O direito ao próprio direito: modelos latino-americanos de autonomia política indígena

O objetivo deste trabalho é saber se o direito indigenista, como denominarei o direito estatal que diz respeito aos povos indígenas, reconhece a legitimidade do direito indígena, como denominarei o direito produzido pelos povos indígenas, nas experiências colombiana, boliviana e brasileira. A escolha da Bolívia se justifica pelo fato de as Constituições recentes deste país e do Equador serem consideradas um novo marco do constitucionalismo pluralista ao refundarem suas ordens buscando superar a ausência indígena constituinte. Já a Colômbia se destaca entre os países que, sob a influência recente do Convênio 169, incorporaram expressamente o pluralismo jurídico em suas Constituições. A jurisprudência produzida pela Corte Constitucional do país a respeito do direito indígena é considerada exemplar e inspiradora dos desenvolvimentos mais recentes na Bolívia. O trabalho está voltado para dois aspectos do tema: a autonomia jurisdicional, ou a capacidade para julgar conflitos conforme as normas e procedimentos próprios, e os mecanismos de controle de tais decisões. A metodologia do trabalho abrange revisão bibliográfica, seleção e análise documental de decisões judiciais e textos legais. Argumento que a acomodação de autonomias políticas e ordens jurídicas de diferentes culturas depende da criação de meta-instituições e metarregras que solucionem conflitos e promovam a coordenação entre os direitos, permitindo que os grupos se relacionem de maneira equitativa, controlem a dinâmica de suas identidades culturais e se sintam parte de uma mesma comunidade política. A prática das instituições brasileiras, no entanto, está muito mais voltada a aplicar o direito estatal aos índios do que a exercer controle sobre o direito indígena, o que indica que o paradigma da assimilação prevalece sobre eventuais concepções multiculturais de Estado e sociedade, ainda que o direito legislado apresente regras que reconhecem o pluralismo jurídico. Em outras palavras, as instituições estatais enxergam os indígenas como pessoas que percorrem o caminho da incapacidade jurídica à capacidade plena à medida em que se familiarizam com a cultura dominante, e não como pessoas que podem transitar entre diferentes ordens jurídicas. Por outro lado, a experiência recente de países latino-americanos que se abriram ao pluralismo jurídico mostra um caminho difícil e repleto de questões em aberto. As que mais se destacam são a possibilidade de violações de direitos humanos por autoridades indígenas e a tensão entre centralização política e autonomia política. Em relação ao primeiro caso, o aspecto crucial é saber quem deve julgar as violações e sob quais critérios, além de evitar decisões culturalmente enviesadas. Já o segundo caso depende da superação de traços autoritários relacionados ao governo central e da predominância das estruturas estatais já consolidadas, tanto no nível central quanto no nível local, sobre as instituições mantidas pelos povos indígenas. Ainda há um descompasso entre o discurso constitucional de igualdade entre as ordens jurídicas e a prática de subordinação das ordens indígenas às instâncias estatais.

Poétique de la ville postmoderne : Montréal dans La canicule des pauvres de Jean-Simon DesRochers

La canicule des pauvres (2009) raconte dans le détail la vie quotidienne de vingt-six personnages habitant Le Galant, une ancienne maison de passe transformée en un immeuble locatif situé à Montréal, au cœur du Quartier latin. Cette étude prend acte du fait que ce roman choral dresse un portrait particulier et complexe de la ville. Les questions qu’elle se pose sont de cet ordre : qu’est-ce que cette représentation de Montréal nous apprend de la société québécoise actuelle ? que devient la civilisation urbaine — l’urbanité, au sens ancien du terme — dans le monde de La canicule des pauvres ? comment l’écriture de DesRochers travaille-t-elle les représentations habituelles de la ville, que celles-ci proviennent de l’imaginaire social contemporain ou de la littérature passée ? existe-t-il telle chose qu’une postmodernité montréalaise ? S’inspirant des principes de la sociocritique des textes, la lecture proposée postule que c’est dans la forme même du texte que peut se comprendre le complexe de sens lié à la représentation de Montréal élaborée par le roman. Par les images qu’il en donne, par les modes d’énonciation et de narration, par la façon d’unir l’efficacité des brefs chapitres et l’ampleur de la vision romanesque, par les multiples récits de vie décrits et leurs entrecroisements, le roman donne à lire une ville devenue par bien des côtés étrangère et opaque à ses propres habitants. L’étude comprend quatre parties qui examinent respectivement les principaux traits de la mise en texte, la fragmentation du récit, le motif récurrent du smog et la façon de présenter les relations interindividuelles. Au bout du chemin, la ville apparaît paradoxale, vivante certes, mais sans proposer une manière cohérente et émancipatrice du vivre ensemble.

