Die Revolution von 1848 – Kulte um die Toten und die Lebenden

In dem Beitrag wird der Genesis des Totenkults von 1848/49 und ebenso des Kults um lebende Revolutionsheroen sowie den Formen, den Wandlungen und der Funktion der darauf basierenden Erinnerungskulturen nachgegangen. Gezeigt wird u.a. erstens, dass der revolutionäre Totenkult in Deutschland nicht geeignet war, zu einem Nationalmythos zu werden, der die verschiedenen sozialen Gruppen und politischen Strömungen einte. Die öffentliche Erinnerung an die gefallenen Revolutionäre spaltete die Nation vielmehr nachhaltig, in Deutschland, nicht dagegen in anderen europäischen Ländern wie Ungarn oder Italien. Die pathetisch-feierliche Erinnerung an die unterschiedlichen Toten der Revolution von 1848/49 und die jenen unterschobene politische Sendung gab den Parteien jedenfalls in Deutschland überhaupt erst Kontur. Die entstehende Linke wie die Rechte verstanden sich als Testamentsvollstrecker des vermeintlichen politischen Willens der im Kampf gefallenen Revolutionäre bzw. ihrer Kontrahenten, der im Kampf „für König und Vaterland“ getöteten Soldaten. Der Totenkult wurde – erstens – für beide Seiten zum politischen Code; für die Linke markiert er zugleich den Beginn einer Art revolutionärer Familientradition. Der Totenkult, gleich welcher Couleur, implizierte Inklusion – und ebenso Exklusion: War der Totenkult zum politischen Code geworden, wurde ihm als zusätzliches Element das politische und soziale Gegenüber als Feindbild implementiert. Kollektive Ausgrenzung erlaubte, die jeweiligen, zumeist komplexen histo­risch-politischen Konfliktkonstellationen auszublenden bzw. auf griffige und personalisierte Grundmuster zu reduzieren. Zweitens: Obgleich zur ‚Parteisache’ geworden, war der von einer mal kleineren, mal größeren Minderheit zelebrierte Totenkult um die am 18. März 1848 in Berlin gefallenen Barrikadenkämpfer in der gesamtnationalen Erinnerung latent immer präsent. Drittens: Die Totenkulte sowie die politische Funktionalisierung von Begräbnissen sollten nicht den Blick dafür verstellen, dass ihnen schon relativ bald ein gleichfalls quasi-religiös aufgeladener Kult um herausragende lebende Revolutionäre wie Friedrich Hecker u.a. an die Seite trat. Auch dieser überlebte das Revolutionsjahr 1848 um Jahrzehnte, im Grunde – ruft man sich die zahlreichen Hecker-Devotionalien des Jahres 1998 in Erinnerung – bis heute.

Report by A.Berson about the aerological expedition of the Royal Aeronautic Observatory to East Africa in 1908

This paper is the edited translation of the paper “A. Berson's Bericht über die aerologische Expedition des königlichen aeronautischen Observatoriums nach Ostafrika im Jahre 1908” (Report by A. Berson about the aerological expedition of the Royal Aeronautic Observatory to East Africa in 1908) that was published 1910 in the Meteorologische Zeitschrift 27, 536–542. The paper, provided by R. Süring, co-editor of the journal, is a summary of a more extensive report published in the same year.

Incidence, etiology and risk factors of neonatal seizures Harris County, Texas, 1992--1994

