Evaluación del efecto del Zeranol implante Ralgro (pellet) vs. Zeranol tixotrópico (en solución) como promotores de crecimiento en novillos de finalización del Centro Integral de Investigación, Innovación, Producción, Extensión y Enseñanza Agropecuaria, Las Lomas durante el período de Abril a Julio 2014

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de generar información útil sobre las diferencias obtenidas en las ganancias de peso como en utilidades generadas por los tratamientos. Utilizando anabólicos con el mismo principio activo (zeranol), pero con distintas presentación comercial como lo es el zeranol Implante Ralgro: pellets y el zeranol Tixotropico: en solución. El estudio fue experimental, utilizando 2 tratamientos y un grupo control. De manera que el tratamiento 1: Zeranol Implante Ralgro y el tratamiento 2: Zeranol Tixotropi co, al seleccionar los novillos se realizo de un grupo de 250 animales, de los cuales se seleccionaron 27 novillos con pesos similares de aproximadamente 350 kg, características raciales de cruces como brahmán con pardo y brahmán con holstien. El diseño que se utilizó fue completamente aleatorio, para separar los novillos en los grupos experimentales se dividieron 9 novillos por cada grupo, estos en 3 unidades experimentales de 3 animales cada una, luego de ser seleccionados y divididos en sus grupos se les aplico los debido tratamientos a evaluar, a partir de ese momento se inició a realizar pesajes cada 15 días hasta cumplir los 90 días que es el periodo de retiro de los tratamientos; obteniendo así una GMD con el tratamiento 1: zeranol implante 0.76 kg /día/animal, con el tratamiento 2: zeranol Tixotropico 0.71 kg/día/animal y con el grupo control: 0.67 kg/día/a nimal. En la relación beneficio/ costo, se obtuvo con el tratamiento1: zeranol implante 1.27 tratamiento 2: zeranol tixotrópico 1.26 y grupo control: 1.25 teniendo mejores utilidades el tratamiento1. Zeranol implante que por cada córdoba invertido obtuvo 0.27 córdobas de ganancia (utilidades).

Diagnóstico zoosanitario del hato lechero en el Centro Integral de Investigación, Innovación, Producción, Extensión y Enseñanza Agropecuaria las Lomas durante el período de Marzo-Junio 2014

El presente estudio se llevó acabo con el objetivo de realizar un diagnóstico zoosanitario del hato lechero en el centro integral de investigación, innovación, producción, extensión, y enseñanza agropecuaria Las Lomas durante el periodo marzo-junio 2014. Los datos generados fueron sometidos a estadística descriptiva utilizando el programa EXCEL, descritos cualitativamente, y a través de porcentajes. El tamaño de la población para este trabajo fue de 318 bovinos de los cuales se seleccionaron en diferentes categorías. En el caso de la triada clínica se obtuvo resultados normales en las distintas categorías del hato con promedios para frecuencia respiratoria por ejemplo en vacas lactando de 29.94, frecuencia respiratoria en vacas horas una media de 64 y para temperatura en terneros de destete una media de 38.53. En los animales que se les tomo muestras para enviarlas al laboratorio se encontró que el 50% de estos resultaron positivos a infección por parásitos de los géneros coccidias spp, 26%, nematodos de la superfamilia strongyloidea, 2% y la superfamilia trichostrongyloidea, 14% y hemoparasitos como babesia ssp con un 8 %, consideramos que no son resultados alarmantes pero con la presencia de ellos se corre el riesgo de que se desarrolle la enfermedad en el resto del hato. En cuanto a los resultados de la prueba de mastitis resultaron positivos 11 vacas que corresponde al 22.44% de las 49 vacas muestreadas, cabemos señalar que no son resultados altos pero que en conjunto con las malas condiciones en las salas de ordeño y las malas prácticas durante el ordeño conllevan a producir una leche de mala calidad, consideramos que el estado general de los animales es bueno ya que a la vez presentaron una condición corporal promedio de 3.5 en las diferentes categorías, y con los datos obtenidos nos dio pauta para la elaboración de un plan de sanidad animal que contribuye a dar un mejor manejo en el hato.

