Espectros eletrônicos de alguns complexos de geometria octaédrica de Ni2+: uma introdução prática à teoria do campo cristalino no curso de graduação

The experiment introduces the undergraduate students to the crystal field theory. The electronic spectra of the octahedral complexes of [Ni(L)n]2+ (L = H2O, dmso, NH3 and en) obtained in the experiment are used to calculate 10Dq and B parameters. The experiment shows how the parameters can be calculated and correlated with the nature of the ligands and the field intensities produced.

Magnetic Resonance Experiments with Atomic Hydrogen

In this thesis three experiments with atomic hydrogen (H) at low temperatures T<1 K are presented. Experiments were carried out with two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) H gas, and with H atoms trapped in solid H2 matrix. The main focus of this work is on interatomic interactions, which have certain specific features in these three systems considered. A common feature is the very high density of atomic hydrogen, the systems are close to quantum degeneracy. Short range interactions in collisions between atoms are important in gaseous H. The system of H in H₂ differ dramatically because atoms remain fixed in the H₂ lattice and properties are governed by long-range interactions with the solid matrix and with H atoms. The main tools in our studies were the methods of magnetic resonance, with electron spin resonance (ESR) at 128 GHz being used as the principal detection method. For the first time in experiments with H in high magnetic fields and at low temperatures we combined ESR and NMR to perform electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) as well as coherent two-photon spectroscopy. This allowed to distinguish between different types of interactions in the magnetic resonance spectra. Experiments with 2D H gas utilized the thermal compression method in homogeneous magnetic field, developed in our laboratory. In this work methods were developed for direct studies of 3D H at high density, and for creating high density samples of H in H₂. We measured magnetic resonance line shifts due to collisions in the 2D and 3D H gases. First we observed that the cold collision shift in 2D H gas composed of atoms in a single hyperfine state is much smaller than predicted by the mean-field theory. This motivated us to carry out similar experiments with 3D H. In 3D H the cold collision shift was found to be an order of magnitude smaller for atoms in a single hyperfine state than that for a mixture of atoms in two different hyperfine states. The collisional shifts were found to be in fair agreement with the theory, which takes into account symmetrization of the wave functions of the colliding atoms. The origin of the small shift in the 2D H composed of single hyperfine state atoms is not yet understood. The measurement of the shift in 3D H provides experimental determination for the difference of the scattering lengths of ground state atoms. The experiment with H atoms captured in H2 matrix at temperatures below 1 K originated from our work with H gas. We found out that samples of H in H2 were formed during recombination of gas phase H, enabling sample preparation at temperatures below 0.5 K. Alternatively, we created the samples by electron impact dissociation of H₂ molecules in situ in the solid. By the latter method we reached highest densities of H atoms reported so far, 3.5(5)x10¹⁹ cm^-3. The H atoms were found to be stable for weeks at temperatures below 0.5 K. The observation of dipolar interaction effects provides a verification for the density measurement. Our results point to two different sites for H atoms in H2 lattice. The steady-state nuclear polarizations of the atoms were found to be non-thermal. The possibility for further increase of the impurity H density is considered. At higher densities and lower temperatures it might be possible to observe phenomena related to quantum degeneracy in solid.

The duality of tactical thought : a study of how Swedish land forces' commanders view tactics in irregular warfare

This is a sociological study of the views of officers in the Swedish Army and its Amphibious Forces on tactics in Irregular Warfare (IW), in particular, Counterinsurgency (COIN). IW comprises struggles, where the military weaker part uses an indirect approach with smaller units and integrates the civilian and military dimensions in a violence spectrum including subversion, terrorism, Guerrilla Warfare and infantry actions. IW is the main armed warfare style in insurgencies. COIN is the combined political, military, economic, social and legal actions in counter insurgencies. Data has been collected by means of interviews with almost all (n =43) officers, who were either commanding battalions or rifle and manoeuvre companies while undergoing training for general warfare and international operations. The main theoretical and methodological inspiration is the traditional one for research on social fields, inaugurated by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The statistical technique used is Multiple Correspondence Analysis. As a background and context base, an inquiry inspired by the Begriffsgechichte (Conceptual History) tradition explores the genesis and development of understandings of the term Irregular Warfare. The research question is outlined as; “how can contemporary Swedish military thought on tactics in Irregular Warfare be characterized using descriptive patterns, mapped in relation to background factors and normative standards? The most significant findings are that there are two main opposing notions separating the officers’ views on tactics in Irregular Warfare: (1) a focus on larger, combat oriented and collectively operating military units versus smaller and larger, more intelligence oriented and dispersed operating units, and (2) a focus on military tasks and kinetic effects versus military and civilian tasks as well as “soft” effects. The distribution of these views can be presented as a two-dimensional space structured by the two axes. This space represents four categories of tactics, partly diverging from normative military standards for Counterinsurgency. This social space of standpoints shows different structural tendencies for background factors of social and cultural character, particularly dominant concerning military backgrounds, international mission experiences and civilian education. Compared to military standards for Counterinsurgency, the two tactical types characterized by a Regular Warfare mind-set stands out as counter-normative. Signs of creative thought on military practice and theory, as well as a still persistent Regular Warfare doxa are apparent. Power struggles might thus develop, effecting the transformation to a broadened warfare culture with an enhanced focus also on Irregular Warfare. The result does not support research results arguing for a convergence of military thought in the European transformation of Armed Forces. The main argument goes beyond tactics and suggests sociological analysis on reciprocal effects regarding strategy, operational art, tactics as well as leadership, concerning the mind-set and preferences for Regular, Irregular and Hybrid Warfare.

