive cells was observed in LE (inner nuclear layer [INL] and outer nuclear layer [ONL]) and SD (INL) rats after P0 to P14 exposure (425.3%, 102.2%, and 146.3% greater than control, respectively [P < 0.05]). Conclusions. Results suggest that cell death and synaptic retraction are at the root of OPL thinning. Increased TUNEL-positive cells in the INL confirm that cells die, at least in part, because of apoptosis. These findings propose a previously undescribed mechanism of cell death and synaptic retraction that are likely at the origin of the functional consequences of hyperoxia.

Loss of Outer Retinal Neurons and Circuitry Alterations in the DBA/2J Mouse

Purpose. The DBA/2J mouse line develops essential iris atrophy, pigment dispersion, and glaucomatous age-related changes, including an increase of IOP, optic nerve atrophy, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible morphological changes in the outer retina of the DBA/2J mouse concomitant with disease progression and aging, based on the reduction of both the a- and b-waves and photopic flicker ERGs in this mouse line. Methods. Vertically sectioned DBA/2J mice retinas were evaluated at 3, 8, and 16 months of age using photoreceptor, horizontal, and bipolar cell markers. Sixteen-month-old C57BL/6 mice retinas were used as controls. Results. The DBA/2J mice had outer retinal degeneration at all ages, with the most severe degeneration in the oldest retinas. At 3 months of age, the number of photoreceptor cells and the thickness of the OPL were reduced. In addition, there was a loss of horizontal and ON-bipolar cell processes. At 8 months of age, RGC degeneration occurred in patches, and in the outer retina overlying these patches, cone morphology was impaired with a reduction in size as well as loss of outer segments and growth of horizontal and bipolar cell processes into the outer nuclear layer. At 16 months of age, connectivity between photoreceptors and horizontal and bipolar cell processes overlying these patches was lost. Conclusions. Retinal degeneration in DBA/2J mice includes photoreceptor death, loss of bipolar and horizontal cell processes, and loss of synaptic contacts in an aging-dependent manner.

Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.

Mode of access: Internet.

Civil procedure reports : containing cases under the Code of civil procedure and the general civil practice of the State of New York.

Reports cover 1881-1907.

Cases argued and adjudged in the Court of Appeals of the State of Texas.

Imprint varies.

Irish chancery reports : being a series of reports of cases argued and determined in the High Court of Chancery and the Rolls Court in Ireland.

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Democratic governance and the rule of law : lessons from Colombia /

"Colombia has experienced conflict for decades. In the 1990s it was a paradigm of the failing state, beset with all manner of troubles: terrorism, kidnapping, murder, drug trafficking, corruption, an economic downturn of major scope, general lawlessness, and brain drain. Today the country is much safer, and the agents of violence are clearly on the defensive. Nonetheless, much work lies ahead to secure the democratic system. Security and the rule of law are fundamental to the task. As the monopoly over the legitimate use of force is established, democratic governance also needs the architecture of law: ministry of justice, courts, legislative scrutiny, law enforcement agencies, regulatory bodies, public defenders, police, correctional system, legal statutes, contracts, university level academic education to train lawyers, judges, and investigators, along with engagement with civil society to promote a culture of lawfulness. Security without the rule of law puts a society at risk of falling into a Hobbesian hell."--P. v.

Defense Investigative Service : DIS.

Title from cover.

Reports of cases argued and determined in the Court of Common Pleas, and other courts, from Easter term, 36 Geo. III. 1796, to [Hilary term 44 Geo. III. 1804] ... both inclusive: with tables of the cases and principal matters.

Includes cases in the Court of Exchequer Chamber and in the House of Lords.

Reports of cases argued and determined in the courts of Common pleas, and Exchequer chamber, and in the House of lords: from Easter term 36 Geo. III. 1796, to [Hilary term 44 Geo. III. 1804] ... both inclusive. With tables of the cases and principal matters.

J.B. Bosanquet and C. Riller, reporters.

Reports of cases determined in the Appeal and Chancery divisions and selected cases in the King's Bench and at Chambers of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick,

Vol. 1, p. 1-158, was first published from Chipman's manuscript by John C. Allen in 1849. Vol. 2 issued originally in parts.

Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court and, at law, in the Court of Errors and Appeals of the State of New Jersey.

Title varies slightly.

Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Errors of the State of Connecticut.

Reporters: v. 69-100, James P. Andrews; v. 101-108, John M. Comley; v. 109-139, Richard H. Phillips; v. 140-151, William S. Locke; V. 152, Richard H. Phillips, WIlliam P. Aspell.

Delaware reports. v. [1]- ... Containing cases decided in the Supreme court (except appeals from the chancellor), court in banc, Superior court, Court of oyer and terminer, and the Court of general sessions of the state of Delaware.

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Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of the territory of Arizona.

Known as: Arizona reports.