长期施肥黑土有机磷组分的31PNMR研究

有机磷是植物和微生物的重要磷源，其各化合物含量组成在一定程度上可反映土壤供磷情况。31P 核磁共振谱仪（31P NMR）通过监测核磁共振频率可以将有机磷不同组分加以区分，是测定土壤有机磷组分的理想工具。本文以吉林省公主岭市不同施肥处理（不施肥处理Control；无机肥处理NPK；有机肥处理M1 、M2；有机无机配施处理M1+NPK、M2+NPK）的长期试验地典型黑土为研究对象，对其有机磷组分应用31P NMR技术进行了研究。结果发现： 1、上机样品的浓度对谱图的影响大，同一批样品需按照同一方法配制，且浓度不是越高越好。冻干前浸提液不中和，试验中未发现磷酸二酯，土壤的NaOH-EDTA浸提液在冷冻干燥前中和，可以减少磷酸二酯的水解；土壤全碳对实验谱图的分辨率有较大的影响。 2、Control处理和NPK处理磷酸单酯含量占浸提液全磷量的比例最高，分别为41%和38%，M2 + NPK处理比例最低为13% 。肌醇六磷酸盐含量占总有机磷量的比例在7% ～ 28%之间，Control处理最高，显著高于NPK处理、M1处理、M1 + NPK处理和M2 + NPK处理。土壤焦磷酸盐含量占浸提液全磷含量比例为0.01% ～ 0.31%，施有机肥处理土壤焦磷酸盐含量显著高于Control处理和NPK处理。 3、土壤浸提液冷冻干燥前中和，测定结果均发现胞壁酸（属磷酸二酯）的峰，中和后的测定磷酸二酯含量占浸提液全磷量的比例在0.53%和3.75%之间；且在Control处理发现-5.28ppm、-26.19ppm和-27.54ppm处发现三个未知峰；Control处理未知化合物占总有机磷的比例为0.35%。

水肥措施对文冠果叶片、果实养分分配的影响

文冠果（Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge）是我国北方特有的木本油料树种，已被列为生物质能源树种之一。现阶段产量低是限制其发展的重要因素。本文以内蒙古赤峰市翁牛特旗文冠果经济林场内50年生文冠果树为研究对象，对文冠果生物学、生态学特性进行定位观测和试验，分析了文冠果发育节律与积温的关系。野外布置水肥措施试验，测定了文冠果产量和叶片、果实养分元素（N、P、K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn）的含量，分析了水肥措施对叶片、果实养分分配的影响。 主要结论： 1.文冠果物候期与积温呈显著的直线函数关系。能够用来预测文冠果年生长发育期有效积温的理论值，为经营管理提供依据。 2.文冠果叶片中主要元素含量随物候期的变化呈下降趋势，但微量元素呈增加趋势。养分重吸收水平由大到小的顺序是：Mg>N>K>P，一定的水肥措施提高了文冠果养分再吸收水平，并降低了功能叶中的N/P、C/N。 3.文冠果果实中Ca和Fe随物候期的变化呈下降趋势，其他元素呈先减后增趋势。水肥措施降低了果实对养分元素的分配和收获系数；提高了养分利用效率。 4.合理的水肥措施能显著提高种子产量，增加含油率。最佳水肥措施为：5月初灌水50mm，施肥量为N 63 g•株-1、P2O5 83.3 g•株-1，于5、7月初分2次等量施入。 5.水分、P是文冠果生长的主要限制性因子，限制性因子具有阶段性。水分对肥效有“激发效应”。

杉木根系分泌物的化感作用-酚类物质对杉木幼苗养分吸收与分配的影响

杉木化感作用是导致连栽杉木生产力下降的一个不容忽视的科学问题。本研究的目的在于，探讨化感物质的作用机制，为杉木人工林林地环境质量下降提供理论依据。1．杉木纯林中的杉木根系分泌液与混交林中的相比呈现出较为显著的化感作用，抑制了杉木幼苗的生长。2．用香草醛和对轻基苯甲酸处理土壤后，土壤中有效N、有效K含量有所降低，与对照的最大差值分别为21.8%,2.8%，且有随着施加物质浓度的升高而呈现降低的趋势。3．香草醛和对轻基苯甲酸显著抑制了杉木幼苗的叶绿素含量、光合作用、根系活力等生理指标，并且随着浓度的增加，对生理活性的抑制作用越大。其中，用1*10~(-2)mol L~(-1)香草醛处理的杉木幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、根系活力等分别降低了37.00/'0, 37.0%, 46.8%, 78.8%0另外几种酚类物质也能对杉木呈现化感作用。4．香草醛及其与对T-31:基苯甲酸的混合物（浓度比1:1明显影响了杉木幼苗对15N.3.离子的吸收与分配。其中，1*10~(-2)mol L~(-1)的香草醛使杉木幼苗根、茎、叶等器官''N吸收量分别减少了38.5%, 48.10l0, 46.5%a香草醛和混合物增加了根系中N素的分配率，而减少了茎、叶中N素的分配率。同时，还发现香草醛和对经基苯甲酸之间存在着协同作用。另外，香草醛也能抑制杉木幼苗对NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)等离子的吸收作用。

