Molecular basis of complete C4 deficiency. A study of three patients.

The highly polymorphic fourth component of human complement (C4) is usually encoded by two genes, C4A and C4B, adjacent to the 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) genes and is also remarkable by the high frequency of the null alleles, C4A*Q0 and C4B*Q0. Complete C4 deficiency is exceptional because this condition appears only in homozygotes for the very rare double-null haplotype C4AQ0,BQ0. This condition in most cases gives rise to systemic lupus erythematosus and an increased susceptibility to infections. The molecular basis for complete C4 deficiency has not yet been established. Therefore we studied the DNA of three previously described C4 deficient patients belonging to unrelated families by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using C4 and 21-OH probes. These studies revealed a deletion of the C4B and 21-OHA genes in two patients and no deletion at all in the third patient. Therefore, complete C4 deficiency as a result of homozygosity for the C4AQ0, BQ0 haplotype is not a consequence of a deletion of the C4 genes. The molecular basis of this genetic abnormality is certainly very complex and may vary also from one case to another.

Infection of monkeys by simian-human immunodeficiency viruses with transmitted/founder clade C HIV-1 envelopes.

Simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) that mirror natural transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses in man are needed for evaluation of HIV-1 vaccine candidates in nonhuman primates. Currently available SHIVs contain HIV-1 env genes from chronically-infected individuals and do not reflect the characteristics of biologically relevant HIV-1 strains that mediate human transmission. We chose to develop clade C SHIVs, as clade C is the major infecting subtype of HIV-1 in the world. We constructed 10 clade C SHIVs expressing Env proteins from T/F viruses. Three of these ten clade C SHIVs (SHIV KB9 C3, SHIV KB9 C4 and SHIV KB9 C5) replicated in naïve rhesus monkeys. These three SHIVs are mucosally transmissible and are neutralized by sCD4 and several HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, like natural T/F viruses, they exhibit low Env reactivity and a Tier 2 neutralization sensitivity. Of note, none of the clade C T/F SHIVs elicited detectable autologous neutralizing antibodies in the infected monkeys, even though antibodies that neutralized a heterologous Tier 1 HIV-1 were generated. Challenge with these three new clade C SHIVs will provide biologically relevant tests for vaccine protection in rhesus macaques.

Efectos de la relación entre hongos micorrícicos arbusculares y gramíneas forrajeras bajo defoliación y distinto suministro de fósforo

La asociación entre raíces de plantas y hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (HMA) incrementa la absorción de fósforo. Sin embargo, la defoliación puede influenciar el balance de la simbiosis y la recuperación de las plantas. El objetivo de esta tesis fue estudiar el efecto de la simbiosis micorrícica y el suministro de fósforo, sobre el crecimiento y la recuperación post-defoliación de gramíneas forrajeras cultivadas. Para esto, en primer lugar, se caracterizó la respuesta micorrícica de seis especies de gramíneas (tres templadas (C3) : i) Dactylis glomerata, ii) Elymus elongatus y iii) Schedonorus arundinaceus; y tres tropicales (C4) : iv) Paspalum dilatatum, v) Panicum coloratum y vi) Urochloa brizantha) creciendo en déficit nutricional. En estas condiciones, las gramíneas tropicales presentaron mayor respuesta micorrícica que las templadas. En segundo lugar, se estudió el rol de las micorrizas y el suministro de fósforo sobre el crecimiento y la nutrición de E. elongatus y U. brizantha, dos especies con respuestas micorrícicas contrastantes. Al aumentar el suministro de fósforo, en E. elongatus (especie con menor respuesta micorrícic) ) y U. brizantha (especie con mayor respuesta micorrícica) el cambio en la producción de biomasa, entre plantas inoculadas y no-inoculadas, disminuyó. Sin embargo, mostraron diferencias en la eficiencia en el uso del fósforo: U. brizantha hizo un mayor aprovechamiento del fósforo que E. elongatus. Por último, se caracterizaron respuestas de recuperación post-defoliación bajo distinto suministro de fósforo. En E. elongatus en alto fósforo, hubo un efecto parasítico de la micorriza sobre la recuperación post-defoliación. Por el contrario, en U. brizantha no se detectó un compromiso entre defoliación y micorrizas. La información generada en esta tesis servirá de base para mejorar el conocimiento de aspectos básicos de la relación entre hongos micorrícicos arbusculares y gramíneas forrajeras, como también, para establecer pautas de conservación de las relaciones simbióticas en sistemas pastoriles.

