Modelling the effect of minor orthopaedic day surgery on patient mood at the early post-operative period: a prospective population-based cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of minor orthopaedic day surgery (MiODS) on patient's mood. METHODS: A prospective population-based cohort study of 148 consecutive patients with age above 18 and less than 65, an American Society of Anaesthesiology (ASA) score of 1, and the requirement of general anaesthesia (GA) were included. The Medical Outcomes Study - Short Form 36 (SF-36), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used pre- and post-operatively. RESULTS: The mean physical component score of SF-36 before surgery was 45.3 (SD=+/-10.1) and 8 weeks following surgery was 44.9 (SD=+/-11.04) [n=148, p=0.51, 95% CI=(-1.03 to 1.52)]. For the measurement of the changes in mood using BDI, BAI and SF-36, latent construct modelling was employed to increase validity. The covariance between mood pre- and post-operatively (cov=69.44) corresponded to a correlation coefficient, r=0.88 indicating that patients suffering a greater number of mood symptoms before surgery continue to have a greater number of symptoms following surgery. When the latent mood constructs were permitted to have different means the model fitted well with chi(2) (df=1)=0.86 for which p=0.77, thus the null hypothesis that MiODS has no effect on patient mood was rejected. CONCLUSIONS: MiODS affects patient mood which deteriorates at 8 weeks post-operatively regardless of the pre-operative patient mood state. More importantly patients suffering a greater number of mood symptoms before MiODS continue to have a greater number of symptoms following surgery.

Präoperative Azidose und Entwicklung von Säuglingen nach Operation angeborener Herzfehler Preoperative acidosis and infant development following surgery for congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVE: Prenatal diagnosis has been shown to decrease pre-operative acidosis and might prevent the occurrence of disturbed developmental outcome. The aim of this study is to evaluate parameters for acidosis and their predictive value on developmental outcome in newborns with congenital heart disease. METHODS: A total of 117 patients requiring surgery for structural heart disease in the first 31 days of life were included. Diagnosis was established either pre- or postnatally. Preoperative values of lactate, pH and base excess levels were compared to the occurrence of disturbed developmental outcome, i.e. an underperformance of more than 10% on the P90 of a standardized Dutch developmental scale. Patients were divided into groups according to blood levels of acidosis parameters, using receiver operating characteristics curves to determine cut-off values for pH, base excess and lactate. RESULTS: No significant difference in developmental outcome was found using values for pH or base excess as a cut-off level. Preoperative lactate values exceeding 6.1 mmol/l resulted in a significant increase in impaired development compared to infants with a pre-operative lactate lower than 6.1 mmol/l: 40.9% vs 15.1% in (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-operative lactate values might have a prognostic value on developmental outcome in newborns with congenital heart disease. The limited prognostic value of pH can be explained by the fact that pH can be easily corrected, while lactate better reflects the total oxygen debt experienced by these patients.

Development of appropriateness criteria for the surgical treatment of symptomatic lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS).

PURPOSE: Spine surgery rates are increasing worldwide. Treatment failures are often attributed to poor patient selection and inappropriate treatment, but for many spinal disorders there is little consensus on the precise indications for surgery. With an aging population, more patients with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS) will present for surgery. The aim of this study was to develop criteria for the appropriateness of surgery in symptomatic LDS. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out to summarize the current level of evidence for the treatment of LDS. Clinical scenarios were generated comprising combinations of signs and symptoms in LDS and other relevant variables. Based on the systematic review and their own clinical experience, twelve multidisciplinary international experts rated each scenario on a 9-point scale (1 highly inappropriate, 9 highly appropriate) with respect to performing decompression only, fusion, and instrumented fusion. Surgery for each theoretical scenario was classified as appropriate, inappropriate, or uncertain based on the median ratings and disagreement in the ratings. RESULTS: 744 hypothetical scenarios were generated; overall, surgery (of some type) was rated appropriate in 27 %, uncertain in 41 % and inappropriate in 31 %. Frank panel disagreement was low (7 % scenarios). Face validity was shown by the logical relationship between each variable's subcategories and the appropriateness ratings, e.g., no/mild disability had a mean appropriateness rating of 2.3 ± 1.5, whereas the rating for moderate disability was 5.0 ± 1.6 and for severe disability, 6.6 ± 1.6. Similarly, the average rating for no/minimal neurological abnormality was 2.3 ± 1.5, increasing to 4.3 ± 2.4 for moderate and 5.9 ± 1.7 for severe abnormality. The three variables most likely (p < 0.0001) to be components of scenarios rated "appropriate" were: severe disability, no yellow flags, and severe neurological deficit. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to report criteria for determining candidacy for surgery in LDS developed by a multidisciplinary international panel using a validated method (RAM). The panel ratings followed logical clinical rationale, indicating good face validity. The work refines clinical classification and the phenotype of degenerative spondylolisthesis. The predictive validity of the criteria should be evaluated prospectively to examine whether patients treated "appropriately" have better clinical outcomes.