土壤氨基糖微生物转化过程与机理探讨

土壤氨基糖因其异源性和稳定性可用以指示微生物对土壤碳（C）氮循环的相对贡献。但由于氨基糖是微生物在土壤中长期残留的平衡结果，其数量变化无法准确反映在微生物作用下无机态氮（N）向氨基糖转化的动态过程和机制，从而使氨基糖对土壤氮内循环的指示作用受到限制。如果能够利用新的技术手段研究土壤氨基糖的微生物转化过程，将使土壤氮素内循环研究产生突破。同位素技术是研究土壤C，N转化过程的有效手段。但是研究特定化合物如氨基糖的微生物转化过程还需要新的技术支持，本研究首先建立了稳定同位素培养－气质联机技术测定土壤氨基糖同位素富集比例新方法。对于15N培养样品，由于氨基糖分子中只有一个N原子，15N富集比例可通过m/z（F+1）与F相对丰度的比值计算；对于13C培养样品，由于葡萄糖c整体掺入形成氨基糖c骨架，所以利用m／z（F＋n）与F相对丰度的比值计算13c在土壤氨基糖中的富集（n为质谱碎片中骨架C原子数）。同位素富集用原子百分超（APE）表示。EI和cI两种方式测得的APE有很好的同一性，且不受土壤基质的影响，表明方法的可靠性和广泛适用性。利用以上方法，进行了土壤样品的同位素培养与测定，以跟踪土壤氨基糖微生物合成动态，进行氨基糖的微生物转化与更新研究。主要结论如下：1．当以葡萄糖为碳源且每周施入底物时，NH4+和NO3-均可被微生物迅速同化并进行氨基糖的合成。但NO3-必须被还原成NH4＋才能被微生物利用，因而NO3．存在短暂的滞后期，之后被微生物快速利用。氨基葡萄糖（GluN）和胞壁酸（MurN）不同的同位素富集特征表明，N源形态对细菌增殖无显著影响，但真菌更倾向于利用NH4+。在NO3-培养中氨基糖的增量及微生物对C的截获均小于NH4＋。2．分别利用u一13c一glucose一NH4十和glLlcose一ISNH4＋进行样品培养时，同位素富集趋势相同，但APE（13C）大于APE（15N），这种差别反映了了土壤微生物利用C，N的时间特征及土壤有机质含量对C，N循环的影响。3．以gtucose-15NH4+为底物时，施入N素频率的改变也会影响微生物的活性。尤其是细菌的快速生长受到N素不足的限制，转而代之以细菌和真菌的持续的低速生长。微生物活性的降低减少了对有机c的截获。DCD的加入有效抑制了NH4+向NO3一的转化，但对氨基糖的合成无显著影响。4．土壤氨基糖反映的主要是土壤中已经死亡了的微生物的一种长期过程而产生的残留，同土壤微生物量无明显的相关性。但经外加底物培养后，氨基糖同位素富集比例的变化则来源于微生物的转化，因而与微生物量碳有直接的相关性。5．从原理上说，在氨基糖的微生物合成过程中，葡萄糖没有发生C骨架的断裂，而是直接转化成为氨基葡萄糖的骨架。但在复杂的土壤基质中，氨基葡萄糖的合成必然受到葡萄糖其他生物化学过程的影响。使少量葡萄糖经酵解后再次参与己糖胺的合成。以全取代葡萄糖为底物时，葡萄糖碳骨架的断裂与重排不影响13c同位素的富集。但对于单取代葡萄糖培养来说，必须要考虑因葡萄糖碳骨架断裂而产生的同位素的重新分配，Mass（F+1）和Mass（F+2）的丰度变化的总和真正代表了氨基葡萄糖的同位素富集。6．添加有机物料和N素进行土壤样品培养时，对外加氮素的同化远低于相应的葡萄糖培养。碳源尤其是能源不足限制了N的转化。微生物分解高C加的有机物料需吸收外加N源以满足自身生长需要。N素的加入频率影落响微生物对外加N素的利用。当加入的N不能满足微生物分解有机物料的需要，就会降低微生物对有机物料的分解速度，使无机N向氨基糖态N转化速度降低。应用稳定同位素技术，发现施到土壤中的无机氮素可被微生物快速转化成某种形态有机氮，这种有机态氮处于不断转化循环之中，构成土壤有效氮的暂存"过渡库"，其中氨基糖是重要成分之一。过渡库现象的发现为氮肥的有效利用提供了新的思路。根据土壤有效氮"过渡库"的模型，氮月巴高效利用调控实际上就是土壤氮素微生物转化过程的调控。提高土壤无机氮素向土壤有机氮的转化速率和转化强度可以有效减少无机氮在土壤中的积累，从而降低肥料和土壤氮素的硝化和反硝化损失，提高氮肥利用率。研究还发现，土壤有效氮"过渡库"容量与循环速率不仅取决于N源自身性质，碳源的可利用性显著影响施入土壤的N素微生物转化特征。只有适当提高可利用碳源即活性碳源的数量，才能提高氮素的微生物同化，土壤有效氮"过渡库"容量，从而减少氮素损失。

不同施肥制度下土壤磷库动态变化研究

在辽西一缺磷的碳酸盐褐色土上的九年试验结果表明：试验地土壤的年自然供磷能力约为9Kg.P/ha，其中90％自耕层土壤。历史上通过施用农家肥建立起的低水平土壤活性磷库的供磷能力十分有限，在不施磷肥情况下只能提供作物吸磷的12％。每年施用磷肥14Kg.P/ha，九年间作物持续丰产甚至高产，每年小剂量施磷方式的作物增产效果略优于六年一次大剂量施磷方式。土壤中残留肥料磷进入活性磷库的比例均以每年小剂量处理较高。试验地土壤的无机磷库以Ca-P为主，Ca_2-P、Ca_8-P、Fe-P、Al-P均是作物的有效磷源，其中以Ca_2P的活性最高。施磷能普遍提高各有效磷源的含量。有机--无机相结合的施肥处理，九年间获得了最高的作物产量，土壤活性磷、速效磷和各有效磷源的增长也最为显著。

