Information seeking activity and adherence to therapy: Findings from the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study

Background: In spite of the relapsing nature of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), on average, 40% of IBD patients are nonadherent to treatments. On the other hand, they are often actively seeking information on their disease. The relationship between information seeking behaviour and adherence to treatment is poorly documented. The main aim of this study was to examine this association among IBD patients. Methods: We used data from the Swiss IBD cohort study. Baseline data included questions on adherence to ongoing treatments. A survey was conducted in October 2009 to assess information sources and themes searched by patients. Crude odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were calculated for the association between adherence and information seeking. Adjustment for potential confounders and main known risk factors was performed using multivariate logistic regression. Differences in the proportions of information sources and themes were compared between adherent and non-adherent patients. Results: The number of patients eligible was 488. Nineteen percent (N = 99) were non-adherent to treatment and one third (N = 159) were active information seekers. Crude OR for being non-adherent was 69% higher among information seekers compared to non-seekers (OR = 1.69; 95%CI 0.99 2.87). Adjusted OR for non-adherence was OR = 2.39 (95%CI 1.32 4.34) for information seekers compared to non-seekers. Family doctors were 15.2% more often consulted (p = 0.019) among patients who were adherent to treatment compared to those who were not, as were books and TV (+13.1%; p = 0.048). No difference was observed for internet or gastroenterologists as sources of information. Themes of information linked to tips for disease management were 14.2% more often searched among non-adherent patients (p = 0.028) compared to adherent. No difference was observed for the other themes (research and development on IBD, therapies, basic information on the disease, patients' experiences sharing, miscellaneous). Conclusions: Active information seeking was shown to be strongly associated with non-adherence to treatment in a population of IBD patients in Switzerland. Surprisingly themes related to therapies were not especially those on which nonadherent patients focused. Indeed, management of symptoms and everyday life with the disease seemed to be the most pressing information concerns of patients. Results suggest that the family doctor plays an important role in the multidisciplinary care approach needed for IBD patients.

A new approach for potential drug target discovery through in silico metabolic pathway analysis using Trypanosoma cruzi genome information

The current drug options for the treatment of chronic Chagas disease have not been sufficient and high hopes have been placed on the use of genomic data from the human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi to identify new drug targets and develop appropriate treatments for both acute and chronic Chagas disease. However, the lack of a complete assembly of the genomic sequence and the presence of many predicted proteins with unknown or unsure functions has hampered our complete view of the parasite's metabolic pathways. Moreover, pinpointing new drug targets has proven to be more complex than anticipated and has revealed large holes in our understanding of metabolic pathways and their integrated regulation, not only for this parasite, but for many other similar pathogens. Using an in silicocomparative study on pathway annotation and searching for analogous and specific enzymes, we have been able to predict a considerable number of additional enzymatic functions in T. cruzi. Here we focus on the energetic pathways, such as glycolysis, the pentose phosphate shunt, the Krebs cycle and lipid metabolism. We point out many enzymes that are analogous to those of the human host, which could be potential new therapeutic targets.

Improving Clustering Algorithms for Image Segmentation using Contour and Region Information

In image segmentation, clustering algorithms are very popular because they are intuitive and, some of them, easy to implement. For instance, the k-means is one of the most used in the literature, and many authors successfully compare their new proposal with the results achieved by the k-means. However, it is well known that clustering image segmentation has many problems. For instance, the number of regions of the image has to be known a priori, as well as different initial seed placement (initial clusters) could produce different segmentation results. Most of these algorithms could be slightly improved by considering the coordinates of the image as features in the clustering process (to take spatial region information into account). In this paper we propose a significant improvement of clustering algorithms for image segmentation. The method is qualitatively and quantitative evaluated over a set of synthetic and real images, and compared with classical clustering approaches. Results demonstrate the validity of this new approach