Quelle position professionnelle adopter face à la diversité des problèmes posés par l'évaluation des dangerosités ?

Cet article aborde divers problèmes posés par la notion de dangerosité. Malgré son abandon au profit de la notion d'évaluation du risque dans de nombreux pays après les années 1980, la demande d'évaluation de la dangerosité fait un retour marqué dans la législation française et dans les pratiques expertales. Dans cet article, la notion de dangerosité est interrogée sur le plan pénal, théorique, empirique et clinique afin de rendre intelligibles les débats et positionnements contrastés qu'elle provoque en France et afin de tenter de définir une position professionnelle face à l'insistante demande d'évaluation.

Predictors of red blood cell transfusion after cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study

Abstract OBJECTIVE To identify predictors of red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) after cardiac surgery. METHOD A prospective cohort study performed with 323 adults after cardiac surgery, from April to December of 2013. A data collection instrument was constructed by the researchers containing factors associated with excessive bleeding after cardiac surgery, as found in the literature, for investigation in the immediate postoperative period. The relationship between risk factors and the outcome was assessed by univariate analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS The factors associated with RBCT in the immediate postoperative period included lower height and weight, decreased platelet count, lower hemoglobin level, higher prevalence of platelet count <150x10 3/mm3, lower volume of protamine, longer duration of anesthesia, higher prevalence of intraoperative RBCT, lower body temperature, higher heart rate and higher positive end-expiratory pressure. The independent predictor was weight <66.5Kg. CONCLUSION Factors associated with RBCT in the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery were found. The independent predictor was weight.

Family dynamics in face of Alzheimer's in one of its members

Abstract OBJECTIVE To understand the family dynamics when there is a member in the residence with Alzheimer's disease. METHOD A study of qualitative approach, using the creative sensitive method (CSM), and with participation of two families who had a member with Alzheimer's disease at home. RESULTS Three categories emerged: Effects of Alzheimer's disease and the family dynamics; Development process of Alzheimer's disease and Coping strategies in face of the disease. CONCLUSION It was possible to know the manifestations and consequences of Alzheimer's disease in the family, such as mutual help, the mobilization of resources to activate memories of the past, spirituality and faith. There was also understanding of the structure of family dynamics.

Guidelines for Perioperative Care in Elective Colonic Surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS(®)) Society Recommendations.

BACKGROUND: This review aims to present a consensus for optimal perioperative care in colonic surgery and to provide graded recommendations for items for an evidenced-based enhanced perioperative protocol. METHODS: Studies were selected with particular attention paid to meta-analyses, randomised controlled trials and large prospective cohorts. For each item of the perioperative treatment pathway, available English-language literature was examined, reviewed and graded. A consensus recommendation was reached after critical appraisal of the literature by the group. RESULTS: For most of the protocol items, recommendations are based on good-quality trials or meta-analyses of good-quality trials (quality of evidence and recommendations according to the GRADE system). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the evidence available for each item of the multimodal perioperative care pathway, the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society, International Association for Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition (IASMEN) and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) present a comprehensive evidence-based consensus review of perioperative care for colonic surgery.

Aging effects on selective attention-related electroencephalographic patterns during face encoding.