Erreurs arithmétiques des élèves et interventions de l'enseignant débutant : une analyse didactique en termes de schèmes

Ancrée dans le domaine de la didactique des mathématiques, notre thèse cible le « travail de l’erreur » effectué par trois enseignants dans leur première année de carrière. Libérés des contraintes associées au système de formation initiale, ces sujets assument pleinement leur nouveau rôle au sein de la classe ordinaire. Ils se chargent, entre autres, de l’enseignement de l’arithmétique et, plus précisément, de la division euclidienne. Parmi leurs responsabilités se trouvent le repérage et l’intervention sur les procédures erronées. Le « travail de l’erreur » constitue l’expression spécifique désignant cette double tâche (Portugais 1995). À partir d’un dispositif de recherche combinant les méthodes d’observation et d’entrevue, nous documentons des séances d’enseignement afin de dégager les situations où nos maîtres du primaire identifient des erreurs dans les procédures algorithmiques des élèves et déploient, subséquemment, des stratégies d’intervention. Nous montrons comment ces deux activités sont coordonnées en décrivant les choix, décisions et actions mises en œuvre par nos sujets. Il nous est alors possible d’exposer l’organisation de la conduite de ces jeunes enseignants en fonction du traitement effectif de l’erreur arithmétique. En prenant appui sur la théorie de champs conceptuels (Vergnaud 1991), nous révélons l’implicite des connaissances mobilisées par nos sujets et mettons en relief les mécanismes cognitifs qui sous-tendent cette activité professionnelle. Nous pouvons ainsi témoigner, du moins en partie, du travail de conceptualisation réalisé in situ. Ce travail analytique permet de proposer l’existence d’un schème du travail de l’erreur chez ces maîtres débutants, mais aussi de spécifier sa nature et son fonctionnement. En explorant le versant cognitif de l’activité enseignante, notre thèse aborde une nouvelle perspective associée au thème du repérage et de l’intervention sur l’erreur de calcul de divisions en colonne.

Équations différentielles issues des vecteurs singuliers des représentations de l'algèbre de Virasoro

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La traduction de la littérature hispano-américaine au Québec : de l'intégration immigrante à la mondialisation éditoriale

En 2012, la traduction au Québec d'ouvrages littéraires d'auteurs issus de l'Amérique hispanique est encore un phénomène marginal. Pourtant, les entreprises de traduction de tels ouvrages se sont faites plus nombreuses au cours des vingt dernières années, et deux maisons d'édition québécoises leur ont fait la part belle : Les Écrits des Forges et Les Allusifs. La première a publié en français de nombreux canons de la poésie mexicaine tandis que la seconde possède à son catalogue (maintenant chez Leméac) bon nombre d'auteurs hispano-américains. Les efforts de ces éditeurs ont été précédés d'un premier mouvement d'accueil de la littérature hispano-américaine, mouvement principalement lié à la venue au Canada d'auteurs hispano-américains immigrants, souvent des réfugiés qui avaient fui la guerre ou la dictature dans leur pays d'origine. À partir de la théorie des champs de Pierre Bourdieu et de l’application de cette théorie à l’espace littéraire international par Pascale Casanova, ce mémoire cherche à expliquer plus en détail les conditions et logiques qui sous-tendent la traduction et l’édition des littératures hispano-américaines au Québec. Pour ce faire, il analyse la trajectoire de trois auteurs dont chacun a vu au moins un de ses titres publié en français. Ces auteurs sont le Salvadorien Horacio Castellanos Moya, dont le roman intitulé Le Dégoût a été publié aux Allusifs en 2003, le Mexicain Jaime Sabines, dont Poemas del peatón/Poèmes du piéton a été publié aux Écrits des Forges en 1997, et la Colombienne québécoise Yvonne América Truque, dont le recueil de poèmes Proyección de los silencios/Projection des silences a été publié au CÉDAH en 1986. Chacune des trajectoires illustre un modèle de production et de diffusion particulier de la littérature hispano-américaine en traduction qui s’est manifesté durant les vingt dernières années. Ensemble, elles permettent de dégager le parcours évolutif de l’édition vers une intégration de plus en plus mondialisée des mécanismes de diffusion des biens symboliques.