Mecanismos de regulación de la competencia entre una gramínea C3 anual y otra peremne en comunidades multiespecíficas implantadas

El mantenimiento de la composición florística óptima, dada por la dominancia de las gramineas C3 perennes sobre las anuales, es altamente relevante en pasturas templado - húmedas. Las decisiones culturales, tales como los arreglos de siembra, las fertilizaciones y las frecuencias de defoliación, son clave para lograrlo. El objetivo de mi tesis fue analizar los mecanismos involucrados en la dinámica de las relaciones de competencia intra e interespecíficas entre los componentes de gramínea C3 perenne y anual/bianual y el efecto de diferentes frecuencias de defoliación y de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre la persistencia y la productividad de la graminea perenne. Se realizaron dos ensayos manipulativos en distintos niveles de organización y escalas temporales. En el primero, se analizaron los mecanismos morfogenéticos y estructurales involucrados en la dinámica de las relaciones de competencia entre Dactylis glomerata L. (pasto ovillo, perenne) y Bromus willdenowii Khunt (cebadilla, anual/bianual), durante el establecimiento temprano. Se establecieron cuatro combinaciones de siembra -solo cebadilla, solo pasto ovillo, y cada especie rodeada por vecinos de la otra - sin y con fertilización nitrogenada invernal. Las variables bajo estudio se registraron en tres cohortes de macollos de la planta objetivo, el principal y los aparecidos 20 y 30 días después de la fertilización. Ambas gramineas rodeadas por anuales fueron restringidas en la ocupación espacial horizontal y subterránea. Las mayores tasas de elongación foliar y la longitud total de láminas verdes y de pseudotallos indicaron una mayor jerarquía de la gramínea anual en captura de luz. Los vecinos anuales causaron disminución de la vida media foliar de los macollos más jóvenes y retrasaron la tasa de aparición de hojas en el macollo principal y en los aparecidos 20 días post-fertilización. Además, disminuyeron los números de hojas expandidas y vivas en los macollos de edad intermedia de las dos especies y redujeron la tasa de aparición de macollos, su densidad por planta y su biomasa radical. En el segundo ensayo las frecuencias de defoliación se definieron por el número de hojas presentes por macollo y por la especie guía. Las altas frecuencias de defoliación afectaron consistente y negativamente a la especie perenne. La desventaja de las defoliaciones frecuentes, habiendo o no fertilizado, se expresó en incrementos del filocrono y disminuciones en las tasas de acumulación de biomasa tanto radical como aerea y en el contenido de hidratos de carbono de reserva durante la implantación de la pastura. Se propone que los cuatro mecanismos principales de regulación del crecimiento y de la habilidad competitiva son la tasa de aparición de hojas, la tasa de elongación foliar, el número de hojas expandidas y la biomasa radical. El conocimiento de la respuesta de dichas variables ante cambios en el ambiente biótico y abiótico permitirá la toma de decisiones culturales y de manejo sobre bases objetivas.

Comportamiento de varias cepas de Azospirillum sobre trigo (Triticum aestivum) y sorgo (Sorghum vulgare)

p.39-45

Mechanisms of one-electron capture by slow He2+, C4+ and O6+ ions in collisions with CH4

Translational energy spectroscopy (TES) has been used to study one-electron capture by He2+, C4+, and O6+ ions in collisions with CH4 within the range 200 - 2000 eV amu—1. In each case the main collisions mechanisms and product channels have been identified. The measurements reveal significant differences in the way the dissociative and non-dissociative mechanisms contribute to electron capture. However, in all cases, the highly selective nature of the charge transfer process is confirmed in spite of the wide range of energy defects associated with possible product channels.

