Reduced antioxidant defense in early onset first-episode psychosis: a case-control study

Background:Our objective is to determine the activity of the antioxidant defense system at admission in patients with early onset first psychotic episodes compared with a control group. Methods: Total antioxidant status (TAS) and lipid peroxidation (LOOH) were determined in plasma. Enzyme activities and total glutathione levels were determined in erythrocytes in 102 children and adolescents with a first psychotic episode and 98 healthy controls. Results: A decrease in antioxidant defense was found in patients, measured as decreased TAS and glutathione levels. Lipid damage (LOOH) and glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in patients than controls. Our study shows a decrease in the antioxidant defense system in early onset first episode psychotic patients. Conclusions: Glutathione deficit seems to be implicated in psychosis, and may be an important indirect biomarker of oxidative stress in early-onset schizophrenia. Oxidative damage is present in these patients, and may contribute to its pathophysiology.

Preservation of minimally processed 'aurora-1' peaches using additives

'Aurora-1' peaches establishes an interesting alternative as a minimally processed product, due to its characteristics like flavor, color, smell, and also because of its handling resistance. However, it has a short shelf life after a fresh-cut due to enzymatic browning and stone cavity collapse. The main purpose of this research was to test the additive with antioxidant effect to prevent browning in minimally processed 'Aurora-1' peaches. The minimal processing consists of washing, sanitizing, peelings and fruit stone extraction. After that, longitudinal cuts were made to obtain eight segments per fruit. The slices were immersed into the following treatment solutions: control (immersion in 2% ascorbic acid); 2% ascorbic acid + 2% calcium chloride; 1% sodium isoascorbate; 1% citric acid; 1% L-cysteine hydrochloride. The products were placed into rigid polystyrene trays branded MEIWA M-54, covered with 14 µm PVC film (OmnifilmTM) and kept in cold storage at 3ºC ± 2ºC and 65% RH for twelve days, and evaluated each three days. Appraised variables were appearance, soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble carbohydrates and reducing sugars, total and soluble pectin, ascorbic acid, and peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity. L-cysteine gave to the minimally processed products a shelf life of twelve days, limmited by off-flavor. The treatment with ascorbic acid was efficient to maintainthe ascorbic acid content, with a shelf-life of nine days, limited by enzymatic browning.

Técnicas de análise multivariada na avaliação de injúrias pelo frio em mangas cv. Tommy Atkins

Este trabalho objetivou identificar as variáveis que se associam às injúrias pelo frio e determinar as diferenças nos parâmetros de qualidade que melhor caracterizam mangas 'Tommy Atkins' submetidas à condição de injúria pelo frio, utilizando-se da análise de fatores em componentes principais e a análise de agrupamentos. Frutos colhidos no estádio "de vez" foram cuidadosamente transportados, selecionados, padronizados quanto a coloração, tamanho e ausência de injúrias, e tratados com fungicida antes de serem armazenados a 2 ºC (74,8% UR), 5 °C (75,4% UR) e 12 °C (76,4% UR), por até 28 dias. Os frutos foram avaliados semanalmente quanto à ocorrência de danos pelo frio, coloração da casca e da polpa, firmeza da polpa, teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, açúcares solúveis e redutores, ácido ascórbico e atividade das enzimas peroxidase, polifenoloxidase e fenilalanina amônia-liase. A análise estatística multivariada dos fatores em componentes principais e agrupamentos permitiram melhor compreensão do efeito do armazenamento, sob condição de chilling, no metabolismo de mangas 'Tommy Atkins' e indicaram que o dano está intimamente relacionado com a casca e que a resposta da polpa ao estresse ocorre de forma tardia.

