How do domestic policies affect the integration of Ethiopian fertiliser markets with world markets?

Frequent shifts in policy on fertiliser markets have occurred in Ethiopia with the aim of facilitating both physical and economic access of farmers to fertiliser. The last shift was the introduction of a monopoly on each stage of the supply chain in 2008. Furthermore, government control of prices and margins as well as stockholding programmes are also present on the markets. This paper evaluates the effect of these policies on the integration of domestic with world markets of fertiliser, using cointegration methods. Time series data of diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea prices on world, import and retail markets between 1971 and 2012 are used. The findings show high transmission of price signals from world markets to import prices for both DAP and urea. However, between import and retail prices there is no evidence of cointegration for urea, while for DAP full price transmission is concluded. In the retail market, domestic transaction costs associated with storing large volumes of fertiliser act as a buffer between import and retail prices, especially for urea. Therefore, economic benefits could be achieved by reducing the size of stocks and revising the demand estimation process.

Integration of adults with learning dificulties in educational centres. 'Integraci??n de adultos con dificultades de aprendizaje en centros educativos'

Esta gu??a ha contado con el apoyo del Programa S??crates de la Comisi??n Europea y es una traducci??n al ingl??s editada separadamente de la versi??n espa??ola

Vector-Based Integration of Local and Long-Range Information in Visual Cortex

Integration of inputs by cortical neurons provides the basis for the complex information processing performed in the cerebral cortex. Here, we propose a new analytic framework for understanding integration within cortical neuronal receptive fields. Based on the synaptic organization of cortex, we argue that neuronal integration is a systems--level process better studied in terms of local cortical circuitry than at the level of single neurons, and we present a method for constructing self-contained modules which capture (nonlinear) local circuit interactions. In this framework, receptive field elements naturally have dual (rather than the traditional unitary influence since they drive both excitatory and inhibitory cortical neurons. This vector-based analysis, in contrast to scalarsapproaches, greatly simplifies integration by permitting linear summation of inputs from both "classical" and "extraclassical" receptive field regions. We illustrate this by explaining two complex visual cortical phenomena, which are incompatible with scalar notions of neuronal integration.

A Framework for Integration from the Manufacturing Perspective

-Industrial product maturity impact on manufacturing -What is manufacturing system design -The manufacturing system design framework

Financial Information Mediation: A Case Study of Standards Integration for Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment Using the COIN Mediation Technology

Each player in the financial industry, each bank, stock exchange, government agency, or insurance company operates its own financial information system or systems. By its very nature, financial information, like the money that it represents, changes hands. Therefore the interoperation of financial information systems is the cornerstone of the financial services they support. E-services frameworks such as web services are an unprecedented opportunity for the flexible interoperation of financial systems. Naturally the critical economic role and the complexity of financial information led to the development of various standards. Yet standards alone are not the panacea: different groups of players use different standards or different interpretations of the same standard. We believe that the solution lies in the convergence of flexible E-services such as web-services and semantically rich meta-data as promised by the semantic Web; then a mediation architecture can be used for the documentation, identification, and resolution of semantic conflicts arising from the interoperation of heterogeneous financial services. In this paper we illustrate the nature of the problem in the Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment (EBPP) industry and the viability of the solution we propose. We describe and analyze the integration of services using four different formats: the IFX, OFX and SWIFT standards, and an example proprietary format. To accomplish this integration we use the COntext INterchange (COIN) framework. The COIN architecture leverages a model of sources and receivers’ contexts in reference to a rich domain model or ontology for the description and resolution of semantic heterogeneity.