A new approach to real time traffic sign recognition based on colour information

The automatic interpretation of conventional traffic signs is very complex and time consuming. The paper concerns an automatic warning system for driving assistance. It does not interpret the standard traffic signs on the roadside; the proposal is to incorporate into the existing signs another type of traffic sign whose information will be more easily interpreted by a processor. The type of information to be added is profuse and therefore the most important object is the robustness of the system. The basic proposal of this new philosophy is that the co-pilot system for automatic warning and driving assistance can interpret with greater ease the information contained in the new sign, whilst the human driver only has to interpret the "classic" sign. One of the codings that has been tested with good results and which seems to us easy to implement is that which has a rectangular shape and 4 vertical bars of different colours. The size of these signs is equivalent to the size of the conventional signs (approximately 0.4 m2). The colour information from the sign can be easily interpreted by the proposed processor and the interpretation is much easier and quicker than the information shown by the pictographs of the classic signs

DAS-28-based EULAR response and HAQ improvement in rheumatoid arthritis patients switching between TNF antagonists

INTRODUCTION No definitive data are available regarding the value of switching to an alternative TNF antagonist in rheumatoid arthritis patients who fail to respond to the first one. The aim of this study was to evaluate treatment response in a clinical setting based on HAQ improvement and EULAR response criteria in RA patients who were switched to a second or a third TNF antagonist due to failure with the first one. METHODS This was an observational, prospective study of a cohort of 417 RA patients treated with TNF antagonists in three university hospitals in Spain between January 1999 and December 2005. A database was created at the participating centres, with well-defined operational instructions. The main outcome variables were analyzed using parametric or non-parametric tests depending on the level of measurement and distribution of each variable. RESULTS Mean (+/- SD) DAS-28 on starting the first, second and third TNF antagonist was 5.9 (+/- 2.0), 5.1 (+/- 1.5) and 6.1 (+/- 1.1). At the end of follow-up, it decreased to 3.3 (+/- 1.6; Delta = -2.6; p > 0.0001), 4.2 (+/- 1.5; Delta = -1.1; p = 0.0001) and 5.4 (+/- 1.7; Delta = -0.7; p = 0.06). For the first TNF antagonist, DAS-28-based EULAR response level was good in 42% and moderate in 33% of patients. The second TNF antagonist yielded a good response in 20% and no response in 53% of patients, while the third one yielded a good response in 28% and no response in 72%. Mean baseline HAQ on starting the first, second and third TNF antagonist was 1.61, 1.52 and 1.87, respectively. At the end of follow-up, it decreased to 1.12 (Delta = -0.49; p < 0.0001), 1.31 (Delta = -0.21, p = 0.004) and 1.75 (Delta = -0.12; p = 0.1), respectively. Sixty four percent of patients had a clinically important improvement in HAQ (defined as > or = -0.22) with the first TNF antagonist and 46% with the second. CONCLUSION A clinically significant effect size was seen in less than half of RA patients cycling to a second TNF antagonist.

Dépistage du VIH: les médecins aux urgences de Suisse Romande connaissent-­‐ils les recommandations suisses ?