不同施肥制度对辽西褐土理化性状的影响研究

本文通过一组中期肥料试验研究分析了几种施肥制度对辽宁西部半干旱区褐土理化性状的影响，结果表明：通过物质循环再利用是保持土壤肥力的有效措施，它可使土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和速效磷含量显著提高。连续11年的作物产量表明，有机无机相结合施肥制度下该系统不但获得了最高的作物产量，而且产量受外界影响最小，系统稳定性最好。无机农业施肥制度的不同投磷方式对土壤理化性状有一定的影响，其作用是相近的，与无磷处理相比土壤结构和水分特性表现出改善的趋势。综上所述，有机无机相结合施肥制度对辽西半干旱地区建立适合该地农田生态系统良性循环的优化经营模式，不断改善土壤生态环境，促进农业生产持续发展，有重要的理论和实践意义。

青杨组(Populus section Tacamahaca Spach)不同种对增强UV-B的反应差异

人类向大气中排放的大量氮氧化合物和氟氯烃类化合物(CFC’s)引起臭氧分子的分解，导致到达地球表面的紫外辐射增加，特别是UV-B辐射增强。本项目以青杨组杨树为模式植物，从形态和生理方面研究了来自不同UV-B背景下的康定杨与青杨在增强UV-B下的反应及其反应差异,并探讨了干旱、施肥对它们抗UV-B能力的影响。杨树具有分布广、适应性强、在生态环境治理和解决木材短缺方面均占有重要位置，研究成果可为生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据和科学指导。主要研究结果有以下： 1. 在温室中经过增强UV-B处理，杨树的外部形态及生理活动受到了一定程度的影响。增强UV-B导致康定杨、青杨的生物量、叶面积及节间长度降低，叶片增厚，SOD活性升高，膜伤害增加，而对叶片数目、R/S、叶绿素A、叶绿素B及整个叶绿素含量没有影响。两种杨树对UV-B胁迫的响应存在差异：在增强UV-B条件下，青杨的植株高度、生物量、叶面积、脯氨酸含量、长期用水效率受到的影响大于康定杨，相比而言，康定杨在比叶面积、叶片厚度、可溶性糖含量、UV-B吸收物质的含量及SOD和GPX活性方面增加的程度大于青杨。这些区别说明，来自于高海拔的康定杨比来自于低海拔的青杨对增强UV-B 具有更强的耐性。我们认为二者在叶片厚度、比叶面积、UV-B吸收物质含量及SOD、GPX活性差异是导致对增强UV-B耐性不同的原因。 2. 干旱与增强UV-B对杨树的生长和生理特性均产生了影响，而且两种胁迫共同作用时干旱表现减弱或加剧了UV-B对杨树某些形态和生理特性的影响。 据试验结果，干旱显著地降低了杨树的株高、叶片数目、叶面积，增加了叶片厚度，促进ABA的积累，提高了CAT活性。对于干旱，两种杨树之间也表现出了一定的差异性。可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸在青杨叶片中得到显著积累，而在康定杨中没有变化。此外，CAT、长期用水效率在康定杨中受到的影响更加明显。长期用水效率的不同变化趋势说明两种杨树对水分胁迫采用了不同的用水策略，康定杨采用的是节水用水策略，提高用水效率，而青杨采用的是耗水的用水策略。根据干旱对叶面积、脯氨酸、ABA含量、CAT活性及长期用水效率等方面的影响，我们认为来自高海拔地区的康定杨比来自低海拔的青杨有更大的耐旱性，这是对生长环境长期适应的结果。在高海拔地区，因霜冻常带来土壤水分不可利用，降低了根系对水分的吸收，树木容易受到的生理性干旱。另外，高海拔的地区低的气温使植株对严寒有较强的耐性，减少了水分的需要。 生长于增强UV-B下的康定杨和青杨植株表现为高度降低，叶面积缩小，比叶面积增加；叶片栅栏组织、海绵组织均受到增强UV-B的影响，其厚度的增加导致整个叶片变厚。增强UV-B还显著提高了杨树的APX活性、UV-B吸收物质含量，而对叶片数目、ABA、可溶性蛋白质含量及CAT活性没有产生影响。试验中也观察到了两种杨树对增强UV-B响应的差异：与康定杨相比，在增强UV-B下青杨株高、叶面积降低的程度更大一些，SOD活性显著提高。另外UV-B吸收物质受到的影响不同。根据这些差别，高海拔的康定杨(3500 m)比来自低海拔的青杨(1500 m)增强UV-B有较强的耐性。 与水分充足情况下UV-B对植株的影响相比，干旱对杨树抗增强UV-B产生了一定的影响，表现为加剧或减弱UV-B对植物的影响，但这种影响与形态、生理指标有关。当干旱与增强UV-B共同作用时，杨树植株的株高、叶面积进一步降低、叶片进一步增厚。就脯氨酸的积累的而言，在没有水分胁迫时，增强UV-B促使它显著增加，而在干旱处理下这种效果变得不明显。干旱对增强UV-B的影响还与杨树的种类有一定的关系。在康定杨中，干旱减弱了增强UV-B对栅栏组织与海绵组织的影响，且在植株高度、叶面积上表现出累加效应，而在CAT上交互作用显著；但在青杨中干旱则加剧增强UV-B对栅栏组织与海绵组织的影响，在植株高度、叶面积及比叶面积上表现出显著的交互作用。据碳同素分析，在水分充足的条件下，无论是康定杨，还是青杨，增强UV-B均导致其长期用水效率的提高，然而当两种胁迫共同作用时，长期用水效率则表现出差异，在青杨中，长期用水效率得到进一步增高，而康定杨中干旱的效应被增强UV-B所减轻。 3. 田间试验表明，杨树的生长、生理特征都受到养分和增强UV-B的影响。施肥对杨树的影响表现为：提高了叶面积、生物量及SOD的活性，降低了抗坏血酸含量。对于施肥作用，两种杨树的反应也有区别：在康定杨中施肥显著增加了的叶片长度、宽度及光合色素的含量，降低了净光合速率、气孔导度及胞间CO2浓度；在青杨中，则SOD、GPX、APX活性表现增加。从试验看出，施肥对来自于高海拔地区的康定杨(3500 m)的影响较大，对来自低海拔的青杨(1500 m)影响较小，这与它们对原产地的生境适应有一定关系。在康定杨生长的高海拔地区，低温度和湿度不能为地上凋落物或土壤中的根分解提供理想的条件，造成当地土壤的低养分状况，所以当肥料施用以后，效果显著。 经过增强UV-B处理，杨树叶片中UV-B吸收物质含量、GPX的活性得到提高，而脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量没有受到影响。对于增强UV-B两种杨树受到的影响也有所不同：在青杨中增强UV-B导致叶面积缩小，生物量、净光合速率降低，APX的活性及长期用水效率的提高，而对康定杨的这些指标没有产生显著影响，相反抗氧化酶的活性明显高于青杨。这些差异性是由于两种杨树对原产地不同UV-B背景的长期适应结果。康定杨长期生长在较高UV-B环境中，对UV-B有较强的耐性。而青杨适应于较低的UV-B环境，对增强UV-B较为敏感。 试验中施肥也影响了植株对增强UV-B的反应，不过这种影响与杨树的种类及测定指标有一定的相关性。例如，在缺肥的情况下，青杨的长期用水效率和康定杨的叶绿素含量都受到增强UV-B的显著影响，而施肥以后这种影响变得不显著。在缺肥的条件下，GPX、APX在青杨中的活性、GPX在康定杨中的活性对增加UV-B反应不敏感；而施肥以后则变化显著，同样胞间CO2浓度在康定杨也有类似的变化。 For past decades, Ultraviolet radiation, especially UV-B reaching the Earth’s surface increased because of depletion of ozone layer resulted from emission of NxO and CFC’s from human activities. In this experiment, different species of Populus section Tacamahaca Spach from different UV-B background were selected as a model plant to assess the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation. Morphological and physiological traits induced by enhanced UV-B were observed and the different responses between P. kangdingensis and P. cathayana were discussed, furthermore the influences of drought and fertilizer on responses induced by enhanced UV-B were studied. Since poplars play an important role in lumber supply, and are important component of ecosystems due to their fast growth and wide