El surgimiento de las organizaciones estatales de control ambiental en el Ecuador (1930‐1960)

Este trabajo pretende documentar los cambios en la organización y las políticas estatales respecto al ambiente a mediados del siglo XX. Para ello nos hemos concentrado en la revisión de los informes ministeriales entre 1925 y 1960, que es la época en que nacen silenciosamente las organizaciones e instituciones ambientales antes de la eclosión pública de discursos y preocupaciones ecológicas entre los años 1960 y 1990. En efecto, en 1959 se creó el Parque Nacional Galápagos, con la decisiva influencia de científicos naturalistas del mundo. Puede considerarse ese año como el inicio de una nueva etapa que incluirá la aprobación de la Ley de Prevención de la Contaminación (1976), el nacimiento de Fundación Natura (1978), la creación de la mayor parte de las áreas protegidas del país (1979), y la Ley Forestal y de Vida Silvestre (1981). El moderno enfoque ambiental del Estado surgió en ese período inmediatamente posterior. Al situarnos en el período anterior a la plena formalización de las políticas públicas ambientales, buscamos mostrar distintas vertientes y corrientes que confluirán en el proceso de “institucionalización” de las preocupaciones por la protección ambiental en el Estado ecuatoriano hacia los años 1950. El interés que guía esta indagación preliminar es el de mostrar el proceso de formación de los mecanismos de “gobierno” del patrimonio natural del país, es decir, los medios e instrumentos que sirven para regular tanto el acceso como el uso de dicho patrimonio para fines humanos. Tanto en políticas públicas como en ciencias sociales, se detecta un creciente interés en la consideración de los sistemas de “gobernanza” del patrimonio ambiental aunque el término es todavía objeto de muchas controversias y se usa para indicar combinaciones variables de mecanismos de participación social, presencia empresarial y regulación estatal.4 Por nuestra parte, este artículo se concentra en la formación de las organizaciones estatales encargadas de llevar a cabo la vigilancia, el control y la regulación de acceso y uso al patrimonio ambiental del país. La hipótesis general de la que partimos es que a partir de las primeras décadas del siglo XX se han ido desarrollando paulatinamente mecanismos que progresivamente desplazan una parte del control de los medios de manejo del patrimonio ambiental del país desde una serie de actores privados y comunitarios hacia el Estado. Aunque la parte del control ambiental que se desplaza es pequeña, no es en modo alguno desdeñable.

Desarrollo del plan de marketing para la comercialización de productos para la preservación y conservación de la madera. Caso Madesan

En el Ecuador, la industria maderera es un sector que posee gran potencial de desarrollo, debido a que cuenta con maderas de alta calidad, mismas que deben ser protegidas por los efectos catastróficos que producen varios agentes de degradación como insectos y hongos. Existen varios métodos para preservar la madera, pero para el mercado de carpinteros, mueblistas y constructores de madera y restauradores, se han desarrollado productos preservantes como Madesan, que es un preservador y curador para maderas con características fungicidas, insecticidas e hidro repelentes. El presente plan de marketing pretende re introducir el producto MADESAN en el mercado, posicionarlo en la mente de consumidor y obtener una importante participación del futuro desarrollo del sector maderero en el Ecuador, esto mediante la comunicación de las bondades que ofrece el producto al ser ecológico y no tóxico.

Optimal subdivision of land in agrarian reform projects: an analysis using genetic algorithms

J.A. Ferreira Neto, E.C. Santos Junior, U. Fra Paleo, D. Miranda Barros, and M.C.O. Moreira. 2011. Optimal subdivision of land in agrarian reform projects: an analysis using genetic algorithms. Cien. Inv. Agr. 38(2): 169-178. The objective of this manuscript is to develop a new procedure to achieve optimal land subdivision using genetic algorithms (GA). The genetic algorithm was tested in the rural settlement of Veredas, located in Minas Gerais, Brazil. This implementation was based on the land aptitude and its productivity index. The sequence of tests in the study was carried out in two areas with eight different agricultural aptitude classes, including one area of 391.88 ha subdivided into 12 lots and another of 404.1763 ha subdivided into 14 lots. The effectiveness of the method was measured using the shunting line standard value of a parceled area lot`s productivity index. To evaluate each parameter, a sequence of 15 calculations was performed to record the best individual fitness average (MMI) found for each parameter variation. The best parameter combination found in testing and used to generate the new parceling with the GA was the following: 320 as the generation number, a population of 40 individuals, 0.8 mutation tax, and a 0.3 renewal tax. The solution generated rather homogeneous lots in terms of productive capacity.

Prácticas culturales para el manejo de la Sigatoka negra en bananos y plátanos

Black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) control consists in the continuous use of fungicide sprays and cultural practices. Cultural control reduces inoculum sources of the pathogen and favorable environmental conditions for its development, as well as it increases the vigor of the plants. In order to manage the disease it is necessary to know its behavior through the time, its relationship with the weather and the crop management. The most important cultural practice to reduce the inoculum source is the removal of the whole affected leaves or only the diseased portions of the leaves. The removed tissue is placed over the ground and the use of urea is feasible to accelerate its decomposition. An alternative practice is the "mini-composting" that consists in forming small heaps with the dead leaves and harvested plants for its quick degradation, which allows to reduce the pathogen inoculum and to incorporate nutrients and organic matters into the soil. The early pruning of the tips of the Young leaves before they show symptoms of the disease and the quick elimination of harvested plants reduce the inoculum. Also, the agronomic management of the crop helps to reduce the favorable conditions and to increase the vigor of the plants: this management considers plantation density, drainage systems, irrigation methods, control of weeds, chemical-biological fertilization, and nematode control.