Calculs ab initio de structures électroniques pour un meilleur design de polymères photovoltaïques

La présente thèse porte sur l'utilité de la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité dans le design de polymères pour applications photovoltaïques. L'étude porte d'abord sur le rôle des calculs théoriques pour la caractérisation des polymères dans le cadre de collaborations entre la théorie et l'expérience. La stabilité et les niveaux énergétiques de certaines molécules organiques sont étudiés avant et après la sulfuration de leurs groupements carbonyles, un procédé destiné à diminuer le band gap. Les propriétés de dynamique électronique, de séparation des porteurs de charges et de spectres de vibrations Raman sont également explorées dans un polymère à base de polycarbazole. Par la suite, l'utilité des calculs théoriques dans le design de polymères avant leurs synthèses est considérée. La théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité est étudiée dans le cadre du modèle de Scharber afin de prédire l'efficacité des cellules solaires organiques. Une nouvelle méthode de design de polymères à faible band gaps, basée sur la forme structurale aromatique ou quinoide est également présentée, dont l'efficacité surpasse l'approche actuelle de donneur-accepteur. Ces études sont mises à profit dans l'exploration de l'espace moléculaire et plusieurs candidats de polymères aux propriétés électroniques intéressantes sont présentés.

Acoustic radiation and scattering from cylindrical bodies and analysis of transducer arrays

New mathematical methods to analytically investigate linear acoustic radiation and scattering from cylindrical bodies and transducer arrays are presented. Three problems of interest involving cylinders in an infinite fluid are studied. In all the three problems, the Helmholtz equation is used to model propagation through the fluid and the beam patterns of arrays of transducers are studied. In the first problem, a method is presented to determine the omni-directional and directional far-field pressures radiated by a cylindrical transducer array in an infinite rigid cylindrical baffle. The solution to the Helmholtz equation and the displacement continuity condition at the interface between the array and the surrounding water are used to determine the pressure. The displacement of the surface of each transducer is in the direction of the normal to the array and is assumed to be uniform. Expressions are derived for the pressure radiated by a sector of the array vibrating in-phase, the entire array vibrating in-phase, and a sector of the array phase-shaded to simulate radiation from a rectangular piston. It is shown that the uniform displacement required for generating a source level of 220 dB ref. μPa @ 1m that is omni directional in the azimuthal plane is in the order of 1 micron for typical arrays. Numerical results are presented to show that there is only a small difference between the on-axis pressures radiated by phased cylindrical arrays and planar arrays. The problem is of interest because cylindrical arrays of projectors are often used to search for underwater objects. In the second problem, the errors, when using data-independent, classical, energy and split beam correlation methods, in finding the direction of arrival (DOA) of a plane acoustic wave, caused by the presence of a solid circular elastic cylindrical stiffener near a linear array of hydrophones, are investigated. Scattering from the effectively infinite cylinder is modeled using the exact axisymmetric equations of motion and the total pressures at the hydrophone locations are computed. The effect of the radius of the cylinder, a, the distance between the cylinder and the array, b, the number of hydrophones in the array, 2H, and the angle of incidence of the wave, α, on the error in finding the DOA are illustrated using numerical results. For an array that is about 30 times the wavelength and for small angles of incidence (α<10), the error in finding the DOA using the energy method is less than that using the split beam correlation method with beam steered to α; and in some cases, the error increases when b increases; and the errors in finding the DOA using the energy method and the split beam correlation method with beam steered to α vary approximately as a7 / 4 . The problem is of interest because elastic stiffeners – in nearly acoustically transparent sonar domes that are used to protect arrays of transducers – scatter waves that are incident on it and cause an error in the estimated direction of arrival of the wave. In the third problem, a high-frequency ray-acoustics method is presented and used to determine the interior pressure field when a plane wave is normally incident on a fluid cylinder embedded in another infinite fluid. The pressure field is determined by using geometrical and physical acoustics. The interior pressure is expressed as the sum of the pressures due to all rays that pass through a point. Numerical results are presented for ka = 20 to 100 where k is the acoustic wavenumber of the exterior fluid and a is the radius of the cylinder. The results are in good agreement with those obtained using field theory. The directional responses, to the plane wave, of sectors of a circular array of uniformly distributed hydrophones in the embedded cylinder are then computed. The sectors are used to simulate linear arrays with uniformly distributed normals by using delays. The directional responses are compared with the output from an array in an infinite homogenous fluid. These outputs are of interest as they are used to determine the direction of arrival of the plane wave. Numerical results are presented for a circular array with 32 hydrophones and 12 hydrophones in each sector. The problem is of interest because arrays of hydrophones are housed inside sonar domes and acoustic plane waves from distant sources are scattered by the dome filled with fresh water and cause deterioration in the performance of the array.