adaptation, the study could provide a strong theoretical evidence and scientific direction for the afforestation, and rehabilitation of ecosystem. The results are as follows: 1. The experiment conducted in a greenhouse indicated that morphological and physiological traits of two poplars were affected by enhanced UV-B radiation. Enhanced UV-B radiation not only reduced biomass, leave area and internode length, but also increased leaf thickness and SOD activity as well as MDA concentration and electrolyte rate. However, no significant changes in leaf numbers, root shoot ratio, and total chlorophyll and chlorophyll component were observed. There were different responses to enhanced UV-B radiation between two species. Compared with P. kangdingensis, cuttings of P. cathayana, exhibited lower height increment and smaller leaf area. In addition, there were significant differences in free proline, soluble protein, and UV-B absorbing compounds, and the activity of SOD and GPX, long-term WUE between them. Differences in plant height, biomass, leaf area, free proline concentration, and long-termed WUE showed that P. cathayana were more affected by enhanced UV-B radiation than P. kangdingensis. In contrast, more increase of specific leaf mass, leaf thickness, and soluble sugar, and UV-B absorbing compounds, and activity of SOD and GPX were observed in P. kangdingensis. According to these results, we suggested that P. kangdingensis from high elevation, which adapted to higher UV-B environments, had more tolerance to enhanced UV-B than P. cathayana from low elevation, which adapted to lower UV-B environment. We believe it was the difference of leaf thickness, specific leaf mass, and UV-B absorbing compounds as well as the activity of SOD and GPX resulted in lower adaptation of P. cathayana to enhanced UV-B radiation. 2. Growth and physiological traits of two poplars were affected by both drought and enhanced UV-B radiation. Moreover, it was observed that when two stresses applied together drought could exacerbate UV-B effects or decrease sensitivity to UV-B. In the experiment, drought significantly decreased plant height, leaf numbers, leaf area, and increased leaf thickness, and ABA, and CAT activity of two poplars. There were significant interspecific differences to drought stress. Exposed to drought, soluble protein and proline concentration were increased in P. cathayana but not in P. kangdingensis. However, more changes in CAT and long-term WUE were observed in kangdingensis. Different change in long-term WUE suggests that two poplars adapted different water-use strategies. P. kangdingensis employ a conservative water-use strategy, whereas P. cathayana employ a prodigal water-use strategy. Based on the differences in leaf area, accumulation of free proline and ABA, CAT activity as well as long-term WUE, we believed that P. kangdingensis from high elevation had a greater tolerance to drought than P. cathayana from low elevation，which is the result of adaptation to local environment. In high elevation area, trees are prone to suffer from physiological drought because of un-movable water caused by frost. Besides lower temperature enable the plants had greater adaptability to frost as a results the requirement of water is reduced Enhanced UV-B radiation decreased shoots height, leaf area, and increased specific leaf mass and thickness of palisade and sponge layer as well as APX activity and UV-B absorbing compounds in both species. Whereas, leaf numbers, ABA content, soluble protein and CAT activity showed no differences to enhanced UV-B radiation. Interspecific differences were also observed. Compared with P. kangdingensis, P. cathayana showed lower shoot height and smaller leaf area, higher SOD activity. Besides, variation in UV-B absorbing compounds was found. These differences suggested that P. kangdingensis