Cattle manure and N-urea in radish crop (Raphanus sativus)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Temporal analysis of the reduction in gas emission in areas of mechanically-harvested sugarcane using satellite imagery

The primary objective of this study was to estimate the amount of gas not emitted into the air in areas cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) that were mechanically harvested. Satellite images CBERS-2/CCD, from 08-13-2004, 08-14-2005, 08-15-2006 and 08-16-2007, of northwestern São Paulo State were processed using the Geographic Information System (GIS)-IDRISI 15.0. Areas of interest (the mechanically-harvested sugarcane fields) were identified and quantified based on the spectral response of the bands studied. Based on these data, the amount of gas that was not emitted was evaluated, according to the estimate equation proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The results of 396.65 km(2) (5.91% for 2004); 447.56 km(2) (6.67% for 2005); 511.54 km(2) (7.62% in 2006); and 474.60 km(2) (7.07% for 2007), calculated from a total area of 6,710.89 km(2) with sugarcane, showed a significant increase of mechanical harvesting in the study area and a reduction of gas emissions of more than 300,000 t yr(-1).

Effect of water stress on herbicide efficiency applied to Urochloa decumbens

M.R. Rocha-Pereira, A.E. Klar, D. Martins, G.S. Ferreira de Souza, and J. Villalba. 2012. Effect of water stress on herbicide efficiency applied to Urochloa decumbens. Cien. Inv. Agr. 39(1): 211-220. This project aimed to measure the control efficiency of Acctil Coenzime A Carboxilase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides post-emergence applied to Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster under different soil water contents. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, Silo Paulo. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replications, consisting of a 9 x 4 factorial, combined with three water management systems (-0.03, -0.07 and -1.5 MPa) and three herbicides (fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl and sethoxydim + oil using four doses (100, 50, 25 and 0% of the recommended dose). Herbicide applications were conducted at two vegetative stages for all species: a 4-6 leaf stage and a 2-3 tiller stage. The physiological parameters evaluated were as follows: photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf temperature and plant dry matter. The visual assessments of phytotoxicity were performed 28 days after herbicide application. The control efficiency was lower in plants grown under soil water potential conditions of -1.5 MPa, regardless of the herbicide used during the two application stages; however, none reached 100% control. Fractionation of the recommended herbicide doses reduced effectiveness, with the exception of the 50%-dose application of sethoxydim and fluazifop-p-butyl herbicides, which were also effective in the 4-6 leaf plant control under normal water conditions.

Spray deposition on weeds of common bean crops

A.C.P. Rodrigues-Costa, D. Martins, N.V. Costa, and M.R.R. Pereira. 2011. Spray deposition on weeds of common bean crops. Cien. Inv. Agr. 38(3): 357-365. Weed control failure in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production may be related to inappropriate herbicide application techniques. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the amount of spray solution deposition that occurred on the weeds, Bidens pilosa L. and Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitch., both within and between rows of common beans. The research was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The following 6 spray nozzles were used: flat fan nozzles XR 110015 VS (150 L ha(-1)) and XR 11002 VS (200 L ha(-1)); cone nozzles TX VK 6 (150 L ha(-1)) and TX VK 8 (200 L ha(-1)); and twin flat fan nozzles TJ60 11002 VS (150 L ha(-1)) and TJ60 11002 VS (200 L ha-1). The results showed that the loss of the spray solution on the soil occurred mainly within the bean rows and with a high intensity when using a nozzle spraying 200 L ha(-1). At 30 days after sowing, the TX (150 L ha(-1)) nozzle was the only nozzle that promoted deposits of less than 210.0 mu L g(-1) of dry mass. The spray nozzles showed a good performance in the deposition of the spray solution on the weeds that occurred both within and between the rows. However, for both species there was great variation in individual deposits depending on their location in relationship to the plants.

Cultivo de bananas em diferentes áreas na ilha de Tenerife

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Trichospilus Diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu, 1942 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), un nuevo parasitoide de Hypsipyla Grandella (Zeller, 1848) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Primer reporte de Trichospilus diatraeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitando pupas de lagarta Hypsipyla grandella, principal plaga forestal en América Latina y el Caribe, abriendo nuevas perspectivas para la utilización de este parasitoide en programas de control biológico de lagartas de importancia forestal.

Genetic diversity in Egeria densa and E. najas in Jupia Reservoir, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Floristic composition of the tree stratum of a semideciduous mesophytic forest in the municipality of Botucatu, São Paulo state

The floristic composition was studied in an area of semideciduous mesophytic forest, with 120 ha, in the municipality of Botucatu, SP, Brazil. This forest lies on the ascent of the Cuesta of Botucatu. Due to the heterogeneity of the relief, for the sampling process, the forest was divided in three regions: the upper one (comprising the strip of forest on the plateau), middle on (the forestal area lied on the ascent properly said) and the lower one (the strip of forest on the plain). The tree sampling regions showed some differences among them and this must be connected to the differences in the soil.

Perspectivas de la agricultura y el desarrollo rural en las Américas: una mirada hacia América Latina y el Caribe, 2010

Incluye Bibliografía

Perspectivas de la agricultura y del desarrollo rural en las Américas: una mirada hacia América Latina y el Caribe, 2011-2012

Incluye Bibliografía

Panorama de la Agricultura de América Latina y el Caribe en las últimas décadas: indicadores de comportamiento en cuadros y gráficos = Survey of agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean over recent decades: performance indicators in charts and tables

Incluye Bibliografía