Natural Membranes for Application in Biomedical Devices

Polymers from natural sources are particularly useful as biomaterials for medical devices applications. In this study, the results of characterization of a gelatin network electrolyte doped with europium triflate (Eu(CF3SO3)(3)) are described. The unusual electronic properties of the trivalent lanthanide ions make them well suited as luminescent reporter groups, with many applications in biotechnology. Samples of solvent-free electrolytes were prepared with a range of guest salt concentration. Materials based on Eu(CF3SO3)(3) were obtained as mechanically robust, flexible, transparent, and completely amorphous films. Samples were characterized by thermal analysis (thermo-gravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electrochemical stability, scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), and photoluminescence spectroscopy.

Interpolation estimate for a finite-element space with embedded discontinuities

We consider a recently proposed finite-element space that consists of piecewise affine functions with discontinuities across a smooth given interface Γ (a curve in two dimensions, a surface in three dimensions). Contrary to existing extended finite element methodologies, the space is a variant of the standard conforming Formula space that can be implemented element by element. Further, it neither introduces new unknowns nor deteriorates the sparsity structure. It is proved that, for u arbitrary in Formula, the interpolant Formula defined by this new space satisfies Graphic where h is the mesh size, Formula is the domain, Formula, Formula, Formula and standard notation has been adopted for the function spaces. This result proves the good approximation properties of the finite-element space as compared to any space consisting of functions that are continuous across Γ, which would yield an error in the Formula-norm of order Graphic. These properties make this space especially attractive for approximating the pressure in problems with surface tension or other immersed interfaces that lead to discontinuities in the pressure field. Furthermore, the result still holds for interfaces that end within the domain, as happens for example in cracked domains.

Ion-Conducting Membranes Based on Gelatin and Containing LiI/I-2 for Electrochromic Devices

Ionic conducting membranes of gelatin plasticized with glycerol and containing LiI/I-2 have been obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction measurements, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, thermal analysis and impedance spectroscopy. The transparent (80-90% in the visible range) membranes showed ionic conductivity value of 5 x 10(-5) S/cm at room temperature, which increased to 3 x 10(-3) S/cm at 80 degrees C. All the ionic conductivity measurements as a function of temperature showed VTF dependence and activation energy of 8 kJ/mol. These samples also showed low glass transition temperature of -76 degrees C. Moreover the samples were predominantly amorphous. The membranes applied to small electrochromic devices showed 20% of color change from colored to bleached states during more than 70 cronoamperometric cycles.

RNA extraction from ten year old formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer samples: a comparison of column purification and magnetic bead-based technologies

Abstract Background The development of protocols for RNA extraction from paraffin-embedded samples facilitates gene expression studies on archival samples with known clinical outcome. Older samples are particularly valuable because they are associated with longer clinical follow up. RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is problematic due to chemical modifications and continued degradation over time. We compared quantity and quality of RNA extracted by four different protocols from 14 ten year old and 14 recently archived (three to ten months old) FFPE breast cancer tissues. Using three spin column purification-based protocols and one magnetic bead-based protocol, total RNA was extracted in triplicate, generating 336 RNA extraction experiments. RNA fragment size was assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the housekeeping gene glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), testing primer sets designed to target RNA fragment sizes of 67 bp, 151 bp, and 242 bp. Results Biologically useful RNA (minimum RNA integrity number, RIN, 1.4) was extracted in at least one of three attempts of each protocol in 86–100% of older and 100% of recently archived ("months old") samples. Short RNA fragments up to 151 bp were assayable by RT-PCR for G6PD in all ten year old and months old tissues tested, but none of the ten year old and only 43% of months old samples showed amplification if the targeted fragment was 242 bp. Conclusion All protocols extracted RNA from ten year old FFPE samples with a minimum RIN of 1.4. Gene expression of G6PD could be measured in all samples, old and recent, using RT-PCR primers designed for RNA fragments up to 151 bp. RNA quality from ten year old FFPE samples was similar to that extracted from months old samples, but quantity and success rate were generally higher for the months old group. We preferred the magnetic bead-based protocol because of its speed and higher quantity of extracted RNA, although it produced similar quality RNA to other protocols. If a chosen protocol fails to extract biologically useful RNA from a given sample in a first attempt, another attempt and then another protocol should be tried before excluding the case from molecular analysis.

