Hurt feelings in couple relationships: Towards integrative models of the negative effects of hurtful events

Previous research suggests that hurt feelings can have powerful effects on individual and relational outcomes. This study examined a typology of hurtful events in couple relationships, together with integrative models predicting ongoing effects on victims and relationships. Participants were 224 students from introductory and third-year psychology classes, who completed open-ended and structured measures concerning an event in which a partner had hurt their feelings. By tailoring Leary et al.'s (1998) typology to the context of romantic relationships, five categories of hurtful events were proposed: active disassociation, passive disassociation, criticism, infidelity, and deception. Analyses assessing similarities and differences among the categories confirmed the utility of the typology. Structural equation modeling showed that longer-term effects on the victim were predicted by relationship anxiety and by the victim's immediate reactions to the event (negative emotions and self-perceptions; feelings of rejection and powerlessness). In contrast, ongoing effects on the relationship were predicted by avoidance, the victim's attributions and perceptions of offender remorse, and the victim's own behavior. The results highlight the utility of an integrated approach to hurt, incorporating emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses, and dimensions of attachment security.

Are interactions in Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory proximal or distal in the prediction of religiosity: a test of the joint subsystems hypothesis

Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) consists of the Behavioural Activation System (BAS) which is the basis of Impulsivity, and Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) which is the basis of Anxiety. In this study, Impulsivity and Anxiety were used as distal predictors of attitudes to religion in the prediction of three religious dependent variables (Church attendance, Amount of prayer, and Importance of church). We hypothesised that Impulsivity would independently predict a Rewarding attitude to the Church and that Anxiety would independently predict an Anxious attitude to the church, and that these attitudes would be proximal predictors of our dependent variables. Moreover, we predicted that interactions between predictors would be proximal. Using structural equation modelling, data from 400 participants supported the hypotheses. We also tested Eysenck's personality scales of Extraversion and Neuroticism and found a key path of the structural equation model to be non-significant. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Leadership, self, and identity: A review and research agenda

This article reviews empirical research on the role of follower self-conception in leader-ship effectiveness. and specifies an agenda for future research in this area. The review shows that several aspects of follower self-conception (i.e., self-construal, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and self-consistency) may be affected by leadership. and may mediate the effects of leadership on follower behavior. There also is consistent evidence that follower self-construal moderates the impact of leadership on follower attitudes and behavior. Two key themes for future research are defined. First, future research should focus on the development of theory about the role of relational self-construal in the leadership process. Second, it seems particularly valuable to develop theory about the interplay of different aspects of follower self-conception in leadership effectiveness. including the interactive effects of these aspects of self Working backwards from these theoretical models of follower self-conception, specific leader behavior relevant to these aspects of self should then be identified. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Familial influence on offspring gambling: a cognitive mechanism for transmission of gambling behavior in families

Background. The problem-gambling literature has identified a range of individual, cognitive, behavioral and emotional factors as playing important roles in the development, maintenance and treatment of problem gambling. However, familial factors have often been neglected. The current study aims to investigate the possible influence of parental factors on offspring gambling behavior. Method. A total of 189 families (546 individuals) completed several questionnaires including the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the Gambling Related Cognition Scale (GRCS). The relationships were examined using Pearson product-moment correlations and structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses. Results. Results showed that generally parents' (especially fathers') gambling cognitions and gambling behaviors positively correlated with offspring gambling behaviors and cognitions. However, SEM analyses showed that although parental gambling behavior was directly related to offspring gambling behavior, parental cognitions were not related to offspring gambling behavior directly but indirectly via offspring cognitions. Conclusion. The findings show that the influence of parental gambling cognition on offspring gambling behavior is indirect and via offspring cognitions. The results suggest a possible cognitive mechanism of transmission of gambling behavior in the family from one generation to the next.