Cataract surgery induces retinal pro-inflammatory gene expression and protein secretion

To investigate the effect(s) of cataract surgery on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and proteins in the retina using an experimental rodent model. An extracapsular lens extraction was performed in one eye of C57BL/6 mice (n=24); the contralateral unoperated eyes (n =24) as well as eyes from unoperated animals (n = 9) served as controls. The neurosensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid were collected postoperatively. Expression of genes involved in the acute inflammatory/ injury response, including IL-1ß, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor ß, chemokine CCL2, SDF-1, and complements C3, C4, and factor B (CFB), were examined by real-time PCR and, selectively, by immunohistochemistry. The expression of IL-1 ß and CCL2 genes was markedly upregulated (>0-fold, P >0.01) in the neurosensory retina 30 minutes postoperatively and maintained for the 2-week postoperative period of observation; IL-1 ß expression was also upregulated in RPE/choroid. The expression of complement C3 (>-fold) and CFB (>0-fold) genes in the neurosensory retina was also significantly upregulated (P

A click chemistry approach to C3 symmetric, G-quadruplex stabilising ligands.

Described is the structure-based design and synthesis of a series of tris-triazole G-quadruplex binding ligands utilising the copper catalysed azide–alkyne ‘click’ reaction. The results of G-quadruplex stabilisation by the ligands are reported and discussed.

The association between macular pigment optical density and CFH, ARMS2, C2/BF, and C3 genotype.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness in older people in developed countries, and risk for this condition may be classified as genetic or environmental, with an interaction between such factors predisposing to this disease. This study investigated the relationship between AMD risk genes, macular pigment optical density (MPOD), which may protect against AMD, and serum concentrations of the macular carotenoids, lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z). This was a cross-sectional study of 302 healthy adult subjects. Dietary intake of L and Z was assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and MPOD was measured by customized heterochromatic flicker photometry. We also calculated MPOD Area as the area of MP under the spatial profile curve, to reflect MP across the macula. Serum L and Z were measured by HPLC. Genotyping of tag SNPs in the genes CFH, ARMS2, C3, C2 and BF was undertaken with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primer extension methodology (ABI Snapshot, ABI Warrington UK) on DNA extracted from peripheral blood. The mean ± SD (range) age of the subjects in this study was 48 ± 11 (21-66) years. There was a statistically significant association between CFH genotype and family history of AMD, with subjects having two non-risk CFH haplotypes (n =35), or one non-risk and one protective CFH haplotype (n = 33), being significantly more likely to have a negative family history of AMD (Pearson Chi square: p = 0.001). There was no significant association between the AMD risk genes investigated and either MPOD (One way ANOVA: p > 0.05) or serum concentrations of L or Z (One way ANOVA: p > 0.05, for both). Subjects who were homozygous for risk alleles of both CFH and ARMS2 (n = 4) had significantly lower MPOD at 0.5_ and 1_ retinal eccentricity (Independent samples t test: p

Characterisation of polyacetylenes isolated from carrot (Daucus carota) extracts by negative ion tandem mass spectrometry

The potential use of negative electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in the characterisation of the three polyacetylenes common in carrots (Daucus carota) has been assessed. The MS scans have demonstrated that the polyacetylenes undergo a modest degree of in-source decomposition in the negative ionisation mode while the positive ionisation mode has shown predominantly sodiated ions and no [M+H](+) ions. Tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) studies have shown that the polyacetylenes follow two distinct fragmentation pathways: one that involves cleavage of the C3-C4 bond and the other with cleavage of the C7-C8 bond. The cleavage of the C7-C8 bond generated product ions m/z 105.0 for falcarinol, m/z 105/107.0 for falcarindiol, m/z 147.0/149.1 for falcarindiol-3-acetate. In addition to these product ions, the transitions m/z 243.2 -> 187.1 (falcarinol), m/z 259.2 -> 203.1 (falcarindiol), m/z 301.2 -> 255.2/203.1 (falcarindiol-3-acetate), mostly from the C3-C4 bond cleavage, can form the basis of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-quantitative methods which are poorly represented in the literature. The 'MS3' experimental data confirmed a less pronounced homolytic cleavage site between the C11-C12 bond in the falcarinol-type polacetylenes. The optimised liquid chromatography (LC)/MS conditions have achieved a baseline chromatographic separation of the three polyacetylenes investigated within 40 min total run-time. Copyright (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Expression of complement components and regulators by different subtypes of bone marrow-derived macrophages

