Biology, population characteristics and fishery of the speckled shrimp Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) along the Kerala coast

Crustaceans comprising numerous edible species of prawns, lobsters and crabs inhabiting different ecosystem form significant portion of the aquatic food resources of the world. Among the crustaceans, prawns are the most commercially exploited group and hold premier rank by virtue of their importance as an esteemed food of gourmet and on account of their high export value. Met-ape-naeus manoceras (Fabricius, 1798) which is known IS,Speckled shrimp’ (FAD name) and ‘Brown shrimp’ ( common nameused in the industry) is one of the commercially important marine penaeid prawns of India. During 1995, M. monaceros catch constituted 7.5 Z of the all India marine penaeid prawn landings. M. monoceros attains a maximum length of about 200 mm and has high export potential.Thus realising the growing importance of M. monoceros in the capture fisheries, it was felt, that it would be ideal to carry out detailed study on this species for rational exploitation and management of its fishery. Hence, the present work entitled, “Biology, population characteristics and fishery of the speckled shrimp Hetapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius, 1798) along Kerala coast“ was undertaken by the author. The thesis is laid out in seven chapters comprising TAXONOMY, FOOD AND FEEDING HABITS, AGE AND GROWTH, REPRODUCTION,LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP, FISHERY and POPULATION DYNAMICS

Some insights into the resource of the indian mackerel, rastrelliger kanacurta (cuvier)

Mackerel fishery at many places in the country including Cochin as well as at all—India level, besides its seasonal changes to have long-term flucations apparently evincing a ten-year cycle. Published literature on the fishery and biology of mackerel at many places are available. But attempts on population studies and assessment of stock are scanty. The researchers attention at this juncture turned to investigations on population dynamics of the mackerel .On account of the long-term Fluctuations in the fishery, it was felt desirable to have data For a number of years together to facilitate adequate coverage of a unit of time in the 10-year cycle. Investigations on length weight relationships for 16 seasons were hence carried out. This thesis is written eection'by section embodying‘ the results and_findings of the work carried out under different subject areas. It contains sections on identity of the species, information on its spatial and temporal distribution along the Indian coast, study on length-weight relationships, growth and age determination, population studies and stock assessment, and discussions.This dissertation is the outcome of the works of the candidate on the Indian mackerel. The work, however is based on exploited resource of the inshore waters. In the course of this analysis, lacunae existing in the investigations on the Indian mackerel are therefore identified and presented For future work

Corrugated flange technique for beam shaping of sectoral electromagnetic horn antennas

The need for improved feed systems for large reflector antennas employed in Radio Astronomy and Satellite tracking spurred the interest in horn antenna research in the 1960's. The major requirements were to reduce spill over, cross-polarisation losses,and to enhance the aperture efficiency to the order of about 75-8O%L The search for such a feed culminated in the corrugated horn. The corrugat1e 1 horn triggered widespread interest and enthusiasm, and a large amount of work(32’34’49’5O’52’53’58’65’75’79)has already been done on this type of antennas. The properties of corrugated surfaces has been investigated in detail. It was strongly felt that the flange technique and the use of corrugated surfaces could be merged together to obtain the advantages of both. This is the idea behind the present work. Corrugations are made on the surface of flange elements. The effect of various corrugation parameters are studied. By varying the flange parameters, a good amount of data is collected and analysed to ascertain the effects of corrugated flanges. The measurements are repeated at various frequencies, in the X— and S-bands. The following parameters of the system were studied: (a) beam shaping (b) gain (c) variation of V.S.U.R. (d) possibility of obtaining circularly polarised radiation from the flanged horn. A theoretical explanation to the effects of corrugated flanges is attempted on the basis of the line-source theory. Even though this theory utilises a simplified model for the calculation of radiation patterns, fairly good agreement between the computed pattern and experimental results are observed.

The economics of tea plantations in South India

Thc tea industry in lndia is going through a period of crisis. The crisis in brought about mainly by cost caculation and declining or stagnant prices. The impact of the present crisis is felt most by the owners of tea plantations in Kcrala . The present study assumes significance due to the fact that the critic which already affected Keralas tea industry is now threatening to extend to other tea-growing areas in south India. Today, ensuring a favourablc price to the producers via-a-via possibilities or reducing the cost of production through increase in productivity of land and labour are the main considerations. The main purpose of the study is to analyse the factors behind the crisis as well as exploring immediate and long-term measures for the sustained growth of the industry.

