762 resultados para BRASIL - RELACIONES ECONOMICAS EXTERIORES - CHINA - 2000-2008


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BACKGROUND Living at higher altitude was dose-dependently associated with lower risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Higher altitudes have different climatic, topographic and built environment properties than lowland regions. It is unclear whether these environmental factors mediate/confound the association between altitude and IHD. We examined how much of the altitude-IHD association is explained by variations in exposure at place of residence to sunshine, temperature, precipitation, aspect, slope and distance to main road. METHODS We included 4.2 million individuals aged 40-84 at baseline living in Switzerland at altitudes 195-2971 m above sea level (ie, full range of residence), providing 77 127 IHD deaths. Mortality data 2000-2008, sociodemographic/economic information and coordinates of residence were obtained from the Swiss National Cohort, a longitudinal, census-based record linkage study. Environment information was modelled to residence level using Weibull regression models. RESULTS In the model not adjusted for other environmental factors, IHD mortality linearly decreased with increasing altitude resulting in a lower risk (HR, 95% CI 0.67, 0.60 to 0.74) for those living >1500 m (vs<600 m). This association remained after adjustment for all other environmental factors 0.74 (0.66 to 0.82). CONCLUSIONS The benefit of living at higher altitude was only partially confounded by variations in climate, topography and built environment. Rather, physical environment factors appear to have an independent effect and may impact on cardiovascular health in a cumulative way. Inclusion of additional modifiable factors as well as individual information on traditional IHD risk factors in our combined environmental model could help to identify strategies for the reduction of inequalities in IHD mortality.

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Immigrants from high tuberculosis (TB) incidence regions are a risk group for TB in low-incidence countries such as Switzerland. In a previous analysis of a nationwide collection of 520 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from 2000-2008, we identified 35 clusters comprising 90 patients based on standard genotyping (24-loci MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping). Here, we used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to revisit these transmission clusters. Genome-based transmission clusters were defined as isolate pairs separated by ≤12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). WGS confirmed 17/35 (49%) MIRU-VNTR clusters; the other 18 clusters contained pairs separated by >12 SNPs. Most transmission clusters (3/4) of Swiss-born patients were confirmed by WGS, as opposed to 25% (4/16) of clusters involving only foreign-born patients. The overall clustering proportion using standard genotyping was 17% (90 patients, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14-21%), but only 8% (43 patients, 95% CI: 6-11%) using WGS. The clustering proportion was 17% (67/401, 95% CI: 13-21%) using standard genotyping and 7% (26/401, 95% CI: 4-9%) using WGS among foreign-born patients, and 19% (23/119, 95% CI: 13-28%) and 14% (17/119, 95% CI: 9-22%), respectively, among Swiss-born patients. Using weighted logistic regression, we found weak evidence for an association between birth origin and transmission (aOR 2.2, 95% CI: 0.9-5.5, comparing Swiss-born patients to others). In conclusion, standard genotyping overestimated recent TB transmission in Switzerland when compared to WGS, particularly among immigrants from high TB incidence regions, where genetically closely related strains often predominate. We recommend the use of WGS to identify transmission clusters in low TB incidence settings.

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Background. It is important to understand the association between diet and risk of pancreatic cancer in order to better understand the etiology of pancreatic cancer.^ Objectives. Describe the dietary patterns of cases of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and non-cancer controls and evaluate the odds of having a healthy eating pattern among cases and non-cancer controls.^ Design and Methods. An ongoing hospital-based case-control study was conducted in Houston, Texas from 2000-2008 with 678 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases and 724 controls. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire and a risk factor questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis and associations between dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer risk were assessed using unconditional logistic regression.^ Results. Two dietary patterns were derived: fruit-vegetable and high fat-meat. There were no statistically significant associations between the fruit-vegetable pattern and pancreatic cancer. An inverse association was seen between the high fat-meat pattern and pancreatic cancer risk when comparing those in the upper intake quintile to those scoring in the lowest quintile after adjusting for demographic and risk factor variables (OR=0.67, p=0.03). In sex-stratified analysis adjusted for demographic and risk factor variables, females scoring in the upper intake quintile of the fruit-vegetable pattern had a 49% lower risk of pancreatic cancer compared to females scoring in the lowest quintile (OR=0.51, p=0.03). An inverse relationship was also seen for the high fat-meat pattern when comparing females in the upper intake quintile to females in the lowest quintile (OR=0.50, p=0.03). In males, neither dietary pattern was significantly associated with pancreatic cancer.^ Conclusions. The current findings for the fruit-vegetable pattern are similar to those of previous studies and support the hypothesis that there is an inverse association between a “healthy” diet (comprised of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) and risk of having pancreatic cancer (in females only). However, the inverse relationship with the high fat-meat pattern and risk of pancreatic cancer is contrary to other results. Further research on dietary patters and pancreatic cancer risk may lead to better understanding of the etiologic cause of pancreatic cancer.^