Factors affecting student attitudes toward flexible online learning in management education

In response to recent technological advances and the trend toward flexible learning in education, the authors examined the factors affecting student satisfaction with flexible online learning. The authors identified 2 key student attributes of student satisfaction: (a) positive perceptions of technology in terms of ease of access and use of online flexible learning material and (b) autonomous and innovative learning styles. The authors derived measures of perceptions of technology from research on the Technology Acceptance Model and used locus of control and innovative attitude as indicators of an autonomous and innovative learning mode. First-year students undertaking an introductory management course completed surveys at the beginning (n = 248) and at the end (n = 256) of course work. The authors analyzed the data by using structural equation modeling. Results suggest that student satisfaction is influenced by positive perceptions toward technology and an autonomous learning mode.

Modeling the relationships between adult attachment patterns and borderline personality disorder: The role of impulsivity and aggressiveness

To obtain a better understanding of the associations among Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), adult attachment patterns, impulsivity, and aggressiveness, we tested four competing models of these relationships: a) BPD is associated with the personality traits of impulsivity and aggressiveness, but adult attachment patterns predict neither BPD nor impulsive/aggressive features; b) adult attachment patterns are significant predictors of BPD but not of impulsive/aggressive traits, although these traits correlate with BPD; c) adult attachment patterns are significant predictors of impulsive and aggressive traits, which in turn predict BPD; and d) adult attachment patterns significantly predict both BPD and impulsive/aggressive traits. We assessed 466 consecutively admitted outpatients using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (V. 2.0), the Attachment Style Questionnaire, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11, and the Aggression Questionnaire. Maximum likelihood structural equation modeling of the covariance matrix showed that model (c) was the best fitting model (chi(2) (21) = 31.67, p >.05, RMSEA = .023, test of close fit p >.85). This result indicates that adult attachment patterns act indirectly as risk factors for BPD because of their relationships with aggressive/impulsive personality traits.

The effect of service evaluations on behavioral intentions and quality of life

Understanding the contribution of marketing to economic and social outcomes is fundamental to broadening the focus of marketing. The authors develop a comprehensive model that integrates the impact of service quality and service satisfaction on both economic and societal outcomes. The model is validated using two random samples involving intensive health services. The results indicate that service quality and service satisfaction significantly enhance quality of life and behavioral intentions, highlighting that customer service has social as well as economic outcomes. This is an important finding given the movement toward recognizing social and environmental outcomes, such as emphasized through triple bottom-line reporting. The findings have important implications for managing service processes, for improving the quality of life of customers, and for enhancing customers' behavioral intentions toward the organization.

Global processing speed as a mediator of developmental changes in children's auditory memory span

This study examined the role of global processing speed in mediating age increases in auditory memory span in 5- to 13-year-olds. Children were tested on measures of memory span, processing speed, single-word speech rate, phonological sensitivity, and vocabulary. Structural equation modeling supported a model in which age-associated increases in processing speed predicted the availability of long-term memory phonological representations for redintegration processes. The availability of long-term phonological representations, in turn, explained variance in memory span. Maximum speech rate did not predict independent variance in memory span. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Study of the integrated cognitive model of depression among Latin-Americans

Objective: The objective of the present study is to test the validity of the integrated cognitive model (ICM) of depression proposed by Kwon and Oei with a Latin-American sample. The ICM of depression postulates that the interaction between negative life events with dysfunctional attitudes increases the frequency of negative automatic thoughts, which in turns affects the depressive symptomatology of a person. This model was developed for Western Europeans such as Americans and Australians and the validity of this model has not been tested on Latin-Americans. Method: Participants were 101 Latin-American migrants living permanently in Brisbane, including people from Chile, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Argentina and Guatemala. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale, the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire and the Life Events Inventory. Alternative or competing models of depression were examined, including the alternative aetiologies model, the linear mediational model and the symptom model. Results: Six models were tested and the results of the structural equation modelling analysis indicated that the symptom model only fits the Latin-American data. Conclusions: Results show that in the Latin-American sample depression symptoms can have an impact on negative cognitions. This finding adds to growing evidence in the literature that the relationship between cognitions and depression is bidirectional, rather than unidirectional from cognitions to symptoms.