Prevenção do escurecimento do pericarpo de lichia através do uso de ácidos e filmes¹

Neste trabalho, foram avaliados os efeitos de ácidos e filmes na prevenção do escurecimento do pericarpo de lichia. Lichias 'Bengal' foram colhidas com o pericarpo completamente vermelho e submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: imersão em ácido cítrico 100 mM, por 5 minutos; imersão em ácido clorídrico (HCl) 1 N, por 2 minutos; imersão em fécula de mandioca 30 g/L, por 5 minutos, e filme de policloreto de vinila (PVC) de 14 µm de espessura, além do controle, não tratado.Os frutos de todos os tratamentos foram acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno (220 mm x 140 mm x 40 mm), armazenados em câmara fria a 5 ± 1,2°C e 90 ± 5% de UR e avaliados a cada 4 dias, durante 20 dias. A fécula de mandioca e o ácido cítrico não foram eficientes em prevenir ou retardar o escurecimento do pericarpo da lichia. O filme de PVC manteve a coloração vermelha do pericarpo somente até o quarto dia de armazenamento. O HCl foi efetivo em prevenir o escurecimento do pericarpo dos frutos durante todo o período experimental sem prejudicar a qualidade pós-colheita.

Atividade enzimática e paramêtros fisico-químicos de água de cocos colhidos em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e estação climática

Nos últimos anos, agricultores da região noroeste do Paraná vêm cultivando o coqueiro, visando à comercialização da água do fruto verde. Na literatura, ainda são poucos os relatos sobre as características da água de coco verde na região. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos físico-químicos e a atividade das enzimas peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO) da água de coco, cv. Anão-Verde, de frutos colhidos em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e estações climáticas. Os frutos foram colhidos no município de Umuarama, Paraná, nas quatro estações climáticas e em cinco estádios de desenvolvimento. Foram realizadas avaliações da atividade da POD e PPO, turbidez, pH, acidez titulável (AT), compostos fenólicos e teores de minerais da água de coco. As atividades da PPO e da POD apresentaram os maiores valores no inverno, variando de 1,87 a 3,69 U mL-1 para PPO e 15,42 a 22,56 U mL-1 para POD. A turbidez variou de 10,14 a 15,16 NTU, sendo valor referente à água de coco colhido com sete meses e nove meses na primavera. A AT resultou em valores entre 0,057 e 0,113 g de ácido cítrico 100 mL-1. No inverno e na primavera, a água de coco apresentou os maiores valores de compostos fenólicos em relação às outras estações. O potássio foi o mineral presente em maior concentração em todas as amostras. Os parâmetros avaliados indicam que a água de coco produzida em Umuarama, Paraná, apresenta características bioquímicas e físico-químicas adequadas e semelhantes aos cocos produzidos em regiões tropicais.

Cannabidiol Protects against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy by Modulating Mitochondrial Function and Biogenesis.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used, potent chemotherapeutic agent; however, its clinical application is limited because of its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. DOX's cardiotoxicity involves increased oxidative/nitrative stress, impaired mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes/endothelial cells and cell death. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonpsychotropic constituent of marijuana, which is well tolerated in humans, with antioxidant, antiinflammatory and recently discovered antitumor properties. We aimed to explore the effects of CBD in a well-established mouse model of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. DOX-induced cardiomyopathy was characterized by increased myocardial injury (elevated serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase levels), myocardial oxidative and nitrative stress (decreased total glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase 1 activity, increased lipid peroxidation, 3-nitrotyrosine formation and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA), myocardial cell death (apoptotic and poly[ADP]-ribose polymerase 1 [PARP]-dependent) and cardiac dysfunction (decline in ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening). DOX also impaired myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis (decreased mitochondrial copy number, mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-alpha, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, estrogen-related receptor alpha), reduced mitochondrial function (attenuated complex I and II activities) and decreased myocardial expression of uncoupling protein 2 and 3 and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase mRNA. Treatment with CBD markedly improved DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction, oxidative/nitrative stress and cell death. CBD also enhanced the DOX-induced impaired cardiac mitochondrial function and biogenesis. These data suggest that CBD may represent a novel cardioprotective strategy against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, and the above-described effects on mitochondrial function and biogenesis may contribute to its beneficial properties described in numerous other models of tissue injury.