from high elevation (3500 m) was more tolerant to enhanced UV-B radiation than P. cathayana from low elevation (1500 m). Compared with morphological and physiological changes induced by enhanced UV-B radiation under well-watered conditions, drought exacerbated or decreased these changes. However, these effects vary with parameters measured. When two stresses applied together, shoot height and leaf area further decreased while leaf thickness further increased. Under well-watered conditions, enhanced UV-B radiation significantly increased proline content, but such effect was not observed under drought conditions. The effect of drought on enhanced UV-B radiation was related to species. For example, drought reduced the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on palisade parenchyma and sponge mesophyll in P. kangdingensis, and additive effects in shoot height and leaf area and interactive effect CAT activity were observed. In contrast, for P. cathayana drought significantly exacerbated the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on palisade parenchyma and sponge mesophyll; there were noticeable interaction in shoot height, leaf area and specific leaf mass. As far as long-term WUE is concerned, it was increased by enhanced UV-B radiation under well-watered conditions in both species. While different effect was observed between two species in combination of two stresses. Long-term water use efficiency was further increased in P. cathayana whereas the effect was less significant in P. kangdingensis. 3. The field experiment showed that growth and physiological traits of poplars were affected by nutrition and enhanced UV-B radiation. Fertilization significantly increased leaf area, biomass and SOD activity, reduced Ascorbic acid concentration. There was interspecific difference in response to fertilization. For P. kangdingensis, fertilization significantly increased leaf width, leaf length and photosynthetic pigments content while net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration were significantly decreased. However, for P. cathayana, these parameters were unaffected except the increase of SOD, GPX and APX activity. From above, it could concluded that P. kangdingensis from high elevation was more affected by fertilization than P. cathayana, This difference was due to adaptation to local environment., The low temperature and moisture where P. kangdingensis was collected can not provided optimum to decompose roots and litter fall as a result the nutrition in soil was poor. Exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation, for both species UV-B absorbing compounds and GPX activity were significantly increased while proline, MDA, soluble protein, chlorophyll, carotenoids were not affected. Different responses were also observed between the two species. Enhanced UV-B radiation caused significant decreases in leaf area, biomass, net photosynthetic rate and increase in APX activity and long-term WUE in P. cathayana but not in P. kangdingensis. In addition, activity in antioxidant enzymes was much higher in P. kangdingensis than in P. cathayana. In the experiment fertilization affected responses of cuttings to enhanced UV-B radiation, but it concern species and parameters measured. Long-term WUE in P. cathayana and chlorophyll in P. kangdingensis were significantly increased by enhanced UV-B radiation under non-fertilization treatments while the increase was not found under fertilization treatment. In contrast, under no fertilization treatment enhanced UV-B radiation did not affected GPX and APX activity in P. cathayana and GPX in P. kangdingensis while significant increase appeared after application of fertilization. Similar effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on intercellular CO2 concentration in P. kangdingensis was observed.