Contexte¦Le VIH reste une des préoccupations majeures de santé publique dans le monde. Le nombre de patients infectés en Europe continue de croître et s'élève, en 2008, à 2.3 millions (1). De plus, environ 30 % des personnes séropositives ignorent leur statut et, de ce fait, contribuent à la propagation de l'épidémie. Ces patients sont responsables de la moitié des nouveaux cas du VIH (2) ; ils transmettent, en effet, 3.5 fois plus l'infection que les patients dont le diagnostic est connu (3).¦Aux USA, en raison de l'épidémiologie actuelle du VIH, les Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ont, en septembre 2006, mis le point sur la nécessité d'étendre drastiquement les tests et, de ce fait, ont publié de nouvelles recommandations. Non seulement, le test devra dépasser les groupes à risque dans les zones à grande prévalence mais aussi, être répandu à toute la population adulte de 13 à 64 ans sauf si la prévalence du VIH est en dessous de 0.1 % (4). Cette démarche est appelée routine opt-out HIV screening et plusieurs arguments parlent en faveur d'un dépistage systématique. Cette maladie rempli tout d'abord les 4 critères pour l'introduction d'un dépistage systématique : une maladie grave pouvant être mise en évidence avant l'apparition des symptômes, son diagnostic améliore la survie par une progression moins rapide et diminution de la mortalité, des tests de dépistage sensibles et spécifiques sont disponibles et les coûts sont moindres en comparaison aux bénéfices (5). Aux USA, 73 % des patients diagnostiqués à un stade avancé de l'infection VIH entre 2001 et 2005 avaient eu recours à l'utilisation des systèmes de soins au moins une fois dans les 8 ans précédant le diagnostic (6). Ces occasions manquées font aussi partie des arguments en faveur d'un dépistage systématique. En règle générale, le médecin se basant uniquement sur les symptômes et signes, ainsi que sur l'anamnèse sexuelle sous-estime la population à tester. Ce problème de sélection des candidats n'a plus lieu d'être lors d'un tel screening. Après cette publication des recommandations du CDC, qui introduit le dépistage systématique, il a été constaté que seulement 1/3 du personnel soignant interrogé connaissait les nouvelles directives et seulement 20 % offrait un dépistage de routine à tous les patients concernés (7). Cette étude nous montre alors qu'il est impératif de vérifier le niveau de connaissances des médecins après la publication de nouvelles recommandations.¦Devant le problème de l'épidémie du VIH, la Suisse opte pour une stratégie différente à celle des Etats-Unis. La Commission d'experts clinique et thérapie VIH et SIDA (CCT) de l'OFSP a tout d'abord publié, en 2007, des recommandations destinées à diminuer le nombre d'infections VIH non diagnostiquées, grâce à un dépistage initié par le médecin (8). Cette approche, appelée provider initiated counselling and testing (PICT), complétait alors celle du voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) qui préconisait un dépistage sur la demande du patient. Malheureusement, le taux d'infections diagnostiquées à un stade avancé a stagné aux environs de 30 % jusqu'en 2008 (9), raison pour laquelle l'OFSP apporte, en 2010, des modifications du PICT. Ces modifications exposent différentes situations où le test du VIH devrait être envisagé et apportent des précisions quant à la manière de le proposer. En effet, lors d'une suspicion de primo-infection, le médecin doit expliquer au patient qu'un dépistage du VIH est indiqué, un entretien conseil est réalisé avec des informations concernant la contagiosité élevée du virus à ce stade de l'infection. Si le patient présente un tableau clinique qui s'inscrit dans le diagnostic différentiel d'une infection VIH, le médecin propose le test de manière systématique. Il doit alors informer le patient qu'un tel test sera effectué dans le cadre d'une démarche diagnostique, sauf si celui-ci s'y oppose. Enfin, dans d'autres situations telles que sur la demande du patient ou si celui-ci fait partie d'un groupe de population à grande prévalence d'infection VIH, le médecin procède à une anamnèse sexuelle, suivie d'un entretien conseil et du test si l'accord explicite du patient a été obtenu (10).¦Nous pouvons donc constater les différentes stratégies face à l'épidémie du VIH entre les USA et la Suisse. Il est nécessaire d'évaluer les conséquences de ces applications afin d'adopter la conduite la plus efficace en terme de dépistage, pour amener à une diminution des transmissions, une baisse de la morbidité et mortalité. Aux USA, des études ont été faites afin d'évaluer l'impact de l'approche opt-out qui montrent que le screening augmente la probabilité d'être diagnostiqué (11). En revanche, en Suisse, aucune étude de ce type n'a été entreprise à l'heure actuelle. Nous savons également qu'il existe un hiatus entre la publication de nouvelles recommandations et l'application de celles-ci en pratique. Le 1er obstacle à la mise en oeuvre des guidelines étant leur méconnaissance (12), il est alors pertinent de tester les connaissances des médecins des urgences d'Hôpitaux de Suisse au sujet des nouvelles recommandations sur le dépistage du VIH de l'OFSP de mars 2010.¦Objectifs¦Montrer que les recommandations de l'OFSP de mars 2010 ne sont pas connues des médecins suisses.¦Méthodes¦Nous testerons la connaissance des médecins concernant ces recommandations via un questionnaire qui sera distribué lors d'un colloque organisé à cet effet avec tous les médecins du service des urgences d'un même établissement. Il n'y aura qu'une séance afin d'éviter d'éventuels biais (transmission d'informations d'un groupe à un autre). Ils recevront tout d'abord une lettre informative, accompagnée d'un formulaire de consentement pour l'utilisation des données de manière anonyme. La feuille d'information est rédigée de façon à ne pas influencer les candidats pour les réponses aux questions. Le questionnaire comprend deux parties, une première qui comprend divers cas cliniques. Les candidats devront dire si ces situations se trouvent, selon eux, dans les nouvelles recommandations de l'OFSP en termes de dépistage du VIH et indiquer la probabilité d'effectuer le test en pratique. La deuxième partie interrogera sur la manière de proposer le test au patient. La durée nécessaire pour remplir le questionnaire est estimée à 15 minutes.¦Le questionnaire élaboré avec la collaboration de Mme Dubois de l'UMSP à Lausanne et vont être testés par une vingtaine de médecins de premier recours de Vidy Med et Vidy Source, deux centres d'urgences lausannois.¦Réstulats escomptés¦Les médecins suisse ne sont pas au courant des nouvelles recommandations concernant le dépistage du VIH.¦Plus-value escomptée¦Après le passage du questionnaire, nous ferons une succincte présentation afin d'informer les médecins au sujet de ces recommandations. Aussi, l'analyse des résultats du questionnaire nous permettra d'agir au bon niveau pour que les nouvelles recommandations de l'OFSP de mars 2010 soient connues et appliquées, tout en ayant comme objectif l'amélioration du dépistage du VIH.

