Evaluation of Bone Heating, Drill Deformation, and Drill Roughness After Implant Osteotomy: Guided Surgery and Classic Drilling Procedure

Purpose: This study evaluated and compared bone heating, drill deformation, and drill roughness after several implant osteotomies in the guided surgery technique and the classic drilling procedure. Materials and Methods: The tibias of 20 rabbits were used. The animals were divided into a guided surgery group (GG) and a control group (CG); subgroups were then designated (G0, G1, G2, G3, and G4, corresponding to drills used 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 times, respectively). Each animal received 10 sequential osteotomies (5 in each tibia) with each technique. Thermal changes were quantified, drill roughness was measured, and the drills were subjected to scanning electron microscopy. Results: Bone temperature generated by drilling was significantly higher in the GG than in the CG. Drill deformation in the GG and CG increased with drill use, and in the CG a significant difference between GO and groups G3 and G4 was observed. In the GG, a significant difference between GO and all other groups was found. For GG versus CG, a significant difference was found in the 40th osteotomy. Drill roughness in both groups was progressive in accordance with increased use, but there was no statistically significant difference between subgroups or between GG and CG overall. Conclusion: During preparation of implant osteotomies, the guided surgery technique generated a higher bone temperature and deformed drills more than the classic drilling procedure. The increase in tissue temperature was directly proportional to the number of times drills were used, but neither technique generated critical necrosis-inducing temperatures. Drill deformation was directly proportional to the number of times the drills were used. The roughness of the drills was directly proportional to the number of reuses in both groups but tended to be higher in the GG group.

A Multivariate Calibration Procedure for UV/VIS Spectrometric Monitoring of BHK-21 Cell Metabolism and Growth

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Orbit based procedure for doublets of scalar fields and the emergence of triple kinks and other defects

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Evaluation of Decomposition Procedure to Determine Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, V, and Zn Total Content in Soil Samples

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A decoding procedure which improves code rate and error corrections

Corresponding to $C_{0}[n,n-r]$, a binary cyclic code generated by a primitive irreducible polynomial $p(X)\in \mathbb{F}_{2}[X]$ of degree $r=2b$, where $b\in \mathbb{Z}^{+}$, we can constitute a binary cyclic code $C[(n+1)^{3^{k}}-1,(n+1)^{3^{k}}-1-3^{k}r]$, which is generated by primitive irreducible generalized polynomial $p(X^{\frac{1}{3^{k}}})\in \mathbb{F}_{2}[X;\frac{1}{3^{k}}\mathbb{Z}_{0}]$ with degree $3^{k}r$, where $k\in \mathbb{Z}^{+}$. This new code $C$ improves the code rate and has error corrections capability higher than $C_{0}$. The purpose of this study is to establish a decoding procedure for $C_{0}$ by using $C$ in such a way that one can obtain an improved code rate and error-correcting capabilities for $C_{0}$.

Effect of recasting procedure upon corrosion behavior and metallic ion release of Co-Cr-Mo dental alloy in physiological

Recasting process influence upon corrosion behavior of Co-Cr-Mo dental alloy in simulated physiological serum has been investigated using chemical and electrochemical techniques. Recast Co-Cr-Mo alloy by induction (IND) or by blowtorch (FLAME) has exhibited similar dendritic structures. Both IND and FLAME alloys have presented good corrosion resistance in physiological serum. Passivation process provides this corrosion resistance. Codissolution makes this process difficult. Passive films, formed on these alloys, have been analyzed as a dual layer consisting of an inner barrier and an outer porous layer. Passive film protective characteristics are higher in FLAME than in IND alloy. On this last alloy, the passive film is more porous due to a higher Codissolution. ©Carl Hanser Verlag, München.

Tiered Pricing and Cost Functions: Are Equity, Cost Recovery and Economic Efficiency Compatible Goals?

Suppliers of water and energy are frequently natural monopolies, with their pricing regulated by governmental agencies. Pricing schemes are evaluated by the efficiency of the resource allocation they lead to, the capacity of the utilities to capture their costs and the distributional effects of the policies, in particular, impacts on the poor. One pricing approach has been average cost pricing, which guarantees cost recovery and allows utilities to provide their product at relatively low prices. However, average cost pricing leads to economically inefficient consumption levels, when sources of water and energy are limited and increasing the supply is costly. An alternative approach is increasing block rates (hereafter, IBR or tiered pricing), where individuals pay a low rate for an initial consumption block and a higher rate as they increase use beyond that block. An example of IBR is shown in Figure 1 (on next page), which shows a rate structure for residential water use. With the rates in Figure 1, a household would be charged $0.46 and $0.71 per hundred gallons for consumption below and above 21,000 gallons per month, respectively.