Studies on the seaweeds of andaman and nicobar group of islands

The importance of marine algae, often referred to as seaweeds, has been felt over a long time and is appreciated more and more in modern times. The economic value of marine algae is understood both indirectly and directly. The indirect benefit is due to the role of marine phytoplankton as well as the benthic macrophyte biomass along the shore and in the continental shelf, in primary production of the sea. Direct benefit includes the use of marine algae as food, feed, fertilizer and as source of various products of commercial importance such as agar and alginic acid. Hence to understand the potential resources of seaweeds, their distribution, density, standing crop and interrelated environmental parameters, a detailed study (survey and ecological work) was carried out for a period of 20 months from August 1988 to March 1990 in South Andaman, North Andaman, Middle Andaman, Havelock, Neil, Car Nicobar, Terassa, Chowra and Bumpoka islands. However in South Andaman, data were collected from five fixed stations fortnightly during this period for the purpose of modelling and system analysis.

Application of chitosan and PASS for the removal of turbidity and colour from water

The most common and conventional method for removing turbidity from water is by coagulating with alum or iron salts, and settling the precipitate in suitably designed clarifiers followed by filtration. But the sludge produced is bulky, difficult to dewater and accumulates in the dumping grounds causing environmental problems. Synthetic polymers such as polyacrylamide and polyethyleneoxide have been investigated for their ability to remove turbidity. They overcome many of the disadvantages of conventional methods, but are cost—effective only when rapid flocculation and reduction in sludge volume are demanded. Considering the aforementioned situation, it was felt that more easily available and eco-friendly materials must be developed for removing turbidity from water. The results of our studies in this direction are presented in this thesis. The thesis comprises of nine chapters, with a common bibliography at the end. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the nature of turbidity and colour usually present in water. Chapter 2 discusses the nature and availability of the principal material used in these studies, namely chitosan. Chapters 3 to 8, which deal with the actual experimental work, are further subdivided into (a) introduction, (b) materials and methods, (c) results and discussion and (d) conclusions. Chapter 9 summarises the entire work so as to put the results and conclusions into proper perspective.

Studies On Some Aspects Of Biology Of Two Estuarine Fishes Megalops Cyprinoides And Scatophagus Argus

Based on the adaption of fishes to their habitat, they are divided into three ecological groups - marine, fresh water and estuarine or brackish water forms. Estuarine fishes inhabit the less saline region of the sea, estuaries and other inland waters. These fishes are more subjected to pollution than fresh water fishes or marine fishes as they encounter pollutants present in the outgoing river water and the incoming sea water during low and high tides respectively. So, the study of the biology of the estuarine fishes has become unavoidable to assess their suitability in aquaculture. The development of both capture and culture fisheries related to any brackish water system is dependent on the availability of scientific‘ data on the various biological factors in respect of the different species. Such a study on fishes will be helpful in formulating suitable schemes for the management of brackish water for capture and culture fisheries. It was therefore felt that a study of the biological and biochemical aspects of two estuarine fishes Megalops cyprinoides Broussonet and Scatophargus Bloch which are not fully exploited in aquaculture programmes, was worth undertaking. The present study is expected to advance our knowledge on the biology of the two fishes which are very desirable for brackish water fish farming

Wave Height Ano Speotral Transformation In The Shallow Waters Of Kerala Ooast And Their Preoiotion

There are basically two methods for prediction of shallow water waves, viz. the graphical method and the numerical method. The numerical methods are being widely used, now—a—days, because they are fast, accurate and are especially useful when the prediction over a large spatial frame is required. Practically little has been done on the development of numerical models for the prediction of height and spectral transformation of waves as applicable to our coasts. Synchronized deep and shallow water wave measurements which are essential for study of wave transformation are very much lacking for our coasts. Under these circumstances, a comprehensive study of the wave transformation in the shallow waters of our coast was felt very important and is undertaken in the present investigation.