Resource dimensioning aspect of heterogeneous traffic with different service requirements: Integration versus segregation

In this paper, we consider the ATM networks in which the virtual path concept is implemented. The question of how to multiplex two or more diverse traffic classes while providing different quality of service requirements is a very complicated open problem. Two distinct options are available: integration and segregation. In an integration approach all the traffic from different connections are multiplexed onto one VP. This implies that the most restrictive QOS requirements must be applied to all services. Therefore, link utilization will be decreased because unnecessarily stringent QOS is provided to all connections. With the segregation approach the problem can be much simplified if different types of traffic are separated by assigning a VP with dedicated resources (buffers and links). Therefore, resources may not be efficiently utilized because no sharing of bandwidth can take place across the VP. The probability that the bandwidth required by the accepted connections exceeds the capacity of the link is evaluated with the probability of congestion (PC). Since the PC can be expressed as the CLP, we shall simply carry out bandwidth allocation using the PC. We first focus on the influence of some parameters (CLP, bit rate and burstiness) on the capacity required by a VP supporting a single traffic class using the new convolution approach. Numerical results are presented both to compare the required capacity and to observe which conditions under each approach are preferred

Knowledge integration within an applied mobile robot summer course

This paper presents the use of a mobile robot platform as an innovative educational tool in order to promote and integrate different curriculum knowledge. Hence, it is presented the acquired experience within a summer course named ldquoapplied mobile roboticsrdquo. The main aim of the course is to integrate different subjects as electronics, programming, architecture, perception systems, communications, control and trajectory planning by using the educational open mobile robot platform PRIM. The summer course is addressed to a wide range of student profiles. However, it is of special interests to the students of electrical and computer engineering around their final academic year. The summer course consists of the theoretical and laboratory sessions, related to the following topics: design & programming of electronic devices, modelling and control systems, trajectory planning and control, and computer vision systems. Therefore, the clues for achieving a renewed path of progress in robotics are the integration of several knowledgeable fields, such as computing, communications, and control sciences, in order to perform a higher level reasoning and use decision tools with strong theoretical base

La aventura de viajar. La desventura de llegar

Este trabajo está dividido en dos aspectos puntales de la migración de colombianos hacia la ciudad de Nueva York. El primero, está centrado en una reconstrucción del proceso migratorio, con la finalidad de discutir y repensar la reducción que se hace del fenómeno a lineamientos netamente económicos. Para ello, ésta atiende características puntuales tales como las condiciones de inmigración, las redes migratorias y la percepción general del fenómeno por parte de los involucrados; para proponer que aspectos como la “aventura” o “el vamos a ver qué pasa” determinan en gran medida el desplazamiento de colombianos hacia el exterior. Mientras que el segundo, está enfocado en analizar el proceso subsiguiente de integración que vivencian los inmigrantes una vez entran en contacto con los universos culturales de la sociedad huésped. Para reconstruir este aspecto, en él se siguen los planteamientos del ciclo de relaciones raciales y de interacción y violencia simbólica, que permiten realizar una discusión pertinente del fenómeno en el contexto emigratorio colombiano. Este documento está basado en tres aspectos metodológicos complementarios: La reconstrucción y análisis de relatos de vida, una corta inmersión etnográfica y observación participante. Merced de ello, en él se replantean algunos factores analizados levemente en investigaciones previas sobre el caso y, además, se abren las puertas para tratamientos más profundos sobre esta población en el futuro. Palabras claves: Migración, redes migratorias, integración, reapropiación identitaria y mezcla cultural.

Els menors immigrants no acompanyats a les Illes Balears. 'Los menores inmigrantes no acompañados en las Islas Baleares'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Incluye tablas de datos

La Unió Italiana d'Esport per a Tothom (UISP) i l'esport per als immigrants.

Se muestran fotografías. Resumen tomado del autor

Esport per a immigrants : instrument d'integració?.

Se muestran fotografías y esquema.Resumen tomado del autor

Multiple Integration

Exercises and solutions on double integration. Diagrams for the questions are all together in the support.zip file, as .eps files

Més riscos i menys protecció. Dones immigrants a Espanya davant la violència de gènere. Informe elaborat per Amnistia Internacional. 'Más riesgos y menos protección. Mujeres inmigrantes en España ante la violencia de género. Informe elaborado por Amnistía Internacional'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Experiències tutorials amb alumnes immigrants. 'Experiencias tutoriales con alumnos inmigrantes'.

Estas actuaciones se presentaron en las Segundas Jornadas de Presentación de Experiencias Educativas, organizadas por el CEP de Inca en junio de 2002. Resumen tomado de la propia revista