Abstracting qualitative information for process supervision

Supervisory systems evolution makes the obtaining of significant information from processes more important in the way that the supervision systems' particular tasks are simplified. So, having signal treatment tools capable of obtaining elaborate information from the process data is important. In this paper, a tool that obtains qualitative data about the trends and oscillation of signals is presented. An application of this tool is presented as well. In this case, the tool, implemented in a computer-aided control systems design (CACSD) environment, is used in order to give to an expert system for fault detection in a laboratory plant

Shape complexity based on mutual information

Shape complexity has recently received attention from different fields, such as computer vision and psychology. In this paper, integral geometry and information theory tools are applied to quantify the shape complexity from two different perspectives: from the inside of the object, we evaluate its degree of structure or correlation between its surfaces (inner complexity), and from the outside, we compute its degree of interaction with the circumscribing sphere (outer complexity). Our shape complexity measures are based on the following two facts: uniformly distributed global lines crossing an object define a continuous information channel and the continuous mutual information of this channel is independent of the object discretisation and invariant to translations, rotations, and changes of scale. The measures introduced in this paper can be potentially used as shape descriptors for object recognition, image retrieval, object localisation, tumour analysis, and protein docking, among others

An information theoretic framework for image segmentation

In this paper, an information theoretic framework for image segmentation is presented. This approach is based on the information channel that goes from the image intensity histogram to the regions of the partitioned image. It allows us to define a new family of segmentation methods which maximize the mutual information of the channel. Firstly, a greedy top-down algorithm which partitions an image into homogeneous regions is introduced. Secondly, a histogram quantization algorithm which clusters color bins in a greedy bottom-up way is defined. Finally, the resulting regions in the partitioning algorithm can optionally be merged using the quantized histogram

Andalusian Health Repository: Promoting the scientific health output among professionals and providing citizens with quality health information

The Andalusian Public Health System (Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía -SSPA) Repository is the open environment where all the scientific output generated by the SSPA professionals, resulting from their medical care, research and administrative activities, is comprehensively collected and managed. This repository possesses special features which determined its development: the SSPA organization and its purpose as a health institution, the specific sets of documents that it generates and the stakeholders involved in it. The repository uses DSpace 1.6.2, to which several changes were implemented in order to achieve the SSPA initial goals and requirements. The main changes were: the addition of specific qualifiers to the Metadata Dublin Core scheme, the modification of the submission form, the integration of the MeSH Thesaurus as controlled vocabulary and the optimization of the advanced search tool. Another key point during the setting up of the repository was the initial batch ingest of the documents.