“Urban Water Supply Management: A Study Of Centralised And Community Based Systems In Calicut City

Studies in urban water supply system are few in the state of Kerala. It is a little researched area. In the case of water pricing a number of studies are available. In Kerala state, exception to Jacob John’s study on “Economics of Public Water Supply System”, which is a case study of Trivandrum Water Supply System in 1997, no exhaustive research work has so far come out in this field. loreover no indepth research study has come up, so far, relating to household ater demand analysis and the distribution system of urban piped water supply. he proposed study is first of its kind, which focuses on the distributional and Iailability problems of piped water supply in an urban centre in Kerala state. Hence there is a felt need for enquiring into the sufficiency of )table water supplied to people in urban areas and the efficiency maintained in roviding the scarce resource and preventing its misuse by the consumers. It is in llS backdrop that this study was undertaken and its empirical part was conducted |Calicut city in the state of Kerala. Study is confined to the water supply system ithe city of Calicut

A simple device for the separation of weak larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man)

Larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man) are photopositive (Ling 1969a.b) and negatively rheotactic. While investigating larval diseases of M, rosenbergii it was observed that weak larvae failed to show both these responses. It was felt that this lack of response could be used to develop a device for separating the weak larvae from the apparently healthy ones. Such a device would be a valuable tool for assessing the health of a batch in terms of the percentage of 'healthy' and 'weak' larvae. What follows is a description and mode of operation of the 'photo-flow' device developed by the authors

Economic Impact of Identity Theft in India: Lessons from Western Countries

In this computerized, globalised and internet world our computer collects various types of information’s about every human being and stores them in files secreted deep on its hard drive. Files like cache, browser history and other temporary Internet files can be used to store sensitive information like logins and passwords, names addresses, and even credit card numbers. Now, a hacker can get at this information by wrong means and share with someone else or can install some nasty software on your computer that will extract your sensitive and secret information. Identity Theft posses a very serious problem to everyone today. If you have a driver’s license, a bank account, a computer, ration card number, PAN card number, ATM card or simply a social security number you are more than at risk, you are a target. Whether you are new to the idea of ID Theft, or you have some unanswered questions, we’ve compiled a quick refresher list below that should bring you up to speed. Identity theft is a term used to refer to fraud that involves pretending to be someone else in order to steal money or get other benefits. Identity theft is a serious crime, which is increasing at tremendous rate all over the world after the Internet evolution. There is widespread agreement that identity theft causes financial damage to consumers, lending institutions, retail establishments, and the economy as a whole. Surprisingly, there is little good public information available about the scope of the crime and the actual damages it inflicts. Accounts of identity theft in recent mass media and in film or literature have centered on the exploits of 'hackers' - variously lauded or reviled - who are depicted as cleverly subverting corporate firewalls or other data protection defenses to gain unauthorized access to credit card details, personnel records and other information. Reality is more complicated, with electronic identity fraud taking a range of forms. The impact of those forms is not necessarily quantifiable as a financial loss; it can involve intangible damage to reputation, time spent dealing with disinformation and exclusion from particular services because a stolen name has been used improperly. Overall we can consider electronic networks as an enabler for identity theft, with the thief for example gaining information online for action offline and the basis for theft or other injury online. As Fisher pointed out "These new forms of hightech identity and securities fraud pose serious risks to investors and brokerage firms across the globe," I am a victim of identity theft. Being a victim of identity theft I felt the need for creating an awareness among the computer and internet users particularly youngsters in India. Nearly 70 per cent of Indian‘s population are living in villages. Government of India already started providing computer and internet facilities even to the remote villages through various rural development and rural upliftment programmes. Highly educated people, established companies, world famous financial institutions are becoming victim of identity theft. The question here is how vulnerable the illiterate and innocent rural people are if they suddenly exposed to a new device through which some one can extract and exploit their personal data without their knowledge? In this research work an attempt has been made to bring out the real problems associated with Identity theft in developed countries from an economist point of view.