A consumer-based method for retailer equity measurement: Results of an empirical study

This research extends the consumer-based brand equity measurement approach to the measurement of the equity associated with retailers. This paper also addresses some of the limitations associated with current retailer equity measurement such as a lack of clarity regarding its nature and dimensionality. We conceptualise retailer equity as a four-dimensional construct comprising retailer awareness, retailer associations, perceived retailer quality, and retailer loyalty. The paper reports the result of an empirical study of a convenience sample of 601 shopping mall consumers at an Australian state capital city. Following a confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modelling to examine the dimensionality of the retailer equity construct, the proposed model is tested for two retailer categories: department stores and speciality stores. Results confirm the hypothesised four-dimensional structure.

Cognitive change process during group cognitive behaviour therapy for depression

Background: This study extended that of Kwon and Oei [Kwon, S.M., Oei, T.P.S., 2003. Cognitive change processes in a group cognitive behavior therapy of depression. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry, 3, 73-85], which outlined a number of testable models based on Beck's cognitive theory of depression. Specifically, the current study tested the following four competing models: the causal, consequential, fully and partially interactive cognitive models in patients with major depressive disorder. Methods: A total of 168 clinically depressed outpatients were recruited into a 12-week group cognitive behaviour therapy program. Data was collected at three time points: baseline, mid- and at termination of therapy using the ATQ DAS and BD1. The data were analysed with Amos 4.01 (Arbuckle, J.L., 1999. Amos 4.1. Smallwaters, Chicago.) structural equation modelling. Results: Results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes, negative automatic thoughts and symptoms of depression reduced significantly during treatment. Both the causal and consequential models equally provided an adequate fit to the data. The fully interactive model provided the best fit. However, after removing non-significant pathways, it was found that reduced depressive symptom contributed to reduced depressogenic automatic thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes, not the reverse. Conclusion: These findings did not fully support Beck's cognitive theory of depression that cognitions are primary in the reduction of depressed mood. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

FATORES ANTECEDENTES NA ATITUDE DE ALUNOS DE GRADUAÇÃO FRENTE AO PLÁGIO

A crescente preocupação com a desonestidade acadêmica e seus possíveis impactos para as organizações e sociedade tem requerido especial atenção. Diversos estudos indicam que a tecnologia e, em especial, a Internet, pode ocasionar o aumento da desonestidade acadêmica e, em especial, da prática de plágio. Tipos de desonestidade acadêmica são listados pela literatura como sendo a fraude, o plágio, o auxílio externo e a fraude eletrônica. Dentre estes tipos, o plágio está se tornando a maior preocupação entre as instituições de ensino superior em comparação com os demais (LOVETT-HOOPER et al., 2007). A existência da intencionalidade do indivíduo é uma característica central nos estudos sobre plágio, caracterizado como sendo a consequência de uma decisão individual. Do ponto de vista da Theory of Planned Behavior - TPB (Teoria do Comportamento Planejado), de Ajzen (1991), a ação do indivíduo é orientada por crenças (comportamentais, normativas e de controle) que influenciam sua atitude em relação a algo, que por sua vez leva à racionalização da intenção que influenciará o comportamento do indivíduo. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os fatores antecedentes que influenciam a atitude em relação ao plágio dentre estudantes brasileiros do ensino superior, modalidade à distância. Um sistemático mapeamento da literatura sobre o tema identificou mais de 300 artigos e convergiu para um número de 74 artigos considerados fundamentais. Destes, foi gerado um modelo de análise que define como preditores da Atitude Positiva em relação ao Plágio (a partir de determinadas influências recebidas, o indivíduo considerará a prática do plágio), os seguintes construtos: Posicionamento Moral, Normas sociais e Aspectos situacionais. Para análise do modelo, utilizou-se uma pesquisa do tipo survey quando, nesta fase foram encaminhados, 1800 questionários, a alunos de diferentes períodos do curso de Administração, de uma Universidade particular. A taxa de retorno dos questionários foi de 28,95%, totalizando 353 questionários válidos. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a modelagem por equações estruturais com algoritmo Partial Least Squares (PLS), técnica adequada para um número reduzido de observações e quando não se pode assumir parâmetros para a distribuição. Os principais resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa foram: 41,8% da variablidade da Atitude explicada do modelo de Atitude Positiva frente ao plágio; e a identificação de seis construtos significantes associados ao modelo, sendo: Entendimento (-0,102, p<0,05), Expectativa de Valor (0,243, p<0,001), Facilidade (0,108, p<0,05), Situação de Pressão (0,126, p<0,01), Relativismo (0,272, p<0,001) e Severidade e Possibilidade de Punição (-0,255, p<0,001).