Precautionary principle, economic and energy systems and social equity

In this paper the precautionary principle is reviewed alongside the process of international implementation. Adoption of the precautionary principle is advocated to deal with energy choices as a mechanism to account for potential climate change impacts, notwithstanding the debate on scientific uncertainty on the links between solar activity, greenhouse gas concentration and climate. However, it is also recognized that the widespread application of the precautionary principle to energy choices does not seem to be taking place in the real world. Relevant concrete barriers are identified stemming from the intrinsic logic governing the hegemonic economic system, driving the energy choices by economic surplus and rent generation potential, the existence of social asymmetries inside and among societies as well as by the absence of democratic global governance mechanisms, capable of dealing with climate change issues. Such perception seems to have been reinforced by the outcome of the United Nations Climate Change Conference, held in Copenhagen in December 2009. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

EMERGENT CONDITIONAL RELATIONS IN A GO/NO-GO PROCEDURE: FIGURE-GROUND AND STIMULUS-POSITION COMPOUND RELATIONS

Past research has demonstrated emergent conditional relations using a go/no-go procedure with pairs of figures displayed side-by-side on a computer screen. The present Study sought to extend applications Of this procedure. In Experiment, 1, we evaluated whether emergent conditional relations Could be demonstrated when two-component stimuli were displayed in figure-ground relationships-abstract figures displayed on backgrounds of different colors. Five normal)), capable adults participated. During training, each two-component stimulus Was presented successively. Responses emitted in the presence of some Stimulus pairs (A1B1, A2B2, A3B3, B1C1, B2C2 and B3C3) were reinforced, whereas responses emitted in the presence of other pairs (A1B2, A1B3, A2B1, A2B3, A3B1, A3B2, B1C2, B1C3, B2C1, B2C3, B3C1 and B3C2) were not. During tests, new configurations (AC and CA) were presented, thus emulating structurally the matching-to-sample tests employed in typical equivalence Studies. All participants showed emergent relations consistent with stimulus equivalence during testing. In Experiment 2, we systematically replicated the procedures with Stimulus compounds consisting Of four figures (A1, A2, C1 and C2) and two locations (left - B1 and right - 132). A,11 6 normally capable adults exhibited emergent stimulus-stimulus relations. Together, these experiments show that the go/no-go procedure is a potentially useful alternative for Studying emergent. conditional relations when matching-to-sample is procedurally cumbersome or impossible to use.

Cleft lip and palate: recommendations for dental anesthetic procedure based on anatomic evidences

Patients with cleft lip and palate usually present dental anomalies of number, shape, structure and position in the cleft area and the general dentist is frequently asked to restore or extract those teeth. Considering that several anatomic variations are expected in teeth adjacent to cleft areas and that knowledge of these variations by general dentists is required for optimal treatment, the objectives of this paper are: 1) to describe changes in the innervation pattern of anterior teeth and soft tissue caused by the presence of a cleft, 2) to describe a local anesthetic procedure in unilateral and bilateral clefts, and 3) to provide recommendations to improve anesthetic procedures in patients with cleft lip and palate. The cases of 2 patients are presented: one with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, and the other with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate. The patients underwent local anesthesia in the cleft area in order to extract teeth with poor bone support. The modified anesthetic procedure, respecting the altered course of nerves in the cleft maxilla and soft tissue alterations at the cleft site, was accomplished successfully and the tooth extraction was performed with no pain to the patients. General dentists should be aware of the anatomic variations in nerve courses in the cleft area to offer high quality treatment to patients with cleft lip and palate.

Clinical and nutritional status in the late postoperative of pancreaticoduodenectomy. Influence of pylorus preservation procedure

PURPOSE: To evaluate the nutritional status of patients in the late postoperative period of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and compare the long-term outcome according to pylorus-preserving (PPPD) or the standard technique (SPD) in which the pylorus is resected. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted twelve months prior or more in patients who had underwent PD (PD Group, n=15) and health volunteers (Control Group, n=15). At a post hoc analysis, the PD Group was divided in PPPD Subgroup (n=9) and SPD Subgroup (n=6), according to the PD techniques. Gastrointestinal complaints and nutritional status were evaluated, apart from a biochemical assessment; Student t-test or Mann-Whitney test were used. RESULTS: The patients recovered their body weight and the gastrointestinal complaints were uncommon. The PD Group showed higher energy and protein intake even though BMI was lower than in Control Group. There were no differences in laboratorial data, except for higher glycemia, serum alkaline phosfatase and C-reactive protein in PD Group. There was no difference in the various parameters evaluated when the Subgroups (PPPD and SPD) were compared. CONCLUSION: For long-term pancreaticoduodenectomy, the gastrointestinal symptoms are minimal and the patients had the clinical and nutritional status preserved, regardless of pylorus preservation.