Effectiveness of coir geotextiles in soil moisture conservation

Among the diversified use of coir geotextiles, its use as a protective covering to improve crop productivity and to reduce weed problem assumes to be much significant. An experiment has been conducted at Kumbazha, in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India to evaluate the different types of coir geotextiles and polythene as soil mulch. The treatments include different mulching materials like natural needled felt, black needled felt, rubberized coir, black polythene and transparent polythene along with a control plot (no mulch). The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with six replications. The test crops used were bhindi (var. Salkeerthi) and pineapple (var. Mauritius). The study reveals that with bhindi crop growth parameters like plant height, leaf number and lateral spread were increased by mulching with rubberized coir and transparent polythene. These two mulches caused early flowering and increased fruit yield. Coir materials as mulch recorded a yield increase ranging from 67 to 196%. Observations also reveal that weeds were not grown in plots mulched with black polythene, transparent polythene and rubberized coir. Rubberized coir as mulch enhanced the fruit yield in the case of pineapple, which is followed by natural needled felt and transparent polythene. Black polythene resisted weed growth up to 7MAP, whereas rubberized coir and transparent polythene suppressed weeds up to 8MAP. Though the weeds were grown in other treatments the weeds count was significantly lower than that of control plot. Mulching with transparent polythene enhanced the soil temperature whereas rubberized coir lowered soil temperature. More over all mulched treatments had a favourable influence in increasing soil moisture. Observing the biodegradability and eco-friendly nature of coir it could be inferred that rubberized coir can serve as good mulch for bhindi and pineapple with minimum weed problem

A Study on Futures Trading in Commodities With Special Reference to Rubber

Futures trading in Commodities has three specific economic functions viz. price discovery, hedging and reduction in volatility. Natural rubber possesses all the specifications required for futures trading. Commodity futures trading in India attained momentum after the starting of national level commodity exchanges in 2003. The success of futures trading depends upon effective price risk management, price discovery and reduced volatility which in turn depends upon the volume of trading. In the case of rubber futures market, the volume of trading depends upon the extent of participation by market players like growers, dealers, manufacturers, rubber marketing co-operative societies and Rubber Producer’s Societies (RPS). The extent of participation by market players has a direct bearing on their awareness level and their perception about futures trading. In the light of the above facts and the review of literature available on rubber futures market, it is felt that a study on rubber futures market is necessary to fill the research gap, with specific focus on (1) the awareness and perception of rubber futures market participants viz. (i) rubber growers, (ii) dealers, (iii) rubber product manufacturers, (iv) rubber marketing co-operative societies and Rubber Producer’s Societies (RPS) about futures trading and (2) whether the rubber futures market is fulfilling the economic functions of futures market viz. hedging, reduction in volatility and price discovery or not. The study is confined to growers, dealers, rubber goods manufacturers, rubber marketing co-operative societies and RPS in Kerala. In order to achieve the stated objectives, the study utilized secondary data for the period from 2003 to 2013 from different published sources like bulletins, newsletters, circulars from NMCE, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Warehousing Corporation and traders. The primary data required for this study were collected from rubber growers, rubber dealers, RPS & Rubber Marketing Co-operative Societies and rubber goods manufacturers in Kerala. Data pertaining to the awareness and perception of futures trading, participation in the futures trading, use of spot and futures prices and source of price information by dealers, farmers, manufacturers and cooperative societies also were collected. Statistical tools used for analysis include percentage, standard deviation, Chi-square test, Mann – Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis test, Augmented Dickey – Fuller test statistic, t- statistic, Granger causality test, F- statistic, Johansen co – integration test, Trace statistic and Max –Eigen statistic. The study found that 71.5 per cent of the total hedges are effective and 28.5 per cent are ineffective for the period under study. It implies that futures market in rubber reduced the impact of price risks by approximately 71.5 per cent. Further, it is observed that, on 54.4 per cent occasions, the futures market exercised a stabilizing effect on the spot market, and on 45.6 per cent occasions futures trading exercised a destabilizing effect on the spot market. It implies that elasticity of expectation of futures market in rubber has a predominant stabilizing effect on spot prices. The market, as a whole, exhibits a bias in favour of long hedges. Spot price volatility of rubber during futures suspension period is more than that of the pre suspension period and post suspension period. There is a bi-directional association-ship or bi-directional causality or pair- wise causality between spot price and futures price of rubber. From the results of the hedging efficiency, spot price volatility, and price discovery, it can be concluded that rubber futures market fulfils all the economic functions expected from a commodity futures market. Thus in India, the future of rubber futures is Bright…!!!