Armazenamento refrigerado de abacates 'Hass'

Este trabalho objetivou determinar a ocorrência de injúria pelo frio em abacates 'Hass'. Na primeira Etapa, os abacates foram armazenados a 5ºC (77% UR), 10ºC (79% UR) e 15ºC (79% UR) por até 21 dias. Aos 7; 14 e 21dias de armazenamento, um lote com 36 frutos foi levado ao ambiente (22°C e 77% UR) para amadurecimento. Testou-se também o armazenamento a 2°C (74% UR) e 4°C (77% UR) por até 45 dias, sendo que aos 15; 30 e 45 dias, um lote com a mesma quantidade de frutos foi levado ao ambiente, mantido a 22°C e 77% UR. Frutos armazenados ao ambiente, desde o início, foram considerados testemunha. Avalaram-se a aparência e a luminosidade da polpa. Os frutos armazenados a 10°C e 15°C não apresentaram sintomas de injúrias pelo frio, que foram observados nos frutos armazenados a 2°C, por períodos superiores a 15 dias, e nos mantidos a 4°C, por 30 dias. Quando levados ao ambiente, os frutos armazenados a 2°C conservaram aparência aceitável para o consumo (nota = 3) por até10 dias, e os armazenados a 4°C, por até 12 dias. Na segunda Etapa, analisaram-se a intensidade respiratória e a atividade das enzimas peroxidase (POD), polifenoloxidase (PPO), poligalacturonase (PG) e pectinametilesterase (PME) nos frutos armazenados a 2ºC, por 45 dias, em comparação com os testemunha. A atividade das enzimas associadas ao escurecimento, POD e PPO, assim como das associadas ao amaciamento da polpa, PME e PG, foi inibida pelo armazenamento a 2ºC, mas readquiriram atividade mais elevada que nos frutos-testemunha, quando foram transferidos ao ambiente, indicando estímulo devido aos danos pelo frio.

Label-free detection of tobramycin in serum by transmission-localized surface plasmon resonance.

In order to improve the efficacy and safety of treatments, drug dosage needs to be adjusted to the actual needs of each patient in a truly personalized medicine approach. Key for widespread dosage adjustment is the availability of point-of-care devices able to measure plasma drug concentration in a simple, automated, and cost-effective fashion. In the present work, we introduce and test a portable, palm-sized transmission-localized surface plasmon resonance (T-LSPR) setup, comprised of off-the-shelf components and coupled with DNA-based aptamers specific to the antibiotic tobramycin (467 Da). The core of the T-LSPR setup are aptamer-functionalized gold nanoislands (NIs) deposited on a glass slide covered with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), which acts as a biosensor. The gold NIs exhibit localized plasmon resonance in the visible range matching the sensitivity of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor employed as a light detector. The combination of gold NIs on the FTO substrate, causing NIs size and pattern irregularity, might reduce the overall sensitivity but confers extremely high stability in high-ionic solutions, allowing it to withstand numerous regeneration cycles without sensing losses. With this rather simple T-LSPR setup, we show real-time label-free detection of tobramycin in buffer, measuring concentrations down to 0.5 μM. We determined an affinity constant of the aptamer-tobramycin pair consistent with the value obtained using a commercial propagating-wave based SPR. Moreover, our label-free system can detect tobramycin in filtered undiluted blood serum, measuring concentrations down to 10 μM with a theoretical detection limit of 3.4 μM. While the association signal of tobramycin onto the aptamer is masked by the serum injection, the quantification of the captured tobramycin is possible during the dissociation phase and leads to a linear calibration curve for the concentrations over the tested range (10-80 μM). The plasmon shift following surface binding is calculated in terms of both plasmon peak location and hue, with the latter allowing faster data elaboration and real-time display of the results. The presented T-LSPR system shows for the first time label-free direct detection and quantification of a small molecule in the complex matrix of filtered undiluted blood serum. Its uncomplicated construction and compact size, together with the remarkable performances, represent a leap forward toward effective point-of-care devices for therapeutic drug concentration monitoring.