RELAÇÕES ENTRE CARACTERÍSTICAS DOS INTEGRANTES DE EQUIPES, COMPETÊNCIAS COLETIVAS E DESEMPENHO COLETIVO

As inovações tecnológicas e as mudanças na forma de trabalho tornaram as equipes peças fundamentais no desempenho das organizações e no aprimoramento individual. A pesquisa teórica identifica que o conhecimento das características das equipes e de seus membros proporciona desempenho, desenvolvimento organizacional, determina as interações sociais e a maneira como serão realizadas as tarefas. O estudo tem por questão investigativa analisar as relações entre características dos integrantes de equipes que incluem as características sociodemográficas, competências individuais, tipos psicológicos, com as competências coletivas e o desempenho coletivo. O contexto da pesquisa é um curso de tecnologia em gastronomia de uma universidade privada, uma amostra de 131 alunos, dez equipes do quarto e onze do segundo semestres em atividades práticas no Laboratório de Alimentos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva que emprega o método de correlação para os dados quantitativos, como competências individuais e coletivas e notas acadêmicas de desempenho coletivo, além de interpretações qualitativas por observação em doze encontros das equipes para trabalhos coletivos e uma análise quali-quantitativa dos dados. O estudo evidencia ausência de correlação entre as variáveis nas equipes de 2º semestre justificada por serem equipes bastante jovens e em fase de desenvolvimento acadêmico e profissional. Na turma do 4º semestre, o coeficiente de Pearson indica correlação significativa e comprova que as características dos integrantes influenciam positivamente nas competências coletivas e resultam em melhores desempenhos coletivos. Qualitativamente, as melhores equipes são gerenciadas por uma liderança feminina adulta que coordena as tarefas e os membros são contribuintes e colaboradores enquanto o líder é comunicador e desafiador. Desenvolvem um ritmo de trabalho dinâmico com forte presença da comunicação, tomada de decisões rápidas e criativas e atingem metas diferenciadas em gastronomia. Apesar dos resultados não poderem ser generalizados pelo fato da pesquisa ter sido realizada em apenas uma universidade e envolvendo 21 equipes, os conceitos teóricos o são e podem ser testados em outras realidades.

Regulatory foci and organisational commitment

We use regulatory focus theory to derive specific predictions regarding the differential relationships between regulatory focus and commitment. We estimated a structural equation model using a sample of 520 private and public sector employees and found in line with our hypotheses that (a) promotion focus related more strongly to affective commitment than prevention focus, (b) prevention focus related more strongly to continuance commitment than promotion focus, (c) promotion and prevention focus had equally strong effects on normative commitment. Implications of these findings for the three-component model of commitment, especially the ‘dual nature’ of normative commitment, as well as implications for human resources management and leadership are discussed.

Outcomes of service encounter quality in a business-to-business context

Service encounter quality is an area of growing interest to researchers and managers alike, yet little is known about the effects of face-to-face service encounter quality within a business-to-business setting. In this paper, a psychometrically sound measure of such service encounter quality is proposed, and consequences of this construct are empirically assessed. Both a literature review and a dyadic in-depth interview approach were used to develop a conceptual framework and a pool of items to capture service encounter quality. A mail survey of customers was undertaken, and a response rate of 36% was obtained. Data analysis was conducted via confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings reveal a four-factor structure of service encounter quality, encompassing professionalism, civility, friendliness and competence dimensions. Service encounter quality was found to be directly related to customer satisfaction and service quality perceptions, and indirectly to loyalty. The importance of these findings for practitioners and for future research on service encounter quality is discussed.