川西亚高山两种针叶树幼苗对增温和施氮的响应

人类活动引起全球大气中温室气体（CO2、CH4、NOx）浓度不断增加，致使地球表面温度在过去的100 年中已经增长了0.74 ± 0.18℃，预计到本世纪末将会增加1.1-6.4℃。此外，氮沉降也是当今社会的重要环境问题，随着经济发展的全球化, 高氮沉降也呈现出全球化趋势。全球气候变暖和氮沉降给陆地生态系统的地上、地下生物学和生物地球化学过程所带来巨大影响越来越引起人们的关注。 本文以川西亚高山针叶林的两个重要树种云杉和油松幼苗为研究对象，采用红外辐射增温（空气增温2.1℃，土壤增温2.6℃）和根部施氮（施氮量25 g N m-2yr-1）的方法，从生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力和矿质营养等方面研究这两种幼苗对气候变暖和氮沉降的响应。该实验为室外控制实验，包括四个处理：(1)不增温+不施氮（UU）；(2) 不增温+施氮（UF）；(3) 增温+不施氮（WU）；(4) 增温+施氮（WF）。本研究旨在从生理生化、物质代谢 、生长及形态等不同水平上研究模拟增温和施氮对两种树苗的联合效应，提高我们对全球变化下亚高山针叶林早期更新过程的理解，同时也为森林管理提供科学依据。具体研究结果如下： 单独增温处理显著提高了云杉和油松幼苗的地茎、叶重、茎重、根重以及总生物量；单独施氮处理也增加了两种幼苗的株高和总生物量。而增温和施氮联合作用对两种幼苗生长的影响并不相同，联合作用对云杉幼苗生长指标的正效应显著低于单独施氮处理，但是联合作用比单独增温或施氮更大程度的促进了油松幼苗生物量的积累。 单独增温和施氮都有利于提高云杉和油松叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合速率(A)、最大净光合速率(Amax)、表观量子效率（Φ）、最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）和量子产量（Y）。与对两种幼苗生长指标的影响相似，加氮和增温共同作用下油松幼苗的以上光合指标比在单独增温或施氮处理下有更大程度的提高；而联合作用下云杉幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率、最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、最大光能转化效率以及量子产量比单独施氮处理明显地降低。 增温和施氮都显著地降低了云杉和油松幼苗针叶组织中活性氧和丙二醛的积累。交互作用降低了云杉幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸和ASA 的含量，却显著提高了油松幼苗SOD、POD、APX 等抗氧化酶的活性，并且对油松幼苗脯氨酸和ASA 积累的促进作用比单一因子更加明显。因此，增温和施氮共同作用下油松幼苗叶片中O2-产生速率、H2O2 及MDA 含量明显降低，而云杉叶片中只有O2-产生速率出现降低趋势。 增温和施氮都降低了云杉体内的P、Ca、Mg 元素的含量，增加了Cu、Zn、Mn 在各器官内的积累。对油松幼苗而言，增温和加氮单独作用也显著降低了Ca 含量增加了Cu、Zn、Mn 的积累，但是不同于云杉幼苗的是P、Mg 也显著增加。增温和施氮联合作用对云杉幼苗体内元素的影响与单一施氮处理或增温处理相似，不同的是比单一因子作用更为明显降低了P、Ca、Mg 含量，增加了植株中N、Cu、Zn、Mn 的含量，但是油松矿质元素含量在联合作用下并没有产生类似于云杉幼苗的双因子叠加效应。 总之，尽管单独增温或者施氮都有利于云杉和油松幼苗生长指标、光合能力以及抗氧化能力的提高。但是，增温和施氮对云杉幼苗生长生理的促进效应非但没有在交互作用下有更大的提高，反而低于单独氮处理。与此不同的是，增温和施氮联合作用比单因子作用更有利于油松幼苗生长及生理指标的提高。 With the continued increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2、CH4、NOx), the mean global surface temperature has increased by about 0.74 ± 0.18℃ over the past century and is predicted to rise by as much as 6.4℃ during this century. Besides global warming, nitrogen deposition is another serious environmental problem caused by human activities, and high nitrogen load has become globalization as a result of global economy development. Global climate warming and nitrogen deposition have induced dramatic alternations in above - and below- ground biology and biogeochemistry process in terrestrial ecosystems, and more and more attention has been invited to those problems. This experiment mainly studies two important species Picea asperata and Pinus tabulaeformis in subalpine coniferous forest of western Sichuan, China. Infared heaters are induced to increase both air and soil temperature by 2.1℃ and 2.6 ℃, respectively. Ammonium nitrate solution (for a total equivalent to 25 g N m-2 year-1) is added to soil surface. There are four treatments in this study: (1) unwarmed unfertilized (UU); (2) unwarmed fertilized (UF); (3) warmed unfertilized (WU); (4) warmed fertilized (WF). This study is conducted to determine the influences of experimental warming and nitrogen fertilization on physiolchemistry, nutrition metabolism, growth and morphology in the two coniferous species seedlings. The current study is favorable for increasing our understanding on the early phase of regeneration behavior in subalpine coniferous forest, and it also provide scientific direction for forest management under future global changes. The results are as follows: Artificial warming alone significantly increased basal diameter, leaf mass, stem mass, root mass and total biomass for Picea asperata and Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, and single nitrogen fertilization are also favorable for growth of the two species and stimulate plant hight and total biomass. The two species seedlings respond differently to the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen addition. Warming combined with nitrogen fertilization weakens the positive effects of nitrogen addition for growth of Picea asperata seedlings. However, the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen fertilization further increase biomass accumulation of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. Both elevated temperature alone and nitrogen fertilization alone can increase photosynthetic pigments contents, net photosynthetic rate (A), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax), apparent quantity yield (Φ), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (Y). Similarly with growth parameters, the combination of warming and nitrogen addition induced more increment of these above photosynthetic parameters for Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. However, these photosynthetic parameters of Picea asperata seedlings under the combination of warming and nitrogen addition are lower than those under nitrogen fertilization alone. The levels of active oxygen species (AOS) and malodiadehyde (MDA) in needles of the two coniferous species seedling are obviously decreased by experimental warming or additional nitrogen. Warming combined with nitrogen fertilizer reduces the activities of SOD, CAT and APX, and the contents of proline and ASA of Picea asperata seedlings, but the combination significantly increases activities of these antioxidant enzymes in needlels of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings and further improves the accumulation of proline and ASA compared to either artificial warming or nitrogen addition. Therefore, the rate of O2 - production, the contents of H2O2 and MDA in needles of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings are remarkably reduced by the combination of warming and nitrogen addition, but the combination only significantly decreased the rate of O2 - production of Picea asperata seedlings. Elevated temperature or nitrogen fertilization decrease the contents of P, Ca, Mg but increase Cu, Zn, Mn contents for Picea asperata seedlings. For Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, elevated temperature alone and nitrogen fertilization alone decreased Ca, but increased P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn contents. The effects of the combination of warming and nitrogen addition on these element contents in needles of Picea asperata seedlings are added or multiplied the effects of warming and nitrogen addition alone, resulting in less contens of P, Ca, Mg and more contents of Cu, Zn, Mn than either elevated temperature or nitrogen fertilization. Howere, these adding or multipluing single-factor effects on contents of these elements are not observed in the case of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. In conclusion, growth parameters, photosynthetic capacities and antioxidant abilities of Picea tasperata and Pinus abulaeformis seedlings are improved by experimental warming or nitrogen fertilization. Interestingly, the positive effects of warming and nitrogen addition on growth and physiological performances are not multiplied by the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen fertilization, even dempened for Picea asperata seedlings. However, for Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, growth and physiological performances are further improved by the combination.