East Medical

Built in 1925 on the east side of E. University just east of the Old Medical Building. Name changed to Clarence Cook Little Science Building in 1970. Albert Kahn, architect

Homeopathic (School) College

Originally West Professor's house on North University. Became Homeopathic Hospital. Wing added in rear of building in 1879. School of Dentistry 1875-1877. Psychological Lab 1903-1914. Building razed in 1914. On verso: Homeopathic Dept. from 1875-1877. In another hand: School & Dental School (Dr. M. Ward's corrections 3-25-35)

Prof's House, North University, West Residence

Originally West Professor's house on North University. Became Homeopathic Hospital. Wing added in rear of building in 1879. School of Dentistry 1875-1877. Psychological Lab 1903-1914. Building razed in 1914. On verso: Rear view, taken from campus side, looking across North University, where on the left-hand side ... Octagonal House, long owned by Alexander Winchell ... now site of Hill Auditorium ... taken before rear wing added to make it into the Homepathic Hospital.

Dental School

Originally West Professor's house on North University. Became Homeopathic Hospital. Wing added in rear of building in 1879. School of Dentistry 1875-1877. Psychological Lab 1903-1914. Building razed in 1914. On verso: Professor's House II. North Univ. [University]. East Resid. [Residence]. Dental School

Chem [Chemistry] Lab [Laboratory]

A. J. Jordan, architect. Built in 1856. First chemical laboratory at a state university. Building served medical students and others as both laboratory and classroom. Situated just west and south of the original medical building. Additions made to the one-story building in 1861, 1866, 1868, 1874. In 1880 a two-story addition was added with subsequent additions in 1889 and 1901. Became Economics Building in 1908. Pharmacology occupied north wing 1908-1981. Destroyed by fire Christmas Eve 1981.

Chemical Laboratory

A. J. Jordan, architect. Built in 1856. First chemical laboratory at a state university. Building served medical students and others as both laboratory and classroom. Situated just west and south of the original medical building. Additions made to the one-story building in 1861, 1866, 1868, 1874. In 1880 a two-story addition was added with subsequent additions in 1889 and 1901. Became Economics Building in 1908. Pharmacology occupied north wing 1908-1981. Destroyed by fire Christmas Eve 1981.

Chemical Laboratory

A. J. Jordan, architect. Built in 1856. First chemical laboratory at a state university. Building served medical students and others as both laboratory and classroom. Situated just west and south of the original medical building. Additions made to the one-story building in 1861, 1866, 1868, 1874. In 1880 a two-story addition was added with subsequent additions in 1889 and 1901. Became Economics Building in 1908. Pharmacology occupied north wing 1908-1981. Destroyed by fire Christmas Eve 1981.

Chemical Laboratory U of M

A. J. Jordan, architect. Built in 1856. First chemical laboratory at a state university. Building served medical students and others as both laboratory and classroom. Situated just west and south of the original medical building. Additions made to the one-story building in 1861, 1866, 1868, 1874. In 1880 a two-story addition was added with subsequent additions in 1889 and 1901. Became Economics Building in 1908. Pharmacology occupied north wing 1908-1981. Destroyed by fire Christmas Eve 1981. Two people in the image

Chemical Laboratory

A. J. Jordan, architect. Built in 1856. First chemical laboratory at a state university. Building served medical students and others as both laboratory and classroom. Situated just west and south of the original medical building. Additions made to the one-story building in 1861, 1866, 1868, 1874. In 1880 a two-story addition was added with subsequent additions in 1889 and 1901. Became Economics Building in 1908. Pharmacology occupied north wing 1908-1981. Destroyed by fire Christmas Eve 1981. Male person in image. On verso: Randall, 220 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Mich.

Chemistry Laboratory about 1874

A. J. Jordan, architect. Built in 1856. First chemical laboratory at a state university. Building served medical students and others as both laboratory and classroom. Situated just west and south of the original medical building. Additions made to the one-story building in 1861, 1866, 1868, 1874. In 1880 a two-story addition was added with subsequent additions in 1889 and 1901. Became Economics Building in 1908. Pharmacology occupied north wing 1908-1981. Destroyed by fire Christmas Eve 1981.Three people in image.

Old Chemistry Laboratory

A. J. Jordan, architect. Built in 1856. First chemical laboratory at a state university. Building served medical students and others as both laboratory and classroom. Situated just west and south of the original medical building. Additions made to the one-story building in 1861, 1866, 1868, 1874. In 1880 a two-story addition was added with subsequent additions in 1889 and 1901. Became Economics Building in 1908. Pharmacology occupied north wing 1908-1981. Destroyed by fire Christmas Eve 1981.

Chem. Lab. from N.

From north. Built in 1856. First chemical laboratory at a state university. Building served medical students and others as both laboratory and classroom. Situated just west and south of the original medical building. Additions made to the one-story building in 1861, 1866, 1868, 1874. In 1880 a two-story addition was added with subsequent additions in 1889 and 1901. Became Economics Building in 1908. Pharmacology occupied north wing 1908-1981. Destroyed by fire Christmas Eve 1981.

School of Pharmacy. U of M [Chemistry Laboratory]

From north with group of students on lawn. Built in 1856. First chemical laboratory at a state university. Building served medical students and others as both laboratory and classroom. Situated just west and south of the original medical building. Additions made to the one-story building in 1861, 1866, 1868, 1874. In 1880 a two-story addition was added with subsequent additions in 1889 and 1901. Became Economics Building in 1908. Pharmacology occupied north wing 1908-1981. Destroyed by fire Christmas Eve 1981.