Empathie in der Psychotherapie aus neuer Perspektive

Die traditionellen Empathiekonzepte (z. B. Rogers, Kohut), die in der Psychotherapie bis heute maßgebend sind, werden einer gründlichen Überprüfung unterzogen. Dabei ergeben sich drei wesentliche Kritikpunkte: (1) Empathische Vorgänge in der Psychotherapie werden als einseitige Prozesse verstanden; der Therapeut fühlt sich in die Klientin ein, nicht auch umgekehrt. (2) Empathie wird in Cartesianischer Tradition schwerpunktmäßig als kognitive Leistung gesehen; ein körperloser Geist vergegenwärtigt sich die mentalen Inhalte eines anderen. (3) Das traditionelle Empathieverständnis ist individualistisch: Therapeutin und Klient halten sich demnach scheinbar im luftleeren Raum auf. Es sieht so aus, als existiere kein Kontext, der sie umgibt. So einseitig, wie ihre Beziehung gedacht wird, so abgetrennt, wie ihr Körper von ihrem Geist zu sein scheint, so unverbunden sind sie scheinbar mit dem Rest der Welt. Aus diesen drei Kritikpunkten folgt die Notwendigkeit, den Empathiebegriff der Psychotherapie zu erweitern, d. h. (a) Empathie als gegenseitigen Prozess der Beteiligten zu begreifen, (b) ihre tiefe Verwurzelung in der Leiblichkeit des Menschen zu berücksichtigen und (c) ihre Einbettung in die Dynamiken einer gemeinsamen Situation im Rahmen eines kulturellen Kontextes einzubeziehen. Mit Rückgriff auf neuere Untersuchungsergebnisse aus der Entwicklungspsychologie (z. B. Emde, Hobson, Meltzoff, Stern, Trevarthen), der Sozial- und Emotionspsychologie (z. B. Chartrand, Ekman, Goleman, Hatfield, Holodynski), der sozialen Neurowissenschaften (z. B. Damasio, Gallese, Iacoboni, LeDoux, Rizzolatti), aber auch mit Hilfe der Erkenntnisse aus der klassischen (Husserl, Merleau- Ponty, Edith Stein) und der Neuen Phänomenologie (Schmitz) sowie aus symbolischem Interaktionismus (Mead) und aus der kulturhistorischen Schule (Vygotskij) werden diese drei bislang wenig beleuchteten Dimensionen der Empathie betrachtet. ad a) Die Gegenseitigkeit empathischer Vorgänge in der Psychotherapie wird anhand des entwicklungspsychologischen Konzepts des social referencing erläutert und untersucht: Kleinkinder, die in eine unbekannte bzw. unsichere Situation geraten (z. B. im Experiment mit der "visuellen Klippe"), orientieren sich an den nonverbalen Signalen ihrer Bezugspersonen, um diese Situation zu bewältigen. Dabei erfasst die Mutter die Situation des Kindes, versucht ihm ihre Stellungnahme zu seiner Situation zu übermitteln, und das Kind begreift die Reaktion der Mutter als Stellungnahme zu seiner Situation. ad b) Die Körperlichkeit bzw. Leiblichkeit der Einfühlung manifestiert sich in vielfältigen Formen, wie sie von der Psychologie, der Phänomenologie und den Neurowissenschaften erforscht werden. Das kulturübergreifende Erkennen des Gesichtsausdrucks von Basisemotionen ist hier ebenso zu nennen wie die Verhaltensweisen des motor mimicry, bei dem Menschen Körperhaltungen und – bewegungen ihrer Bezugspersonen unwillkürlich imitieren; des Weiteren das unmittelbare Verstehen von Gesten sowie die Phänomene der „Einleibung“, bei denen die körperliche Situation des Anderen (z. B. eines stürzenden Radfahrers, den man beobachtet) am eigenen Leib mitgefühlt wird; und außerdem die Entdeckung der „Spiegelneurone“ und anderer neuronaler Strukturen, durch die Wahrgenommenes direkt in analoge motorische Aktivität übersetzt wird. ad c) Intersubjektivitätstheoretische Überlegungen, Konzepte wie „dyadisch erweiterter Bewusstseinszustand“ (Tronick) und „gemeinsame Situation“ (Gurwitsch, Schmitz) verweisen auf die Bedeutung überindividueller, ‚emergenter’ Dimensionen, die für die Verständigung zwischen Menschen wichtig sind. Sie folgen gestaltpsychologischen Prinzipien („Das Ganze ist mehr und anders als die Summe seiner Teile.“), die mit Hilfe von Gadamers Begriff des „Spiels“ analysiert werden. Am Ende der Arbeit stehen die Definition eines neuen Empathiebegriffs, wie er sich aus den vorangegangenen Überlegungen ergibt, sowie eine These über die psychotherapeutische Wirkweise menschlicher Einfühlung, die durch weitere Forschungen zu überprüfen wäre.