Multiple edges of a quantum Hall system in a strong electric

In this paper we show that if the electrons in a quantum Hall sample are subjected to a constant electric field in the plane of the material, comparable in magnitude to the background magnetic field on the system of electrons, a multiplicity of edge states localized at different regions of space is produced in the sample. The actions governing the dynamics of these edge states are obtained starting from the well-known Schrödinger field theory for a system of nonrelativistic electrons, where on top of the constant background electric and magnetic fields, the electrons are further subject to slowly varying weak electromagnetic fields. In the regions between the edges, dubbed as the "bulk," the fermions can be integrated out entirely and the dynamics expressed in terms of a local effective action involving the slowly varying electromagnetic potentials. It is further shown how the bulk action is gauge noninvariant in a particular way, and how the edge states conspire to restore the U(1) electromagnetic gauge invariance of the system. In the edge action we obtain a heretofore unnoticed gauge-invariant term that depends on the particular edge. We argue that this term may be detected experimentally as different edges respond differently to a monochromatic probe due to this term

Geometric Algebra and Einstein’s Electron

This thesis entitled Geometric algebra and einsteins electron: Deterministic field theories .The work in this thesis clarifies an important part of Koga’s theory.Koga also developed a theory of the electron incorporating its gravitational field, using his substitutes for Einstein’s equation.The third chapter deals with the application of geometric algebra to Koga’s approach of the Dirac equation. In chapter 4 we study some aspects of the work of mendel sachs (35,36,37,).Sachs stated aim is to show how quantum mechanics is a limiting case of a general relativistic unified field theory.Chapter 5 contains a critical study and comparison of the work of Koga and Sachs. In particular, we conclude that the incorporation of Mach’s principle is not necessary in Sachs’s treatment of the Dirac equation.

Fragile-glass behavior of a short-range p-spin model

We propose a short-range generalization of the p-spin interaction spin-glass model. The model is well suited to test the idea that an entropy collapse is at the bottom line of the dynamical singularity encountered in structural glasses. The model is studied in three dimensions through Monte Carlo simulations, which put in evidence fragile glass behavior with stretched exponential relaxation and super-Arrhenius behavior of the relaxation time. Our data are in favor of a Vogel-Fulcher behavior of the relaxation time, related to an entropy collapse at the Kauzmann temperature. We, however, encounter difficulties analogous to those found in experimental systems when extrapolating thermodynamical data at low temperatures. We study the spin-glass susceptibility, investigating the behavior of the correlation length in the system. We find that the increase of the relaxation time is accompanied by a very slow growth of the correlation length. We discuss the scaling properties of off-equilibrium dynamics in the glassy regime, finding qualitative agreement with the mean-field theory.

Squared interaction matrix Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model for a spin glass

The mean-field theory of a spin glass with a specific form of nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions is investigated. Depending on the sign of the interaction matrix chosen we find either the continuous replica symmetry breaking seen in the Sherrington-Kirkpartick model or a one-step solution similar to that found in structural glasses. Our results are confirmed by numerical simulations and the link between the type of spin-glass behavior and the density of eigenvalues of the interaction matrix is discussed.

Superheavy nuclei in relativistic effective Lagrangian model

Isotopic and isotonic chains of superheavy nuclei are analyzed to search for spherical double shell closures beyond Z=82 and N=126 within the new effective field theory model of Furnstahl, Serot, and Tang for the relativistic nuclear many-body problem. We take into account several indicators to identify the occurrence of possible shell closures, such as two-nucleon separation energies, two-nucleon shell gaps, average pairing gaps, and the shell correction energy. The effective Lagrangian model predicts N=172 and Z=120 and N=258 and Z=120 as spherical doubly magic superheavy nuclei, whereas N=184 and Z=114 show some magic character depending on the parameter set. The magicity of a particular neutron (proton) number in the analyzed mass region is found to depend on the number of protons (neutrons) present in the nucleus.