Ranking Configurations of Shading Devices by Its Thermal and Luminous Performance

This paper evaluates the thermal and luminous performance of different louver configurations on an office room model located in Maceió-AL (Brazil), ranking the alternatives in a way that leads to choices for alternatives with potential balanced performance. Parametric analyses were done, based on computer simulations on software Troplux 5 and DesignBuilder 2. The variables examined were number of slats, slat slope and slat reflectance, considering the window facing North, South, East and West and a fixed shading mask for each orientation. Results refer to internal average illuminance and solar heat gains through windows. It was observed that configurations of shading devices with the same shading mask may have different luminous and thermal performance. The alternatives were ranked, so the information here produced has the potential to support decisions on designing shading devices in practice.

Development of nanoinjector devices for electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn)

In mass spectrometric (MS) systems with electrospray ionization (ESI), the sample can be analyzed coupled to separation systems (such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis) or simply by direct infusion. The greatest benefit of the type of injection is the possibility of continuous use of small amounts of samples over a long period of time. This extended analysis time allows a complete study of fragmentation by mass spectrometry, which is critical for structure elucidation of new compounds, or when using an ion trap mass analyzer. The injector filled with the sample is placed at the ESI source inlet creating an electric field suitable for the continuous formation of a spray (solvent and sample) and consequently, the gradual and even release of the sample. For the formation of the spray, is necessary that the injector end is metalized. The formation of a bilayer of titanium and gold provided an excellent attachment of the film, resulting in a nanoinjector for ionization/spray formation in the system for MS. The nanoinjectors showed high repeatability and stability over 100 min by continuous sampling with 10 µL of sample.

MicroRNA expression profile in head and neck cancer: HOX-cluster embedded microRNA-196a and microRNA-10b dysregulation implicated in cell proliferation

Abstract Background Current evidence implicates aberrant microRNA expression patterns in human malignancies; measurement of microRNA expression may have diagnostic and prognostic applications. Roles for microRNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are largely unknown. HNSCC, a smoking-related cancer, is one of the most common malignancies worldwide but reliable diagnostic and prognostic markers have not been discovered so far. Some studies have evaluated the potential use of microRNA as biomarkers with clinical application in HNSCC. Methods MicroRNA expression profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma samples was determined by means of DNA microarrays. We also performed gain-of-function assays for two differentially expressed microRNA using two squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and normal oral keratinocytes. The effect of the over-expression of these molecules was evaluated by means of global gene expression profiling and cell proliferation assessment. Results Altered microRNA expression was detected for a total of 72 microRNAs. Among these we found well studied molecules, such as the miR-17-92 cluster, comprising potent oncogenic microRNA, and miR-34, recently found to interact with p53. HOX-cluster embedded miR-196a/b and miR-10b were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in tumor samples. Since validated HOX gene targets for these microRNAs are not consistently deregulated in HNSCC, we performed gain-of-function experiments, in an attempt to outline their possible role. Our results suggest that both molecules interfere in cell proliferation through distinct processes, possibly targeting a small set of genes involved in cell cycle progression. Conclusions Functional data on miRNAs in HNSCC is still scarce. Our data corroborate current literature and brings new insights into the role of microRNAs in HNSCC. We also show that miR-196a and miR-10b, not previously associated with HNSCC, may play an oncogenic role in this disease through the deregulation of cell proliferation. The study of microRNA alterations in HNSCC is an essential step to the mechanistic understanding of tumor formation and could lead to the discovery of clinically relevant biomarkers.

Diseño de un sistema de captación de energía residual basado en el acondicionador EH300 de la empresa Advanced Linear Devices

Proyecto y presentación del Proyecto Fin de Carrera titulado "DISEÑO DE UN SISTEMA DE CAPTACIÓN DE ENERGÍA RESIDUAL BASADO EN EL ACONDICIONADOR EH300 DE LA EMPRESA ADVANCED LINEAR DEVICES"

Aplicación en tiempo real para el control de señales en empotrados

[ES] Este software pretende dar soporte a la monitorización y control de señales provenientes de distintos dispositivos electrónicos a través de un sistema empotrado con un sistema operativo en tiempo real que proporcione las herramientas necesarias para cumplir con los requisitos de tiempo que se plantean. Para ello la aplicación se divide en varios procesos encargados de la lectura y configuración de las distintas señales, control de eventos anómalos (interrupciones, fallos del sistema, etc),  almacenamiento en una base de datos de la información generada y una interfaz de usuario vía web que permita la monitorización del sistema en su conjunto.