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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010).

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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010)

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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010)

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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010).

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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010)

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Los objetivos de este trabajo son dos, uno de naturaleza teórica y uno empírico, sobre el cual se sustenta el primero. Desde el punto de vista teórico nos interesa delimitar el concepto de desplazamiento como una consecuencia de la idiosincrasia de los paradigmas de la lengua y de las posibilidades cognitivas de sus usuarios y establecer la diferencia con procesos de recategorización. Desde el análisis lingüístico deseamos ejemplificar dicha diferencia mediante el contraste de las características del sistema de clíticos innovador castellano, resultado de un proceso de recategorización (García 1986,1992; Klein-Andreu 1999) y los sistemas usuales en la Argentina cuyos desplazamientos dan cuenta de que el significado etimológico de las formas está vigente (Martínez 2000, 2008, 2010).

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モザンビーク社会は2000年代を通じて高いマクロ経済成長率を記録する一方で、2008年、2010年、2012年には経済的困窮に対する都市部住民の不満が暴動という形で表出した。モザンビーク人の雇用が促進されず、貧困率の悪化を伴うような経済成長は「雇用なき成長」と非難されてきた。近年の暴動の主体は、経済成長を実感できぬ貧困層であった。彼らは野党の支持者となりうるだけに、FRELIMO政権は、貧困層に対して、いかに雇用を提供するかという課題を抱えている。本稿では、FRELIMO政権による雇用政策について次の3つの観点から考察を加える。第1に、近年の経済成長をもたらすことになった経済政策を振り返る。第2に、経済成長にも関わらず、雇用を通じた貧困状況の改善がなされない要因を探るため、経済活動人口の教育水準を確認し、低就学歴者層を対象とした政府の雇用政策に焦点をあてる。第3に、低就学歴者に対する雇用政策の実績と意義について検討する。

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Tablas de Daimiel National Park is located in the Upper Guadiana Basin and represents one of the largest and most important wetlands in Europe. The long term ecological integrity of this wetland is inherently associated with the maintenance of a shallow groundwater table, namely the Western Mancha aquifer (WMA) or Aquifer 23. The intensive use of groundwater, mainly for irrigation, has led over the last decades to deep socio‐economic changes. Such intensive use has also lowered the water table of Aquifer 23, drastically reducing the flooded area of the wetland and threatening its ecological integrity. A number of plans and measures have been developed and implemented since the declaration of overexploitation of Aquifer 23 in the year 1987. The most recent one is the Special Plan for the Upper Guadiana (SPUG), approved in 2008. This Plan is the main measure to comply with achieving the objective of good quantitative and qualitative status required under the Water Framework Directive (2000). This paper offers a new type of integrated analysis which allows assessing under a common lens the physical, economic and social dimensions of groundwater use in the area. The first objective is to calculate the groundwater footprint of agricultural production in the Upper Guadiana basin and its evolution during 2000‐2008. For this purpose, we have applied the Extended Water Footprint (EWF) methodology ‐a novel approach based on the classical Water Footprint (WF) approach‐ that includes an assessment of the water productivity from an economic and social perspective. Compared to the classical WF, the EWF allows for a more complete overview of the sector, providing new insights for policy decisions (e.g. to define options and possibilities on water re‐allocation in order to achieve both better ecosystem conservation and social equity). The second objective is to use the EWF to compare the existing authorized and non‐authorized or illegal use of water. This allows us to discuss current initiatives by public authorities in relation to the existing frame of water rights

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Em 1985, as Farc chegaram à cidade de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, de onde foram expulsas.