Under inflammatory conditions, macrophages can differentiate into different functional subtypes. We show that bone marrow-derived macrophages constitutively express different levels of various complement-related genes. The relative expression levels are C1qb > Crry > CFH > C3 > C1r > CFB > DAF1 > CD59a > C2 > C1INH > C1s > C4. Upon activation, the expression of C1r, C1s, C3, C2, CFB, and C1INH was up-regulated, and CFH, CD59a, and DAF1, down-regulated in M1 (induced by interferon-? + lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) and M2b (induced by immune complex + LPS) macrophages. The expression of C4 and CFH was slightly up-regulated in interleukin (IL)-10-induced M2c macrophages. Complement gene expression in IL-4-induced M2a macrophages was weakly down-regulated as compared to resting M0 macrophages. Higher levels of C3, C1INH, and CFB but lower levels of CFH expression in M1 and M2b macrophage suggests that they may be involved in the alternative pathway of complement activation during inflammation.

Complement expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells is modulated by activated macrophages

Complement activation is involved in a variety of retinal diseases. We have shown previously that a number of complement components and regulators can be produced locally in the eye, and that retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are the major source of complement expression at the retina-choroidal interface. The expression of complement components by RPE cells is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. Under aging or inflammatory conditions, microglia and macrophages accumulate in the subretinal space, where they are in close contact with RPE cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of activated macrophages on complement expression by RPE cells. Mouse RPE cells were treated with the supernatants from un-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BM-DMs), the classically activated BM-DMs (M1) and different types of the alternatively activated BM-DMs (M2a by IL-4, M2b by immune complex and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), M2c by IL-10). The expression of inflammatory cytokines and complement genes by RPE cells were determined by real-time RT-PCR. The protein expression of CFB, C3, C1INH, and C1r was examined by Western blot. Our results show that un-stimulated RPE cells express a variety of complement-related genes, and that the expression levels of complement regulators, including C1r, factor H (CFH), DAF1, CD59, C1INH, Crry, and C4BP genes are significantly higher than those of complement component genes (C2, C4, CFB, C3, and C5). Macrophage supernatants increased inflammatory cytokine (IL-1ß, IL-6, iNOS), chemokine (CCL2) and complement expression in RPE cells. The supernatants from M0, M2a and M2c macrophages mildly up-regulated (2~3.5-fold) CFB, CFH and C3 gene expression in RPE cells, whereas the supernatants from M1 and M2b macrophages massively increased (10~30-fold) CFB and C3 gene expression in RPE cells. The expression of other genes, including C1r, C2, C4, CFH, Masp1, C1INH, and C4BP in RPE cells was also increased by the supernatants of M1 and M2b macrophages; however, the increment levels were significantly lower than CFB and C3 genes. M1 and M2b macrophage supernatants enhanced CFB (Bb fragment) protein expression and C3 secretion by RPE cells. M1 macrophages may affect complement expression in RPE cells through the STAT1 pathway. Our results suggest that under inflammatory conditions, activated macrophages could promote the alternative pathway of complement activation in the retina via induction of RPE cell CFB and C3 expression.

Stable Isotope Dietary Analysis of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia: A new chronological framework for the introduction of millet to the eastern Eurasian steppe

We report the results of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of 354 human and faunal samples from five archaeological cultures of the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia – Afanasyevo, Okunevo, Andronovo, Karasuk and Tagar (ca. 2700–1 BC) – a key location in Eurasia due to its position on a northern corridor linking China and central Eurasia. The results indicate that the diet of Eneolithic to Middle Bronze Age (Afanasyevo to Andronovo) populations was primarily C3-based, with C4 plants only becoming an important component of the diet in the Late Bronze Age Karasuk and Early Iron Age Tagar cultures. Freshwater fish seems to have been an important constituent of the diets in all groups. The findings constitute the earliest concrete evidence for the substantial use of millet in the eastern Eurasian steppe. We propose that it was probably introduced from Northwestern China during the Karasuk culture at the start of the Late Bronze Age, ca. 1500 BC. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for the nature of pastoralist economies on the steppes.