Understanding Recreational Services of Urban Riverfront Space for Planning Purposes

In the process of urbanization, natural and semi-natural landscapes are increasingly cherished as open space and recreational resource. Urban rivers are part of this kind of resource and thus play an important role in managing urban resilience and health. Employing the example of Tianjin, this doctoral dissertation research aims at learning to understand how to plan and design for the interface zones between urban water courses and for the land areas adjacent to such water courses. This research also aims at learning how to link waterfront space with other urban space in order to make a recreational space system for the benefit of people. Five questions of this dissertation are: 1) what is the role of rivers in spatial and open space planning? 2) What are the human needs regarding outdoor open space? 3) How do river and water front spatial structures affect people's recreational activities? 4) How to define the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space? 5) How might answering these question change planning and design of urban open space? Quantitative and qualitative empirical approaches were combined in this study for which literature review and theoretical explorations provide the basis. Empirical investigations were conducted in the city of Tianjin. The quantitative approach includes conducting 267 quantitative interviews, and the qualitative approach includes carrying out field observations and mappings. GIS served to support analysis and visualization of empirical information that was generated through this study. By responding to the five research questions, findings and lessons include the following: 1) In the course of time rivers have gained importance in all levels and scales of spatial planning and decision making. Regarding the development of ecological networks, mainly at national scale, rivers are considered significant linear elements. Regarding regional and comprehensive development, river basins and watersheds are often considered as the structural link for strategic ecological, economic, social and recreational planning. For purposes of urban planning, particularly regarding recreational services in cities, the distribution of urban open spaces often follows the structure of river systems. 2) For the purpose of classifying human recreational needs that relate to outdoor open space Maslow's hierarchy of human needs serves as theoretical basis. The classes include geographical, safety, physiological, social and aesthetic need. These classes serve as references while analyzing river and waterfront open space and other kinds of open space. 3) Regarding the question how river and waterfront spatial structures might affect people's recreational activities, eight different landscape units were identified and compared in the case study area. Considering the thermal conditions of Tianjin, one of these landscape units was identified as affording the optimal spatial arrangement which mostly meets recreational needs. The size and the shape of open space, and the plants present in an open space have been observed as being most relevant regarding recreational activities. 4) Regarding the recreational service of urban river and waterfront open space the results of this research suggest that the recreational service is felt less intensively as the distances between water 183 front and open space user’s places of residence are increasing. As a method for estimating this ‘Service Distance Effect’ the following formula may be used: Y = a*ebx. In this equation Y means the ‘Service Distance’ between homes and open space, and X means the percentage of the people who live within this service distance. Coefficient "a" represents the distance of the residential area nearest to the water front. The coefficient "b" is a comprehensive capability index that refers to the size of the available and suitable recreational area. 5) Answers found to the questions above have implications for the planning and design of urban open space. The results from the quantitative study of recreational services of waterfront open space were applied to the assessment of river-based open space systems. It is recommended that such assessments might be done employing the network analysis function available with any GIS. In addition, several practical planning and designing suggestions are made that would help remedy any insufficient base for satisfying recreational needs. The understanding of recreational need is considered helpful for the proposing planning and designing ideas and for the changing of urban landscapes. In the course of time Tianjin's urban water system has shrunk considerably. At the same time rivers and water courses have shaped Tianjin's urban structure in noticeable ways. In the process of urbanization water has become increasingly important to the citizens and their everyday recreations. Much needs to be changed in order to improve recreational opportunities and to better provide for a livable city, most importantly when considering the increasing number of old people. Suggestions made that are based on results of this study, might be implemented in Tianjin. They are 1) to promote the quality of the waterfront open space and to make all linear waterfront area accessible recreational spaces. Then, 2), it is advisable to advocate the concept of green streets and to combine green streets with river open space in order to form an everyday recreational network. And 3) any sound urban everyday recreational service made cannot rely on only urban rivers; the whole urban structure needs to be improved, including adding small open space and optimize the form of urban communities, finally producing a multi-functional urban recreational network.