L'Acolliment de l'alumnat nouvingut als centres educatius

En els últims anys s’ha viscut a Catalunya, com a la resta d’Espanya un procés d’arribada continuo i creixent de persones provinents d’altres països. Evidentmentaquest fenomen repercuteix directament als centres educatius. A Catalunya, tenimalumnes procedents de més de 150 estats. Ha estat una arribada molt ràpida i amb una distribució que afecta a totes les comarques catalanes. Aquest augment de població nouvinguda que viu a Catalunya planteja al sistema educatiu català uns reptes importants. Concretament ens trobem davant de tradicions educatives molt diverses per aquests nens i nenes i les seves famílies, la pluralitat de llengües en les escoles i sobretot el desconeixement del català ( llengua vehicular en l’educació) de la majoria d’alumnes nouvinguts; els diferents orígens culturals i també la diferència de coneixements apresos prèviament pels alumnes; les expectatives de l’alumne i la seva família sobre el concepte d’escola. Totes aquestes variants provoquen una multitud de circumstàncies que dins d’una escola, poden generar un xoc si l’Administració educativa no aporta els recursos humans, econòmics i normatius adequats. Per això davant d’aquesta realitat, el Departament d’Educació posa en funcionament el curs 2004-2005 les aules d’acollida, com una resposta a aquest nou repte educatiu. La creació d’una aula d'acollida implica una dotació de professorat, una dotació informàtica amb el programari adient, una dotació econòmica inicial per a l’adquisició de material didàctic, formació específica per al tutor o la tutora de l’aula d’acollida i per als professionals que intervenen en el procés d’acollida, a càrrec dels assessors/es LIC ( llengua, interculturalitat i cohesió social) que el Departament d’Educació té arreu de Catalunya. Actualment el nombre d’aules d’acollida ha quedat estabilitzat, ja que degut a la crisi que afecta al nostre país no emigren tantes famílies d’origen estranger