Previous electrophysiological studies revealed that human faces elicit an early visual event-related potential (ERP) within the occipito-temporal cortex, the N170 component. Although face perception has been proposed to rely on automatic processing, the impact of selective attention on N170 remains controversial both in young and elderly individuals. Using early visual ERP and alpha power analysis, we assessed the influence of aging on selective attention to faces during delayed-recognition tasks for face and letter stimuli, examining 36 elderly and 20 young adults with preserved cognition. Face recognition performance worsened with age. Aging induced a latency delay of the N1 component for faces and letters, as well as of the face N170 component. Contrasting with letters, ignored faces elicited larger N1 and N170 components than attended faces in both age groups. This counterintuitive attention effect on face processing persisted when scenes replaced letters. In contrast with young, elderly subjects failed to suppress irrelevant letters when attending faces. Whereas attended stimuli induced a parietal alpha band desynchronization within 300-1000 ms post-stimulus with bilateral-to-right distribution for faces and left lateralization for letters, ignored and passively viewed stimuli elicited a central alpha synchronization larger on the right hemisphere. Aging delayed the latency of this alpha synchronization for both face and letter stimuli, and reduced its amplitude for ignored letters. These results suggest that due to their social relevance, human faces may cause paradoxical attention effects on early visual ERP components, but they still undergo classical top-down control as a function of endogenous selective attention. Aging does not affect the face bottom-up alerting mechanism but reduces the top-down suppression of distracting letters, possibly impinging upon face recognition, and more generally delays the top-down suppression of task-irrelevant information.

“Concepções dos professores e monitoras face à inclusão educativa de crianças com necessidades educativas especiais”

A orientação inclusiva considera a sala de aula o local privilegiado para o ensino de todas as crianças, incluindo as que têm problemas. Os alunos com necessidades educativas especiais (NEE) colocam às escolas sérios problemas, os quais, devido à sua intensidade e variabilidade, questionam sem dúvida o sentido da educação escolar demasiado centrada nos conteúdos académicos. A necessária reorganização das modalidades de trabalho com estes alunos requer cuidados especiais nos ambientes educativos e no papel frequentemente atribuído ao professor. Desta forma, as mudanças aconselhadas devem ter em conta as práticas dos professores e considerar certamente as suas atitudes e percepções. O objectivo geral deste estudo é procurar aceder a um conhecimento mais actualizado das concepções e práticas dos professores face à inclusão educativa de alunos com necessidades educativas especiais em duas instituições na cidade da Praia – Cabo Verde. Para o efeito foi realizado um estudo exploratório em que foram inquiridos 30 professores do 1º ciclo do ensino secundário, do Liceu Domingos Ramos e 7 Monitoras do Jardim-de-Infância Pimpão. Foram ainda realizadas entrevistas semi-directivas a 3 professores e 2 monitoras, da mesma amostra, no sentido de permitir uma melhor compreensão e aprofundamento do tema em estudo. A natureza do objecto de estudo induziu a um desenho de investigação de natureza interpretativa de carácter descritivo – Estudo de caso. O corpus do trabalho foi constituído pelos protocolos dos questionários abertos e entrevistas semi-directivas, sujeitos a análise quantitativa e análise temática qualitativa. Com base na análise dos dados recolhidos, foi possível identificar aspectos relevantes sobre o que pensam os professores e monitoras sobre o tema em estudo, e concluir que, estes profissionais, são favoráveis à inclusão educativa de crianças com NEE no sistema regular de ensino. Consideram todavia, a relevância de uma formação específica, no sentido de uma melhor preparação para a prática de uma individualização dos percursos de aprendizagem dos alunos – diferenciação curricular – particularmente quando têm integrados nas suas turmas, alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais. Identificam ainda, alguns constrangimentos que se colocam aos professores e às escolas, no sentido de um atendimento de qualidade e promoção do sucesso educativo de todos os alunos.