Qualidade de mangas cv. Palmer após armazenamento sob baixas temperaturas

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade de mangas 'Palmer' previamente armazenadas em baixas temperaturas, após sua transferência para a condição de ambiente. Frutos colhidos no estádio de maturação fisiológica foram cuidadosamente transportados, selecionados, padronizados quanto à coloração, tamanho e ausência de injúrias, e tratados com fungicida, antes de serem armazenados a 2ºC (75,7% UR), 5ºC (73,8% UR) e 12°C (82% UR), por 7; 14 e 21 dias. Ao final de cada período, os frutos foram transferidos para temperatura ambiente (22,9°C; 62,3% UR), onde foram mantidos por 1; 3; 5 e 7 dias, simulando o período de comercialização, e avaliados quanto à ocorrência de injúrias e podridões, coloração da casca e polpa, firmeza da polpa, teores de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e de ácido ascórbico, além da atividade das enzimas peroxidase, polifenoloxidase e fenilalanina amônia-liase. Os resultados indicaram que as mangas 'Palmer' podem ser conservadas a 12ºC por 21 dias, sem prejuízos ao amadurecimento, porém com limitações devido à ocorrência de podridões. O armazenamento a 2ºC e a 5ºC foi limitado pela ocorrência de injúrias na casca, porém na temperatura de 2ºC estes sintomas foram mais severos e comprometeram o desenvolvimento da coloração característica da casca. Entretanto, o amadurecimento da polpa destes frutos não foi prejudicado, mas este processo ocorreu com menor intensidade que nas mangas mantidas a 12ºC.

Quebra de dormência de videiras cv. Benitaka com o uso de hidrolato de pau-d'alho (Gallesia integrifolia)

Em regiões tropicais, com ajuda da aplicação de produtos químicos para induzir a quebra de dormência, é possível obter duas safras anuais de videira. No entanto, a eficácia da utilização destes produtos é questionável, pois sua alta toxicidade é um fator preocupante. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação do hidrolato obtido de pau-d'alho (Gallesia integrifolia) na brotação, produtividade e atividade das enzimas peroxidase e catalase em videiras cv. Benitaka. O experimento foi conduzido em vinhedo comercial no município de Marialva, Estado do Paraná, Brasil, em dois ciclos consecutivos: 2011, de agosto a dezembro, e 2012, de janeiro a julho. Os tratamentos consistiram nas seguintes doses de hidrolato de pau-d'alho: 0; 50; 100; 150 e 200 mL L-1, além da testemunha positiva com cianamida hidrogenada a 20 mL L-1. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: porcentagem de gemas brotadas, número de cachos, peso dos cachos, produtividade (t ha-1), atividade das enzimas catalase e peroxidase, e teor de açúcares redutores nas gemas. Na porcentagem de gemas brotadas, houve efeito quadrático em função das doses do hidrolato de pau-d'alho com máxima brotação estimada para as doses de 108,8 e 97 mL L-1 de hidrolato de pau-d'alho para o primeiro e segundo ciclos, respectivamente, com resultados semelhantes ao tratamento-padrão com cianamida hidrogenada. Os tratamentos com hidrolato de pau-d'alho também incrementaram o número e o peso dos cachos e a produtividade, apresentando também efeito quadrático em função das doses. Verificou-se, ainda, redução da atividade das enzimas catalase, peroxidase e para os teores de açúcares redutores nas gemas para as plantas tratadas com hidrolato de pau-d'alho, evidenciando seu modo de ação via injúrias oxidativas, similarmente ao efeito do tratamento convencional com cianamida hidrogenada. Com base nos resultados obtidos, o hidrolato de pau-d'alho, nas doses entre 100 e 150 mL L-1, pode ser uma alternativa para a quebra de dormência de videiras cv. Benitaka em regiões tropicais para a viticultura sustentável.