Compact finite difference - Fourier spectral method for three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

A new compact finite difference-Fourier spectral hybrid method for solving the three dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is developed in the present paper. The fifth-order upwind compact finite difference schemes for the nonlinear convection terms in the physical space, and the sixth-order center compact schemes for the derivatives in spectral space are described, respectively. The fourth-order compact schemes in a single nine-point cell for solving the Helmholtz equations satisfied by the velocities and pressure in spectral space is derived and its preconditioned conjugate gradient iteration method is studied. The treatment of pressure boundary conditions and the three dimensional non-reflecting outflow boundary conditions are presented. Application to the vortex dislocation evolution in a three dimensional wake is also reported.

A self-closed system of equations of damage evolution

This paper introduces a statistical mesomechanical approach to the evolution of damage. A self-closed formulation of the damage evolution is derived.

Upwind compact scheme with dispersion control for aerodynamic equations

A compact upwind scheme with dispersion control is developed using a dissipation analogy of the dispersion term. The term is important in reducing the unphysical fluctuations in numerical solutions. The scheme depends on three free parameters that may be used to regulate the size of dissipation as well as the size and direction of dispersion. A coefficient to coordinate the dispersion is given. The scheme has high accuracy, the method is simple, and the amount of computation is small. It also has a good capability of capturing shock waves. Numerical experiments are carried out with two-dimensional shock wave reflections and the results are very satisfactory.

H4 exponential finite-difference scheme for convective diffusion-equations

Perturbations are applied to the convective coefficients and source term of a convection-diffusion equation so that second-order corrections may be applied to a second-order exponential scheme. The basic Structure of the equations in the resulting fourth-order scheme is identical to that for the second order. Furthermore, the calculations are quite simple as the second-order corrections may be obtained in a single pass using a second-order scheme. For one to three dimensions, the fourth-order exponential scheme is unconditionally stable. As examples, the method is applied to Burgers' and other fluid mechanics problems. Compared with schemes normally used, the accuracies are found to be good and the method is applicable to regions with large gradients.

Character of simplified Navier-Stokes (SNS) equations near separation point for two-dimensional laminar flow over a flat plate

It is proved that the simplified Navier-Stokes (SNS) equations presented by Gao Zhi[1], Davis and Golowachof-Kuzbmin-Popof (GKP)[3] are respectively regular and singular near a separation point for a two-dimensional laminar flow over a flat plate. The order of the algebraic singularity of Davis and GKP equation[2,3] near the separation point is indicated. A comparison among the classical boundary layer (CBL) equations, Davis and GKP equations, Gao Zhi equations and the complete Navier-Stokes (NS) equations near the separation point is given.

Diffusion analogy and shock capturing for solving aerodynamic equations

Improving the resolution of the shock is one of the most important subjects in computational aerodynamics. In this paper the behaviour of the solutions near the shock is discussed and the reason of the oscillation production is investigated heuristically. According to the differential approximation of the difference scheme the so-called diffusion analogy equation and the diffusion analogy coefficient are defined. Four methods for improving the resolution of the shock are presented using the concept of diffusion analogy.

A new type of boundary integral-equation for plane problems of elasticity including rotational forces

Based on the idea proposed by Hu [Scientia Sinica Series A XXX, 385-390 (1987)], a new type of boundary integral equation for plane problems of elasticity including rotational forces is derived and its boundary element formulation is presented. Numerical results for a rotating hollow disk are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the new type of boundary integral equation.

Some theoretical aspects of the simplified Navier-Stokes(SNS) equations

This study deals with the formulation, mathematical property and physical meaning of the simplified Navier-Stokes (SNS) equations. The tensorial SNS equations proposed is the simplest in form and is applicable to flow fields with arbitrary body boundaries. The zones of influence and dependence of the SNS equations, which are of primary importance to numerical solutions, are expounded for the first time from the viewpoint of subcharacteristics. Besides, a detailed analysis of the diffusion process in flow fields shows that the diffusion effect has an influence zone globally windward and an upwind propagation greatly depressed by convection. The maximum upwind influential distance of the viscous effect and the relative importance of the viscous effect in the flow direction to that in the direction normal to the flow are represented by the Reynolds number, which illustrates the conversion of the complete Navier-Stokes (NS) equations to the SNS equations for flows with large Reynolds number.