Equity and women's health services for contraception, abortion and childbirth in Brazil

This paper addresses equity in health and health care in Brazil, examining unjust disparities between women and men, and between women from different social strata, with a focus on services for contraception, abortion and pregnancy. In 2010 women's life expectancy was 77.6 years, men's was 69.7 years. Women are two-thirds of public hospital services users and assess their health status less positively than men. The total fertility rate was 1.8 in 2011, and contraceptive prevalence has been high among women at all income levels. The proportion of sterilizations has decreased; lower-income women are more frequently sterilized. Abortions are mostly illegal; women with more money have better access to safe abortions in private clinics. Poorer women generally self-induce abortion with misoprostol, seeking treatment of complications from public clinics. Institutional violence on the part of health professionals is reported by half of women receiving abortion care and a quarter of women during childbirth. Maternity care is virtually universal. The public sector has fewer caesarean sections, fewer low birth weight babies, and more rooming-in, but excessive episiotomies and inductions. Privacy, continuity of care and companionship during birth are more common in the private sector. To achieve equity, the health system must go beyond universal, unregulated access to technology, and move towards safe, effective and transparent care. (C) 2012 Reproductive Health Matters

The Nuss procedure made safer: an effective and simple sternal elevation manoeuvre

The Nuss procedure requires the creation of a substernal tunnel for bar positioning. This is a manoeuvre that can be dangerous, and cardiac perforation has occurred in a few cases. Our purpose was to describe two technical modifications that enable the prevention of these fatal complications. A series of 25 patients with pectus excavatum were treated with a modification of the Nuss procedure that included the entrance in the left haemithorax first, and the use of the retractor to lift the sternum, with the consequent lowering displacement of the heart. These modified techniques have certain advantages: (i) the narrow anterior mediastinum between the sternum and the pericardial sac is expanded by pulling up the sternum; (ii) the thoracoscopic visualization of the tip of the introducer during tunnel creation is improved; (iii) the rubbing of the introducer against the pericardium is minimized; (iv) the exit path of the introducer can be guided by the surgeon's finger and (v) haemostasis and integrity of the pericardial sac can be more easily confirmed. We observed that with these manoeuvres, the risk of pericardial sac and cardiac injury can be markedly reduced.

Simultaneous Quantification of Lycopene, beta-Carotene, Retinol and alpha-Tocopherol in Plasma after a Simple Extraction Procedure: Stability Study and Application to Human Volunteers

A method for the simultaneous quantification of lycopene, beta-carotene, retinol and alpha-tocopherol by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Vis/fluorescence detection with isocratic elution was optimized and validated. The method consists of a rapid and simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure and a posterior quantification of extracted supernatants by HPLC. Aliquots of plasma were stored at -20 degrees C for three months for stability study. The methodology was applied to samples from painters and individuals not exposed to paints (n = 75). The assay was linear for all vitamins (r > 0.99). Intra-and inter-run precisions were obtained with coefficient of variation smaller than 5%. The accuracies ranged from 0.29 to -5.80% and recoveries between 92.73 and 101.97%. Plasma samples and extracted supernatants were stable for 60 days at -20 degrees C. A significant decrease of lycopene, beta-carotene and retinol concentrations in plasma from exposed individuals compared to non-exposed individuals (p < 0.05) was observed. The method is simple, reproducible, precise, accurate and sensitive, and can be routinely utilized in clinical laboratories.

An environmentally friendly analytical procedure for nickel determination by atomic and molecular spectrometry after cloud point extraction in different samples

Cloud point extraction (CPE) was employed for separation and preconcentration prior to the determination of nickel by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) or UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Di-2-pyridyl ketone salicyloylhydrazone (DPKSH) was used for the first time as a complexing agent in CPE. The nickel complex was extracted from the aqueous phase using the Triton X-114 surfactant. Under optimized conditions, limits of detection obtained with GFAAS, FAAS and UV-Vis spectrophotometry were 0.14, 0.76 and 1.5 mu g L-1, respectively. The extraction was quantitative and the enrichment factor was estimated to be 27. The method was applied to natural waters, hemodialysis concentrates, urine and honey samples. Accuracy was evaluated by analysis of the NIST 1643e Water standard reference material.