Ácido cítrico e quitosana na conservação de lichias 'Bengal'

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicação de ácido cítrico em duas concentrações, associadas ou não à quitosana, na manutenção da qualidade de lichias 'Bengal'. Após a colheita e seleção, os frutos no estádio de maturação maduro foram imersos por 1 minuto nas seguintes soluções de ácido cítrico e de quitosana: [1] Testemunha - sem imersão; [2] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1; [3] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana; [4] ácido cítrico a 300 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana; [5] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1; [6] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,3% quitosana; [7] ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1 + 0,6% quitosana. Após a imersão, os frutos foram colocados em gôndolas para escorrer o excesso de solução. Em seguida, foram armazenados em câmara fria, previamente higienizada, a 5ºC, durante 20 dias. O experimento foi conduzido seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, num esquema fatorial composto por sete soluções de recobrimento e cinco datas de amostragem. A cada cinco dias, foi avaliada a perda de massa fresca dos frutos, a coloração, o teor de antocianinas e a atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase da casca. A solução de ácido cítrico a 600 g L-1, associada ou não à quitosana, e a combinação de quitosana 0,3% com 300 g L-1 de ácido cítrico foram as mais eficientes para a manutenção da cor avermelhada e a redução do escurecimento da casca de lichias 'Bengal' por 20 dias, a 5ºC.

Acetylation of cell wall is required for structural integrity of the leaf surface and exerts a global impact on plant stress responses.

The epidermis on leaves protects plants from pathogen invasion and provides a waterproof barrier. It consists of a layer of cells that is surrounded by thick cell walls, which are partially impregnated by highly hydrophobic cuticular components. We show that the Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants of REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION 2 (rwa2), previously identified as having reduced O-acetylation of both pectins and hemicelluloses, exhibit pleiotrophic phenotype on the leaf surface. The cuticle layer appeared diffused and was significantly thicker and underneath cell wall layer was interspersed with electron-dense deposits. A large number of trichomes were collapsed and surface permeability of the leaves was enhanced in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. A massive reprogramming of the transcriptome was observed in rwa2 as compared to the wild type, including a coordinated up-regulation of genes involved in responses to abiotic stress, particularly detoxification of reactive oxygen species and defense against microbial pathogens (e.g., lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases). In accordance, peroxidase activities were found to be elevated in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. These results indicate that cell wall acetylation is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of leaf epidermis, and that reduction of cell wall acetylation leads to global stress responses in Arabidopsis.

Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Orolabial Herpes Simplex

Oral mucosa is a frequent site of primary herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, whereas intraoral recurrent disease is very rare. Instead, reactivation from latency predominantly results in asymptomatic HSV shedding to saliva or recurrent labial herpes (RLH) with highly individual frequency. The current study aimed to elucidate the role of human oral innate and acquired immune mechanisms in modulation of HSV infection in orolabial region. Saliva was found to neutralize HSV-1, and to protect cells from infection independently of salivary antibodies. Neutralization capacity was higher in saliva from asymptomatic HSV-seropositive individuals compared to subjects with history of RLH or seronegative controls. Neutralization was at least partially associated with salivary lactoferrin content. Further, lactoferrin and peroxidase-generated hypothiocyanite were found to either neutralize HSV-1 or interfere with HSV-1 replication, whereas lysozyme displayed no anti-HSV-1 activity. Lactoferrin was also shown to modulate HSV-1 infection by inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation. RLH susceptibility was further found to be associated with Th2 biased cytokine responses against HSV, and a higher level of anti- HSV-IgG with Th2 polarization, indicating lack of efficiency of humoral response in the control of HSV disease. In a three-dimensional cell culture, keratinocytes were found to support both lytic and nonproductive infection, suggesting HSV persistence in epithelial cells, and further emphasizing the importance of peripheral immune control of HSV. These results suggest that certain innate salivary antimicrobial compounds and Th1 type cellular responses are critically important in protecting the host against HSV disease, implying possible applications in drug, vaccine and gene therapy design.