不同小麦品种（系）中主要矿质元素的含量比较及与品质的关系

采用微波消解、电感耦合高频等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）的方法,对62份不同小麦品种（系）中锌、铁、铜、钙、钠和钾的含量进行了测定。同时利用红外线品质测定仪对主要品质指标粗蛋白、湿面筋、沉降值进行了测定。结果表明，不同小麦品种（系）中各种矿质元素的含量存在差异，2006年小麦品种中铁含量变幅为18.55-58.19 ug/g，平均为30.83ug/g ，最高与最低的相差39.64ug/g；锌含量变幅为5.70-25.80 ug/g，平均为15.13ug/g ，最高与最低相差20.10ug/g。2008年小麦品种（系）中铁含量变幅为16.68-52.25 ug/g，平均为30.10ug/g，最高与最低相差35.58ug/g；锌含量变幅为12.29-33.47 ug/g，平均为21.11ug/g，最高与最低相差21.18ug/g；钙含量变幅为167.53-348.80ug/g，平均为248.59ug/g，最高与最低相差192.59ug/g；铜含量变幅为2.32-5.83 ug/g，平均为2.98ug/g，最高与最低的相差3.61ug/g；钾含量变幅为1822.71-4414.91 ug/g，平均为2617.87ug/g，最高与最低的相差2634.72ug/g；钠含量变幅为10.25-39.82 ug/g，平均为23.05ug/g，最高与最低的相差29.57ug/g。 两年不同小麦品种（系）中矿质元素的含量分析结果表明：铁、铜、钙、钠和钾含量年际变化不明显,说明小麦对铁、铜、钙、钠和钾的吸收较稳定；锌含量变化较大，可能受环境的影响比较大。分析各矿质元素含量与粗蛋白、湿面筋、沉降值及元素之间的相关关系，结果表明，锌含量与粗蛋白含量呈极显著正相关关系，相关系数为0.317，与湿面筋含量之间呈显著正相关，相关系数达到0.246；铁含量与粗蛋白含量呈显著的正相关关系，相关系数是0.262；铜、钙、钠和钾含量与粗蛋白含量、湿面筋和沉降值之间存在正相关，但不显著，其中钠与沉降值之间为负相关。表明施锌或铁对提高小麦粗蛋白和湿面筋有显著效应，其余矿质元素有促进作用但不明显。 利用RAPD分子标记技术对川育23、41058、川育20及其父母本进行分析，力图从分子水平找到小麦矿质元素含量之间的差异性，琼脂糖电泳结果表明不同的小麦品种（系）间扩增出了差异条带。 以上研究结果，将对筛选“微量营养强化型”小麦新材料，选育“微量营养强化型”小麦新品种奠定基础。 62 different wheat cultivars was digested with HNO3 in a tightly closed vessel heated under micro-wave,then contents of zinc，iron,copper，calcium，sodium and potassium were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES)．The main indexes of wheat quality such as total protein、wet glu and sedimentation volume were detected by Infratec 1255 Food & Feed Analyzer at the same time.The obtained results showed that variation for all of the mineral elements concentrations among different cultivars were observed .In 2006, the amplitude variation of the iron content was 18.55-58.19 ug/g,the average value was 30.83ug/g,and 39.64ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the zinc content was 5.70-25.8 ug/g,the average value was 15.13ug/g,and 20.10ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one.In 2008, the amplitude variation of the iron content was 16.68-52.25 ug/g,the average value was 30.10ug/g,and 35.58ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the zinc content was 12.29-33.47 ug/g,the average value was 21.11ug/g,and 21.18ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the calcium content was 167.53-348.80ug/g,the average value was 248.59ug/g,and 192.59ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the copper content was 2.32-5.83 ug/g,the average value was 2.98ug/g,and 3.61ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the potassium content was 1822.71-4414.91 ug/g,the average value was 2617.87ug/g,and 2634.72ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one; the amplitude variation of the sodium content was 10.25-39.82 ug/g,the average value was 23.05ug/g,and 29.57ug/g between the highest-content cultivar and the lowest one. Analysis was made on the annual variation of mineral elements content in different Wheat cultivars ,the result shows:there is no obvious difference of iron ,copper ,sodium、calcium and potassium concentrations in wheat cultivars, suggesting the absorption of the iron, copper, sodium、calcium and potassium by wheat are relatively steady ,but zinc concentrations change obviously ,maybe influenced heavily by environment . The correlation between mineral elements 、mineral elements and total protein、mineral elements and sedimentation volume as well as mineral elements and wet glut were analysed in this paper, the result showed that there was significant positive correlation between zinc content and total protein (the correlation coefficient is 0.317), positive correlation between zinc content and wet glu (the correlation coefficient is 0.246), positive correlation between iron content and total protein (the correlation coefficient is 0.262). there was positive but not obvious correlation between the contents of copper, calcium, sodium or potassium and total protein, wet glut or sedimentation volume,among which was negative correlation between sodium and sedimentation volume.It was indicated zinc or iron fertilization has prominent effects in improving the total protein in wheat, the rest mineral elements have Non- obvious facilitation. The study then forecasted the genetic difference of different wheat by the molecular marker of RAPD in order to find differences in molecular level. Chuanyu23、41058、chuanyu20 as well as their male and female parents were analysed by RAPD markers,Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA revealed the appearance of differential bands . The above-mentioned results of this study establish the foundation to screening the new materials of wheat of " strengthening type of micro- nutrition ", and to breeding the new wheat cultivars of" strengthening type of micro- nutrition ".