Basic equations for suspension flows with interphase mass-transfer

In the case of suspension flows, the rate of interphase momentum transfer M(k) and that of interphase energy transfer E(k), which were expressed as a sum of infinite discontinuities by Ishii, have been reduced to the sum of several terms which have concise physical significance. M(k) is composed of the following terms: (i) the momentum carried by the interphase mass transfer; (ii) the interphase drag force due to the relative motion between phases; (iii) the interphase force produced by the concentration gradient of the dispersed phase in a pressure field. And E(k) is composed of the following four terms, that is, the energy carried by the interphase mass transfer, the work produced by the interphase forces of the second and third parts above, and the heat transfer between phases. It is concluded from the results that (i) the term, (-alpha-k-nabla-p), which is related to the pressure gradient in the momentum equation, can be derived from the basic conservation laws without introducing the "shared-pressure presumption"; (ii) the mean velocity of the action point of the interphase drag is the mean velocity of the interface displacement, upsilonBAR-i. It is approximately equal to the mean velocity of the dispersed phase, upsilonBAR-d. Hence the work terms produced by the drag forces are f(dc) . upsilonBAR-d, and f(cd) . upsilonBAR-d, respectively, with upsilonBAR-i not being replaced by the mean velocity of the continuous phase, upsilonBAR-c; (iii) by analogy, the terms of the momentum transfer due to phase change are upsilonBAR-d-GAMMA-c, and upsilonBAR-d-GAMMA-d, respectively; (iv) since the transformation between explicit heat and latent heat occurs in the process of phase change, the algebraic sum of the heat transfer between phases is not equal to zero. Q(ic) and Q(id) are composed of the explicit heat and latent heat, so that the sum Q(ic) + Q(id)) is equal to zero.

Hierarchal structure of the simplified Navier-Stokes equations (SNSE) and its mechanical connotation and application

The hierarchial structure and mathematical property of the simplified Navier-Stokesequations (SNSE) are studied for viscous flow over a sphere and a jet of compressible flu-id. All kinds of the hierarchial SNSE can be divided into three types according to theirmathematical property and also into five groups according to their physical content. Amultilayers structure model for viscous shear flow with a main stream direction is pre-sented. For the example of viscous incompressible flow over a flat plate there existthree layers for both the separated flow and the attached flow; the character of thetransition from the three layers of attached flow to those of separated flow is elucidated.A concept of transition layer being situated between the viscous layer and inviscidlayer is introduced. The transition layer features the interaction between viscous flow andinviscid flow. The inner-outer-layers-matched SNSE proposed by the present author inthe past is developed into the layers matched (LsM)-SNSE.

Simplified Navier-Stokes equations (SNSE)

Ten kinds of the simplified Navier-Stokes equations (SNSE) are reviewed and also used to calculate the Jeffery-Hamel flow as well as to analyze briefly the seven kinds of flows to which the exact solutions of the complete Navier-Stokes equations (CNSE) have been found. Analysis shows that the actual differences among the solutions of the different SNSE can go beyond the range of the order of magnitude of Re-1/2 and result even in different flow patterns, therefore, how to choose the viscous terms included in the SNSE is worthy of notice where Re=S∞u∞ L/μ∞ is the Reynolds numbers. For the aforesaid eight kinds of flows, the solutions to the inner-outer-layer-matched SNSE and to the thin-layer-2-order SNSE agree completely with the exact solutions to CNSE. But the solutions to all the other SNSE are not completely consistent with the exact solutions to CNSE and not a few of them are actually the solutions of the classical boundary layer theory. The innerouter-layer-matched SNSE contains the shear stress causing angular displacement of the inormal axis with respect to the streamwise axis and the normal stress causing expansion-contraction in the direction of the normal axis and the viscous terms being of the order of magnitude of the normal stress; and it can also reasonably treat the inertial terms as well as the relation between the viscous and inertial terms. Therefore, it seems promising in respects of both mechanics and mathematics.