Thyroid function in the elderly and sex hormones in elderly men: reference intervals and associations with health

Aims: The aims were to create clinically feasible reference intervals for thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) and to analyze associations between thyroid function and self-rated health, neuropsychiatric symptoms, depression and dementia in the elderly. The second aim was also to establish reference intervals for sex hormones and to analyze associations between sex hormone levels and self-rated health, symptoms, depression and dementia in elderly men. Subjects and methods: The study population comprised 1252 subjects aged 65 years or over, living in the municipality of Lieto, south-western Finland. Self-rated health, life satisfaction, symptoms, depression, and dementia were assessed with specific questions, clinical examination and tools such as the Zung Self-report Depression Scale and the Mini-Mental State Examination. Independent variables were dichotomized, and associations of these variables with TSH, FT4 or sex hormone levels were assessed. Levels of TSH and FT4 in thyroid disease–free women and women treated with thyroxine were also compared. Results: Elevated concentrations of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) or thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) were found to have a marked effect on the upper reference limit for TSH among women, who were thyroid antibody positive more higher than suggested in several recent guidelines. After age adjustment, there were no associations between TSH levels and self-rated health, life satisfaction, or most neuropsychiatric symptoms in the thyroid disease-free population. Although women with thyroxine treatment for primary hypothyroidism had far higher TSH levels than thyroid disease-free women, there were no differences between thyroid-disease free women and women with stable thyroxine treatment regarding self-rated health, life satisfaction or symptoms. Age had a significant positive association with luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle 2 practice, one range in men aged 65 years or over can be used for T, E2 and FSH measured with the AutoDelfia method, but two separate reference intervals should be used for fT, LH and SHBG. After adjustment for age, higher levels of T and fT were associated with better self-rated health (SRH) in the reference population. After adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI), there were no associations between sex hormone concentrations and self-rated health, life satisfaction or most symptoms in concentration. Conclusion: Age-specific reference intervals were derived for thyroid function and sex hormones based on comprehensive data from a community-dwelling population with a high participation rate. The results do not support the need to decrease the upper reference limit for TSH or to lower the optimal TSH target in levothyroxine treatment in older adults, as recommended in recent guidelines. Older age or being overweight symptoms among elderly men. The associations of single symptoms with T levels were inconsistent among elderly men, although the association of low T level with diagnosed depression might be clinically significant.

Lipid mobilization and gluconeogenesis in plants: Do glyoxylate cycle enzyme activities constitute a real cycle? A hypothesis

Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes present in various plant organs such as germinating cotyledons or senescing leaves. They are the site of beta-oxidation and of the glyoxylate cycle. These consecutive pathways are essential to the maintenance of gluconeogenesis initiated by the degradation of reserve or structural lipids. In contrast to mitochondrial beta-oxidation, which is prevalent in animal cells, glyoxysomal beta-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle have no direct access to the mitochondrial respiratory chain because of the impermeability of the glyoxysomal membrane to the reduced cofactors. The necessity of NAD(+) regeneration can conceivably be fulfilled by membrane redox chains and/or by transmembrane shuttles. Experimental evidence based on the active metabolic roles of higher plant glyoxysomes and yeast peroxisomes suggests the coexistence of two mechanisms, namely a reductase/peroxidase membrane redox chain and a malate/aspartate shuttle susceptible to transfer electrons to the mitochondrial ATP generating system. Such a model interconnects beta-oxidation, the glyoxylate cycle, the respiratory chain and gluconeogenesis in such a way that glyoxysomal malate dehydrogenase is an essential and exclusive component of beta-oxidation (NAD(+) regeneration). Consequently, the classical view of the glyoxylate cycle is superseded by a tentative reactional scheme deprived of cyclic character.