Mixed-domain simulation and hybrid wafer-level packaging of RF-MEMS devices for wireless applications

In questa tesi verranno trattati sia il problema della creazione di un ambiente di simulazione a domini fisici misti per dispositivi RF-MEMS, che la definizione di un processo di fabbricazione ad-hoc per il packaging e l’integrazione degli stessi. Riguardo al primo argomento, sarà mostrato nel dettaglio lo sviluppo di una libreria di modelli MEMS all’interno dell’ambiente di simulazione per circuiti integrati Cadence c . L’approccio scelto per la definizione del comportamento elettromeccanico dei MEMS è basato sul concetto di modellazione compatta (compact modeling). Questo significa che il comportamento fisico di ogni componente elementare della libreria è descritto per mezzo di un insieme limitato di punti (nodi) di interconnessione verso il mondo esterno. La libreria comprende componenti elementari, come travi flessibili, piatti rigidi sospesi e punti di ancoraggio, la cui opportuna interconnessione porta alla realizzazione di interi dispositivi (come interruttori e capacità variabili) da simulare in Cadence c . Tutti i modelli MEMS sono implementati per mezzo del linguaggio VerilogA c di tipo HDL (Hardware Description Language) che è supportato dal simulatore circuitale Spectre c . Sia il linguaggio VerilogA c che il simulatore Spectre c sono disponibili in ambiente Cadence c . L’ambiente di simulazione multidominio (ovvero elettromeccanico) così ottenuto permette di interfacciare i dispositivi MEMS con le librerie di componenti CMOS standard e di conseguenza la simulazione di blocchi funzionali misti RF-MEMS/CMOS. Come esempio, un VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) in cui l’LC-tank è realizzato in tecnologia MEMS mentre la parte attiva con transistor MOS di libreria sarà simulato in Spectre c . Inoltre, nelle pagine successive verrà mostrata una soluzione tecnologica per la fabbricazione di un substrato protettivo (package) da applicare a dispositivi RF-MEMS basata su vie di interconnessione elettrica attraverso un wafer di Silicio. La soluzione di packaging prescelta rende possibili alcune tecniche per l’integrazione ibrida delle parti RF-MEMS e CMOS (hybrid packaging). Verranno inoltre messe in luce questioni riguardanti gli effetti parassiti (accoppiamenti capacitivi ed induttivi) introdotti dal package che influenzano le prestazioni RF dei dispositivi MEMS incapsulati. Nel dettaglio, tutti i gradi di libertà del processo tecnologico per l’ottenimento del package saranno ottimizzati per mezzo di un simulatore elettromagnetico (Ansoft HFSSTM) al fine di ridurre gli effetti parassiti introdotti dal substrato protettivo. Inoltre, risultati sperimentali raccolti da misure di strutture di test incapsulate verranno mostrati per validare, da un lato, il simulatore Ansoft HFSSTM e per dimostrate, dall’altro, la fattibilit`a della soluzione di packaging proposta. Aldilà dell’apparente debole legame tra i due argomenti sopra menzionati è possibile identificare un unico obiettivo. Da un lato questo è da ricercarsi nello sviluppo di un ambiente di simulazione unificato all’interno del quale il comportamento elettromeccanico dei dispositivi RF-MEMS possa essere studiato ed analizzato. All’interno di tale ambiente, l’influenza del package sul comportamento elettromagnetico degli RF-MEMS può essere tenuta in conto per mezzo di modelli a parametri concentrati (lumped elements) estratti da misure sperimentali e simulazioni agli Elementi Finiti (FEM) della parte di package. Infine, la possibilità offerta dall’ambiente Cadence c relativamente alla simulazione di dipositivi RF-MEMS interfacciati alla parte CMOS rende possibile l’analisi di blocchi funzionali ibridi RF-MEMS/CMOS completi.