The need of coordination between management improvement and technical development in electric power

Includes bibliography

Some types of thermal electric power plant and their application to conditions in Latin America

Includes bibliography

Electric power costs and the functions of electricity undertakings

Report submitted by the Energy Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

Términos de referencia para la elaboración de un estudo sobre costos, mercado y sistema de transmisión para el Proyecto Regional de Interconexión Eléctrica del Istmo Centroamericano = Terms of reference for the preparation of a study on costs, market and transmission systems for the Regional Electric Interconnection Project of the Central American Isthmus

Incluye Bibliografía

Electric power in British Honduras (Belize): preliminary version

Includes bibliography

The manufacture of basic industrial equipment in Argentina: III: Generation and transmission of electric power = Estudios sobre la fabricación de equipos industriales de base en la Argentina: III: Generación y transmisión de energía eléctrica

Includes bibliography

Electric charge rotating around a black hole

We consider an electric charge rotating around a Schwarzschild black hole. We compute, using quantum field theory in curved spacetime at the tree level, the power emitted by the rotating charge minimally coupled to the Maxwell field. We also compute how much of the radiation emitted by the swirling charge is absorbed by the black hole.

Geofísica aplicada ao mapeamento de aquíferos da Região Metropolitana de Belém

Hoje, cerca de 46% da água potável consumida na região de Belém provém dos mananciais subterrâneos, o que mostra a grande importância desta fonte, mesmo em uma região rica em água superficial (rios, igarapés, furos e até mesmo uma baía). Isso decorre da falta de execução do planejamento previsto, além de que os custos de obras de captação de águas superficiais são muito elevados. A alternativa para Belém tem sido a água subterrânea, como um bom, saudável e econômico paliativo. A existência de uma enorme quantidade desses recursos nos sedimentos Barreiras e na Formação Pirabas contribui para esta alternativa. Os sedimentos Barreiras foram depositados em ambiente fluvial e estuarino, enquanto que a Formação Pirabas possui fácies de origem estearina, de mangue e marinha. No contexto apresentado, mostra-se então a necessidade de investigar tais recursos com o intuito de fazer ótimo proveito destes. Para tanto, foram usadas duas metodologias geofísicas de forma integrada: a Sondagem Elétrica Vertical (SEV) e a Perfilagem Geofísica de Poço, usando raios gama, potencial espontâneo e resistência elétrica. Pode-se discernir dois ambientes aquíferos. O primeiro até cerca de 160 m de profundidade, em que prevalecem corpos arenosos em formas de canal e lentes entrecortados ou não, imersos em uma matriz argilosa. O segundo é caracterizado por pacotes arenosos bastante extensos com lentes de argila, cuja profundidade é desde 160 m até 285 m, aproximadamente. O consumo de água da porção superior é adequado às residências e condomínios, visto o custo elevado de obras de captação a grandes profundidades. Já o abastecimento público deve utilizar a porção inferior, devido às vazões bastante elevadas (maiores que 100 m³/h) e devido à garantia de água de boa qualidade, protegida de ações antrópicas, como vem sendo feito.

X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y sex chromosome systems in the Neotropical Gymnotiformes electric fish of the genus Brachyhypopomus

Several types of sex chromosome systems have been recorded among Gymnotiformes, including male and female heterogamety, simple and multiple sex chromosomes, and different mechanisms of origin and evolution. The ₁X₁X₂X₂/X₁X₂Y systems identified in three species of this order are considered homoplasic for the group. In the genus Brachyhypopomus, only B. gauderio presented this type of system. Herein we describe the karyotypes of Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus and B. n. sp. FLAV, which have an X₁X₁X₂X₂/X₁X₂Y sex chromosome system that evolved via fusion between an autosome and the Y chromosome. The morphology of the chromosomes and the meiotic pairing suggest that the sex chromosomes of B. gauderio and B. pinnicaudatus have a common origin, whereas in B. n. sp. FLAV the sex chromosome system evolved independently. However, we cannot discard the possibility of common origin followed by distinct processes of differentiation. The identification of two new karyotypes with an X₁X₁X₂X₂/X₁X₂Y sex chromosome system in Gymnotiformes makes it the most common among the karyotyped species of the group. Comparisons of these karyotypes and the evolutionary history of the taxa indicate independent origins for their sex chromosomes systems. The recurrent emergence of the X₁X₁X₂X₂/X₁X₂Y system may represent sex chromosomes turnover events in Gymnotiformes.

Chromosomal diversity in three species of electric fish (Apteronotidae, Gymnotiformes) from the Amazon Basin

Cytogenetic studies were carried out on samples of Parapteronotus hasemani, Sternarchogiton preto and Sternarchorhamphus muelleri (Apteronotidae, Gymnotiformes) from the Amazon basin. The first two species exhibited both a 2n = 52 karyotype, but differed in their karyotypic formulae, distribution of constitutive heterochromatin, and chromosomal location of the NOR. The third species, Sternarchorhamphus muelleri, was found to have a 2n = 32 karyotype. In all three species the DAPI and chromomycin A3 staining results were consistent with the C-banding results and nucleolar organizer region (NOR) localization. The 18S rDNA probe confirmed that there was only one pair of ribosomal DNA cistron bearers per species. The telomeric probe did not reveal interstitial telomeric sequences (ITS). The karyotypic differences among these species can be used for taxonomic identification. These data will be useful in future studies of these fishes and help understanding the phylogenetic relationships and chromosomal evolution of the Apteronotidae.

Profile of micronucleus frequencies and nuclear abnormalities in different species of electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) from the Eastern Amazon

The frequency of spontaneous micronucleus (MN) formation in fish species needs to be determined to evaluate their usefulness for genotoxic biomonitoring. The definition of a good bioindicator takes into account the current knowledge of its metabolic traits as well as other factors including its feeding behavior and relationship to the environment. In this study, we compared the basal frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes and nuclear abnormalities (NA) among different species of the fish Order Gymnotiformes (Rhamphichthys marmoratus, Steatogenys elegans, Sternopygus macrurus, Parapteronotus hasemani, Gymnotus mamiraua, Gymnotus arapaima, Brachyhypopomus beebei, Brachyhypopomus n. sp. BENN) sampled in several localities of the Eastern Amazon. A baseline of MN and NA frequency in these fish was determined, enabling the identification of potentially useful species as models for genotoxicity studies. Only one impacted sample collected at a site in the River Caripetuba showed a significant number of NAs, which may be due to the release of wastewater by neighbouring mining industries and by the burnt fuel released by the small boats used by a local community. Our results may provide support for further studies in areas of the Eastern Amazon affected by mining, deforestation and other anthropogenic activities.