As Actividades Físicas e Desportivas Adaptadas aos alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais – Expectativas face aos novos planos curriculares

O presente estudo centra-se essencialmente em três vertentes, nas quais nos apoiamos para formular os objectivos do estudo, (i) a identificação e controlo dos alunos com NEE’s que frequentam o ensino secundário na cidade da Praia, (ii) a experiência dos professores de Educação Física sobre o trabalho com estes alunos, e por último, (iii) as expectativas dos professores de Educação Física que leccionam no ensino secundário, face aos novos planos curriculares e consequentemente a Formação de Professores para responder as Adaptações dos Programas. Para levar adiante o estudo, foram realizadas duas (2) entrevistas, a responsáveis do Ministério da Educação e Ensino Superior que trabalham na área do Currículo e na área da Educação Física, que foram o ponto de partida para a realização do levantamento da situação populacional dos alunos com Necessidades Educativas Especiais matriculados no ensino secundário no concelho da Praia, assim como para a elaboração dos questionários aplicados aos professores de Educação Física das escolas secundárias da capital. Foram abordados através de questionários, 32 professores da disciplina de Educação Física, obtendo como resultado, de acordo com a opinião dos mesmos, a identificação de algumas contrariedades e ao mesmo tempo urgências, como é o caso da formação de professores, não só pelo facto dos currículos estarem a passar por mudanças, como também perante a necessidade de adquirir competências em termos pedagógicos para lidar com a diversidade do ensino, com a entrada de alunos com NEE’s que actualmente se matriculam no ensino regular. A partir do presente estudo, foi possível obter alguns dados sobre o que pensam os professores quanto à Formação dos docentes perante os desafios ainda não superados, para lidar com a diversidade e com as eventuais mudanças e adaptações nos programas, concluindo que há necessidade urgente de preparar pedagogicamente não só os novos formandos durante a sua formação inicial, como também os professores em exercício e que lidam no dia a dia com novas situações, solicitando cada vez mais criação, inovação, reinvenção e auto preparação para desenvolverem as suas práticas pedagógicas.

Association between valvular surgery and mortality among patients with infective endocarditis complicated by heart failure.

Context Heart failure (HF) is the most common complication of infective endocarditis. However, clinical characteristics of HF in patients with infective endocarditis, use of surgical therapy, and their associations with patient outcome are not well described.Objectives To determine the clinical, echocardiographic, and microbiological variables associated with HF in patients with definite infective endocarditis and to examine variables independently associated with in-hospital and 1-year mortality for patients with infective endocarditis and HF, including the use and association of surgery with outcome.Design, Setting, and Patients The International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study, a prospective, multicenter study enrolling 4166 patients with definite native- or prosthetic-valve infective endocarditis from 61 centers in 28 countries between June 2000 and December 2006.Main Outcome Measures In-hospital and 1-year mortality.Results Of 4075 patients with infective endocarditis and known HF status enrolled, 1359 (33.4% [95% CI, 31.9%-34.8%]) had HF, and 906 (66.7% [95% CI, 64.2%-69.2%]) were classified as having New York Heart Association class III or IV symptom status. Within the subset with HF, 839 (61.7% [95% CI, 59.2%-64.3%]) underwent valvular surgery during the index hospitalization. In-hospital mortality was 29.7% (95% CI, 27.2%-32.1%) for the entire HF cohort, with lower mortality observed in patients undergoing valvular surgery compared with medical therapy alone (20.6% [95% CI, 17.9%-23.4%] vs 44.8% [95% CI, 40.4%-49.0%], respectively; P < .001). One-year mortality was 29.1% (95% CI, 26.0%-32.2%) in patients undergoing valvular surgery vs 58.4% (95% CI, 54.1%-62.6%) in those not undergoing surgery (P < .001). Cox proportional hazards modeling with propensity score adjustment for surgery showed that advanced age, diabetes mellitus, health care-associated infection, causative microorganism (Staphylococcus aureus or fungi), severe HF (New York Heart Association class III or IV), stroke, and paravalvular complications were independently associated with 1-year mortality, whereas valvular surgery during the initial hospitalization was associated with lower mortality.Conclusion In this cohort of patients with infective endocarditis complicated by HF, severity of HF was strongly associated with surgical therapy and subsequent mortality, whereas valvular surgery was associated with lower in-hospital and 1-year mortality.