This study was conducted to determine the incidence and etiology of neonatal seizures, and evaluate risk factors for this condition in Harris County, Texas, between 1992 and 1994. Potential cases were ascertained from four sources: discharge diagnoses at local hospitals, birth certificates, death certificates, and a clinical study of neonatal seizures conducted concurrent with this study at a large tertiary care center in Houston, Texas. The neonatal period was defined as the first 28 days of life for term infants, and up to 44 weeks gestation for preterm infants.^ There were 207 cases of neonatal seizures ascertained among 116,048 live births, yielding and incidence of 1.8 per 1000. Half of the seizures occurred by the third day of life, 70% within the first week, and 93% within the first 28 days of life. Among 48 preterm infants with seizures 15 had their initial seizure after the 28th day of life. About 25% of all seizures occurred after discharge from the hospital of birth.^ Idiopathic seizures occurred most frequently (0.5/1000 births), followed by seizures attributed to perinatal hypoxia/ischemia (0.4/1000 births), intracranial hemorrhage (0.2/1000 births), infection of the central nervous system (0.2/1000 births), and metabolic abnormalities (0.1/1000 births).^ Risk factors were evaluated based on birth certificate information, using univariate and multivariate analysis (logistic regression). Factors considered included birth weight, gender, ethnicity, place of birth, mother's age, method of delivery, parity, multiple birth and, among term infants, small birth weight for gestational age (SGA). Among preterm infants, very low birth weight (VLBW, $<$1500 grams) was the strongest risk factor, followed by birth in private/university hospitals with a Level III nursery compared with hospitals with a Level II nursery (RR = 2.9), and male sex (RR = 1.8). The effect of very low birth weight varied according to ethnicity. Compared to preterm infants weighing 2000-2999 grams, non-white VLBW infants were 12.0 times as likely to have seizures; whereas white VLBW infants were 2.5 times as likely. Among term infants, significant risk factors included SGA (RR = 1.8), birth in Level III nursery private/university hospitals versus hospitals with Level II nursery (RR = 2.0), and birth by cesarean section (RR = 2.2). ^

Congential syphilis in Harris County, Texas, 1993--1996

The specific aims of this study were to: (1) To determine the incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) for the 1993-96 birth cohorts in Houston/Harris County, based on the newly revised 1989 CS surveillance definition in Houston/Harris County, Texas; (2) To study the distribution of selected variables listed in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Congenital Syphilis Case Investigation and Report Form for the reported cases of CS; (3) To ascertain the relationships of maternal demographic factors, geographic distribution, and provision and utilization of prenatal care, associated with reported congenital syphilis delivery.^ This was a descriptive study analyzing reported cases of congenital syphilis in Houston/Harris, County, TX during the years 1993-96 using the data recorded on the CDC's Congenital Syphilis Case Investigation and Report forms. The population included infants delivered during 1993-96 who were diagnosed with congenital syphilis, using the revised 1990 criteria of the CDC. This study examined the risk factors associated with the occurrence of congenital syphilis in Harris County where the prevalence of maternal syphilis infection (13.7/100,000/1995) is high. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) ^

An evaluation of the personal response system program for the elderly in Harris County, Texas

The Personal Response System Program at Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, provides emergency call systems for elderly people living independently in Houston, Texas. The goal of the project was to complete a formative evaluation of the Personal Response System Program. The specific aims of the evaluation were three-fold. One aim was to evaluate participant health status and level of disability. The second aim was to develop a health care cost estimation strategy. Finally, a preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis was completed to evaluate the program's impact on health care costs and health status among the elderly target population. ^ The evaluation was a longitudinal, randomized experimental design. After the screening of 120 volunteers for eligibility, clients were asked to complete a written questionnaire and a monthly health service contact diary. Volunteers were contacted by telephone interviewers to collect health status information from 100 eligible clients (83%) on three occasions during the six months of follow-up. ^ Initially, volunteers were randomized to two experimental groups. The two groups were found to be comparable at the beginning of the study. No significant differences were detected related to health status, level of disability, or history of physician visits at baseline. However, the group with the Personal Response System (PRS) device had more adverse health events, higher IADL scores, more frequent use of walkers, lower average health status scores, and fewer community volunteers hours than the usual care comparison group. ^ The health care costs were estimated based on an algorithm adapted from the American Medical Association guidelines. Average total health care costs for the group with the PRS device ($912) were greater than the usual care group ($464). However, median health care values for the PRS group ($263) were similar to the usual care comparison group ($234). The preliminary findings indicated that the use of the PRS device was not associated with health care cost savings. ^ In the preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis, use of the personal response system was found to be associated with increased mental health status among elderly clients. The cost-effectiveness evaluation indicated that the associated cost for six months was $710 per unit increase in mental component score when the $150 PRS subscription was included. However, clients with the PRS device were found to have a greater decline in physical health status during the six-month follow-up. The beneficial effect on mental health status was found to be in contrast to negative findings associated with changes in physical health status. The implications for future research relate to the need to identify risk factors among geriatric populations to better target groups that would most likely benefit from PRS Program enrollment. ^

Geschichte der Juden vom Beginn der Mendelssohn'schen Zeit (1750) bis in die neueste Zeit (1848)

von H. Graetz

Herr Rabbiner Dr. Joel und die Lasker'sche Resolution

beleuchtet von [Emanuel] S[chwarzschild]