Impactia: automating the study of the scientific production

Introduction The Andalusian Public Health System Virtual Library (Biblioteca Virtual del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía, BV-SSPA) was set up in June 2006. It consists of a regional government action with the aim of democratizing the health professional access to quality scientific information, regardless of the professional workplace. Andalusia is a region with more than 8 million inhabitants, with 100,000 health professionals for 41 hospitals, 1,500 primary healthcare centres, and 28 centres for non-medical attention purposes (research, management, and educational centres). Objectives The Department of Development, Research and Investigation (R+D+i) of the Andalusian Regional Government has, among its duties, the task of evaluating the hospitals and centres of the Andalusian Public Health System (SSPA) in order to distribute its funding. Among the criteria used is the evaluation of the scientific output, which is measured using bibliometry. It is well-known that the bibliometry has a series of limitations and problems that should be taken into account, especially when it is used for non-information sciences, such us career, funding, etc. A few years ago, the bibliometric reports were done separately in each centre, but without using preset and well-defined criteria, elements which are basic when we need to compare the results of the reports. It was possible to find some hospitals which were including Meeting Abstracts in their figures, while others do not, and the same was happening with Erratum and many other differences. Therefore, the main problem that the Department of R+D+i had to deal with, when they were evaluating the health system, was that bibliometric data was not accurate and reports were not comparable. With the aim of having an unified criteria for the whole system, the Department of R+D+i ordered the BV-SSPA to do the year analysis of the scientific output of the system, using some well defined criteria and indicators, among whichstands out the Impact Factor. Materials and Methods As the Impact Factor is the bibliometric indicator that the virtual library is asked to consider, it is necessary to use the database Web of Science (WoS), since it is its owner and editor. The WoS includes the databases Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) and Arts & Humanities Citation Index. To gather all the documents, SCI and SSCI are used; to obtain the Impact Factor and quartils, it is used the Journal Citation Reports, JCR. Unlike other bibliographic databases, such us MEDLINE, the bibliometric database WoS includes the address of all the authors. In order to retrieve all the scientific output of the SSPA, we have done general searches, which are afterwards processed by a tool developed by our library. We have done nine different searches using the field ‘address’; eight of them including ‘Spain’ and each one of the eight Andalusian Regions, and the other one combining ‘Spain’ with all those cities where there are health centres, since we have detected that there are some authors that do not use the region in their signatures. These are some of the search strategies: AD=Malaga and AD=Spain AD=Sevill* and AD=Spain AD=SPAIN AND (AD=GUADIX OR AD=BAZA OR AD=MOTRIL) Further more, the field ‘year’ is used to determine the period. To exploit the data, the BV-SSPA has developed a tool called Impactia. It is a web application which uses a database to store the information of the documents generated by the SSPA. Impactia allows the user to automatically process the retrieved documents, assigning them to their correspondent centres. In order to do the classification of documents automaticaly, it was necessary to detect the huge variability of names of the centres that the authors use in their signatures. Therefore, Impactia knows that if an author signs as “Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena”, “HVM” or “Hosp. Virgin Macarena”, he belongs to the same centre. The figure attached shows the variability found for the Empresa Publica Hospital de Poniente. Besides the documents from WoS, Impactia includes the documents indexed in Scopus and in other databases, where we do bibliographic searches using similar strategies to the later ones. Aware that in the health centres and hospitals there is a lot of grey literature that is not gathered in databases, Impactia allows the centres to feed the application with these documents, so that all the SSPA scientific output is gathered and organised in a centralized place. The ones responsible of localizing this gray literature are the librarians of each one of the centres. They can also do statements to the documents and indicators that are collected and calculated by Impactia. The bulk upload of documents from WoS and Scopus into Impactia is monthly done. One of the main issues that we found during the development of Impactia was the need of dealing with duplicated documents obtained from different sources. Taking into account that sometimes titles might be written differently, with slashes, comas, and so on, Impactia detects the duplicates using the field ‘DOI’ if it is available or comparing the fields: page start, page end and ISSN. Therefore it is possible to guarantee the absence of duplicates. Results The data gathered in Impactia becomes available to the administrative teams and hospitals managers, through an easy web page that allows them to know at any moment, and with just one click, the detailed information of the scientific output of their hospitals, including useful graphs such as percentage of document types, journals where their scientists usually publish, annual comparatives, bibliometric indicators and so on. They can also compare the different centres of the SSPA. Impactia allows the user to download the data from the application, so that he can work with this information or include them in their centres’ reports. This application saves the health system many working hours. It was previously done manually by forty one librarians, while now it is done by only one person in the BV-SSPA during two days a month. To sum up, the benefits of Impactia are: It has shown its effectiveness in the automatic classification, treatment and analysis of the data. It has become an essential tool for all managers to evaluate quickly and easily the scientific production of their centers. It optimizes the human resources of the SSPA, saving time and money. It is the reference point for the Department of R+D+i to do the scientific health staff evaluation.

Projectes ecocentres 21: estudi teòric i de casos i proposta d’un programa per a l’ambientalització de centres educatius de la Comunitat Valenciana

Aquest projecte és un estudi teòric exhaustiu sobre l’educació ambiental i la seva inserció en el currículum escolar, així com de la gestió ambiental en l’àmbit educatiu i “ecoauditoria escolar”. Es busca d’ aquesta manera una base sòlida per a poder definir i concretar un programa per a l’ambientalització de centres educatius d’ educació infantil, primària i secundària de la Comunitat Valenciana, que ajudi i faciliti la incorporació d’una nova dimensió ambiental a les escoles

Generador d'horaris d'un centre docent

El projecte intenta resoldre el problema que suposa organitzar l'horari escolar en els centres docents. S'usa el Visual Bàsic per aconseguir, omplir i mostrar el contingut d’una base de dades feta amb Microsoft Access. Per generar el resultat, s'utilitza el llenguatge de programació lògica Prolog, el qual en ser un llenguatge declaratiu i utilitzant una llibreria de restriccions que permet fer modificacions d’una forma molt versàtil, aconsegueix un entorn de programació ideal per atacar aquest tipus de problema. Amb una interacció del Visual Bàsic amb el Prolog es pot mostrar d’una manera elegant i fàcil d’entendre el resultat obtingut