镜像核~(13)N-~(13)C和~(15)N-~(15)O中的激发态晕或皮(英文)

用非线性相对论平均场对两对镜像核13N 13C和15N 15O进行了研究. 发现无论在基态还是激发态, 用两套参数所得的结合能都跟实验值很接近. 计算结果显示13N的第一激发态 (2s1 /2 )和第三激发态(1d5 /2 )各存在一个非束缚的质子晕, 而13C的第三激发态 (1d5 /2 )存在一个弱束缚的中子皮. 另外研究表明, 在另一对镜像核15N 15O的第二激发态 (2s1 /2 )和第一激发态 (2s1 /2 )分别存在一个中子晕和质子皮.

利用离子注入~(15)N靶研究超低能区~(15)N(p,α)~(12)C核反应

描述了利用离子注入固体靶测量15N(p ,α) 12 C核反应微分截面的实验过程和方法 ,给出了在163keV≤Ec≤ 360keV能区 90°方向上的微分截面测量结果和激发函数曲线 ,并对该反应的基本特征进行了分析和描述。

氮和磷在饲养-堆腐环中的循环率及有机肥料养分利用率

A five-year experiment indicated that the average loss rate of N and P in harvested products through a feeding-composting cycle was about 50% and 15%,respectively.Under high yield condition,the amount of recycled N and P from 80% harvested products and through a feeding-composting cycle in farming systems was about 3751 and 814 kghm~(-2),equivalent to 25%34% of N and 32%56% of P from chemical fertilizers applied each year to the systems.The apparent recoveries of N and P in organic manure increased with the prolongation of fertilization,indicating a synergetic residual effect existed,and was 61% and 39% in average in the five-year experiment.The use of nutrients recycled in the farming systems could not only improve soil fertility,but also increase the recoveries of nutrients and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.

凋落叶多样性对杉木幼苗生长及吸收~(15)N标记硫铵的影响

利用15N硫铵研究了凋落叶多样性对杉木幼苗生长及养分吸收的影响 .结果表明 ,凋落叶多样性的增加有利于盆栽杉木幼苗的生长 .杉木、火力楠、红栲和刺楸 4种凋落叶混合处理后 ,杉木幼苗的生长量最大 ;杉木、火力楠、刺楸 3种凋落叶混合处理后的杉木幼苗生长量次之 ,其它依次为杉木、火力楠、红栲 3种凋落叶混合处理 >杉木和刺楸凋落叶处理 >杉木和红栲凋落叶处理 >对照 >杉木和火力楠 2种凋落叶混合处理 >杉木凋落叶处理 .就杉木幼苗对硫铵氮的吸收率而言 ,不作任何处理的杉木幼苗吸收率最高 ,其次为杉木、火力楠、红栲和刺楸 4种凋落叶混合处理 ,其它依次为杉木、火力楠、刺楸 3种凋落叶混合处理和杉木、火力楠、红栲 3种凋落叶混合处理 >杉木和刺楸凋落叶处理 >杉木和红栲凋落叶处理>杉木和火力楠 2种凋落叶混合处理 >杉木凋落叶处理 .另外 ,用凋落叶处理后 ,土壤中硫铵氮的残留量比不作凋落叶处理的土壤多 ,硫铵氮的总回收量也比不作凋落叶处理的土壤大幅增加 ,而且凋落叶多样性的增加也会增加硫铵氮的残留量 .

Iron and inorganic carbon in Liaodong Gulf sediments of Bohai Sea in China

Iron in seawater is an essential trace metal for phytoplankton that plays an important role in the marine carbon cycle. But most studies focused on oceanic iron fertilization in high nutrient low chlorophyll (HNLC) seawaters. A study of inorganic carbon (IC) forms and its influencing factors was presented in Liaodong Gulf sediments, and especially the influence of iron was discussed in detail. Inorganic carbon in Liaodong Gulf sediments was divided into five forms: NaCl, NH3·H2O, NaOH, NH2OH·HCl and HCl. The concentration of NaCl and NaOH forms were similar and they only occupied the minority of total inorganic carbon (TIC). However, NH3·H2O, NH2OH·HCl and HCl forms were the principal forms of TIC and accounted for more than 80% of TIC. Especially, the percentage of NH3·H2O form was much higher than that in the Changjiang River Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay sediments. All forms of inorganic carbon were influenced by organic carbon,pore water, iron, pH, redox potential(Eh) and sulfur potential(Es) in sediments, moreover, the influences had different characteristics for different IC forms. However, the redox reactions of iron affected mainly active IC forms. Iron had little effect on NH2OH·HCl and HCl forms of IC which were influenced mainly by pH. Iron had a stronger influence on NaCl, NaOH and NH3·H2O forms of IC; the influence of Fe2+ was higher than Fe3+ and its effect on NH3·H2O form was stronger than on NaCl and NaOH forms.