Effects of exposition to polluted environments on blood cells of the fish Prochilodus lineatus

In this study, we investigated the effects of contaminated water on the blood parameters of the fish Prochilodus lineatus exposed during 7 and 20 days. Blood was collected with heparinized syringes, and blood smears were prepared and stained with Leishman stain. Slides were examined and photographed using a Leica light microscope. Total white blood cell counts and differential counts of thrombocytes and leukocytes were obtained for statistical analysis. The group exposed to water samples from Lago Azul exhibited an increase in the number of leukocytes and in the total number of white blood cells, suggesting that the chemical contaminants in this environment were acting similarly to antigens in this fish species, causing the proliferation of defense cells. In the group exposed to detergent during 20 days, the number of thrombocytes decreased. These results suggest that the variations in the number of leukocytes were indicators of environmental pollution and that biodegradable detergents may, after a certain time of exposure, affect vital functions in fish, such as coagulation and prevention of infections, which directly involves thrombocytes. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

LH surge in response to the treatment with GnRH analog or estradiol in ovariectomized buffaloes with or without progesterone pre-exposition

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the LH surge after EB (estradiol benzoate) or GnRH administration with or without P4 (progesterone) pre-exposure in ovariectomized (OVX) buffalo cows. Females were randomly assigned to receive an intravaginal P4 device (D0–D9). They were then given EB 24 h or GnRH 36 h post-P4 device removal (factorial 2×2, n=6 per group). Blood collection for LH measurement began 36 h after the P4 device removal and continued at 3 h intervals. The area under the LH curve (AUC; 30.2 ng2 and 13.41 ng2; P=0.007) and the area of the LH peak (AP; 19.0 ng2 and 8.9 ng2; P=0.009) were greater for EB than GnRH. We did not observe an effect of P4 pre-exposure on the AUC and AP. Furthermore, there was no interaction between P4 pre-exposure and EB or GnRH treatment on the AUC and AP. However, there was an interaction (P<0.01) between P4 pre-exposure and the type of inducer (EB or GnRH) to release a preovulatory-like LH surge at the beginning (BP), final (FP) and time (TP) of the LH peak. The P4 pre-exposure anticipated the BP (2.5 and 7.4 h), TP (6.0 and 12.0 h) and FP (11.5 and 17.1 h) when EB was used to induce a preovulatory-like LH surge (P<0.01). However, there was no effect of P4 pre-exposure on BP (0.4 and 0.4 h), TP (3.0 and 3.0 h) and FP (5.9 and 6.1 h) with GnRH treatment. There was also no effect of the pre-exposure to P4, type of inducer or interaction on the amplitude of the LH peak. We concluded that EB therefore led to greater LH release than GnRH, and pre-exposure to P4 before EB administration anticipated the preovulatory-like LH surge in buffalo cows.

La vision de l'Espagne de la preimère moitié du XIXe siècle dans la Géographie Universelle de Conrad Malte-Brun

[FR] Grande figure de la géographie française —et européenne— du premier quart du XIXe siècle, Conrad Malte-Brun laisse une oeuvre scientifique écrite considérable, dont une vaste Géographie universelle qui marqua alors son époque, rééditée à de multiples reprises durant plus de 50 ans. Contrairement à Élisée Reclus, autre grande figure de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, les écrits de Malte-Brun demeurent mal connus, sinon mésestimés. Or, à travers le fil conducteur que représente le chapitre de sa Géographie universelle consacré à l’Espagne, nous avons pour objectif de montrer que son auteur a su dépasser la simple dimension descriptive caractérisant nombre de textes géographiques de son époque pour introduire une réelle dimension explicative. Rien que pour cela, il mérite très largement, à notre sens, d’être redécouvert…

L'Occidente di Elisée Reclus: l'invenzione dell'Europa nella Nouvelle Géographie Universelle (1876-1894)

La Nouvelle Géographie Universelle di Élisée Reclus relativizza e problematizza il ruolo dell’Europa e il suo peso nello scacchiere mondiale, restando tuttavia in equilibrio fra, da una parte, la critica delle pratiche coloniali e dall’altra la fiducia nei confronti della tradizione culturale proveniente dall’antica Grecia e dal secolo de Lumi destinata, nella visione evoluzionista dell’autore, a spargere negli altri continenti i germi del pensiero socialista e anarchico. In questo lavoro si cerca di chiarire questa rappresentazione dei concetti di Europa e Occidente in tre passaggi successivi. Dapprima, la ricostruzione della genealogia, della teoria e del contesto storico del concetto di geografia universale all’epoca. Poi, la ricostruzione dalle fonti di archivio delle reti scientifiche di respiro europeo che sono state alla base di quest’opera, indispensabile per poterne comprendere il significato politico nel contesto dell’epoca. Infine, l’indagine sul testo per ricostruire ruolo, caratteri e suddivisione dell’Europa, che si rivela, nonostante la serrata critica del suo ruolo colonizzatore, come il privilegiato laboratorio individuato dai “geografi anarchici” per lo sviluppo delle lotte sociali e per la costruzione, su basi anche geografiche, di una proposta politica federalista e libertaria.

The Catholic Doctrine of Transubstantiation: An Exposition and Defense

The purpose of this thesis is to offer both an exposition and defense for the Catholic Church's traditional understanding of eucharistic transubstantiation. I hope to show how a belief in such a doctrine is in no way irrational nor is it indefensible; butinstead, the doctrine of transubstantiation makes sense when it is viewed in light of what Catholic Christians believe about who the human being is, what the human desires, and the special way in which God personally works in human history. The method I am following investigates how the doctrine of transubstantiation coheres with and follows the other beliefs that Catholics hold; that is, beginning with certain presuppositions, there is a certain rational progression to the Catholic understanding of real presence.

La Suprématie universelle des juifs et la Société des nations : une étude biblique d'économie internationale

Jean Barral