948 resultados para Astronomy, Medieval.


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This work is an outreach approach to an ubiquitous recent problem in secondary-school education: how to face back the decreasing interest in natural sciences shown by students under ‘pressure’ of convenient resources in digital devices/applications. The approach rests on two features. First, empowering of teen-age students to understand regular natural events around, as very few educated people they meet could do. Secondly, an understanding that rests on personal capability to test and verify experimental results from the oldest science, astronomy, with simple instruments as used from antiquity down to the Renaissance (a capability restricted to just solar and lunar motions). Because lengths in astronomy and daily life are so disparate, astronomy basically involved observing and registering values of angles (along with times), measurements being of two types, of angles on the ground and of angles in space, from the ground. First, the gnomon, a simple vertical stick introduced in Babylonia and Egypt, and then in Greece, is used to understand solar motion. The gnomon shadow turns around during any given day, varying in length and thus angle between solar ray and vertical as it turns, going through a minimum (noon time, at a meridian direction) while sweeping some angular range from sunrise to sunset. Further, the shadow minimum length varies through the year, with times when shortest and sun closest to vertical, at summer solstice, and times when longest, at winter solstice six months later. The extreme directions at sunset and sunrise correspond to the solstices, swept angular range greatest at summer, over 180 degrees, and the opposite at winter, with less daytime hours; in between, spring and fall equinoxes occur, marked by collinear shadow directions at sunrise and sunset. The gnomon allows students to determine, in addition to latitude (about 40.4° North at Madrid, say), the inclination of earth equator to plane of its orbit around the sun (ecliptic), this fundamental quantity being given by half the difference between solar distances to vertical at winter and summer solstices, with value about 23.5°. Day and year periods greatly differing by about 2 ½ orders of magnitude, 1 day against 365 days, helps students to correctly visualize and interpret the experimental measurements. Since the gnomon serves to observe at night the moon shadow too, students can also determine the inclination of the lunar orbital plane, as about 5 degrees away from the ecliptic, thus explaining why eclipses are infrequent. Independently, earth taking longer between spring and fall equinoxes than from fall to spring (the solar anomaly), as again verified by the students, was explained in ancient Greek science, which posited orbits universally as circles or their combination, by introducing the eccentric circle, with earth placed some distance away from the orbital centre when considering the relative motion of the sun, which would be closer to the earth in winter. In a sense, this can be seen as hint and approximation of the elliptic orbit proposed by Kepler many centuries later.

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Este artículo ofrece una aproximación panorámica a la práctica del patronazgo literario en Inglaterra desde el s. VII al XIV. Durante el período anglosajón las relaciones de patronazgo fueron principalmente de dos tipos: (1) un poeta o scop que quedaba vinculado a una corte (p. ej. Déor) y (2) un intérprete o gleoman que desarrollaba su actividad no creativa de forma itinerante ante públicos diversos (p. ej. Wídsid). Caso aparte es el del pastor Cadmon, quien por intervención divina se convirtió en poeta bíblico y fue acogido en un monasterio. Tras la conquista normanda se introdujo un modelo de patronazgo aristocrático que favoreció la aparición de la figura del autor (p. ej. Wace) que componía sus obras en anglonormando, mientras el inglés era usado por juglares anónimos para deleite de las clases populares. La literatura en lengua inglesa no asistiría a la aparición de sus primeros autores (p. ej. Chaucer y Gower) hasta el siglo XIV, gracias en parte al patronazgo del rey Ricardo II.

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This review is part of a research project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ref. FFI 2008-02165).

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L’ús de productes derivats d’animals (Zooteràpia) ha format part de l’arsenal terapèutic dermatològic en les diverses cultures a través del temps. El Tresor de Beutat és un tractat medieval dedicat als cosmètics femenins i la salut, escrit en català medieval que es conserva a la Biblioteca de la Universitat de Barcelona. Descriu més de 200 remeis i tractaments per a les dones del segle XIV . Molts d’aquests tractaments eren productes d’origen animal. Estudiem el Tresor de Beutat per determinar quins animals i quines de les seves parts eren emprades, així com la forma d’utilització i indicacions terapèutiques. El document original va ser transcrit al català formal i el text analitzat per tal d’identificar totes les substàncies d’origen animal destinades a la teràpia. Aquestes substàncies van ser ordenades segons l’espècie, i es van estudiar les diferents parts emprades dels animals, la manera de preparació i les seves indicacions. Es van identificar un total de 223 substàncies o elements (animals, plantes i minerals) utilitzats com a remeis. D’ells, 47 (21%) eren d’origen animal, pertanyents a 30 animals, 15 mamífers, 7 aus, 4 animals marins, 2 de rèptils i amfibis i 2 insectes. Les diferents parts dels animals utilitzats inclouen la pell, el greix, els ronyons, el cervell, les banyes, les ungles, les secrecions anals, glàndules mamàries o salivals, la femta, o fins i tot l’animal sencer, en el cas dels mamífers. De les aus, s’usaven les plomes, ous, greixos, els nius, el cap, el suc propi de l’animal, i els excrements. Dels animals marins es va emprar l’animal a trossos, els ossos i els ous, i dels insectes els ous de formiga; la mel i la cera d’abelles; dels rèptils i amfibis els ous i la sang. Els tractaments s’utilitzen principalment per a la cara, com a cosmètics per al cabell i el cos, la higiene, la salut general i per la pell. També per l’esfera otorinolaringològica, ocular, els trastorns dentals, i ginecològics, així com per a l’alleugeriment del dolor. El Tresor de Beutat proporciona informació sobre el coneixement dels tractaments tòpics, amb una base científica (i no màgica) amb una àmplia gamma de recursos d’origen animal, amb les formulacions acuradament elaborades per a fins cosmètics i terapèutics dissenyats per assolir l’ideal de la bellesa i la salut en les dones medievals, sent evident en les bases d’alguns tractaments tòpics utilitzats en el segle XXI.

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En aquest treball ens proposem estudiar la influència de la Legenda aurea de Jacobus de Voragine en el teatre hagiogràfic català de tècnica medieval, en concret en tres de les consuetes del ms. 1139 de la BNC: la de sant Jordi, dedicada a l’episodi de la donzella i el drac; la de la conversió de sant Cristòfol i la de sant Mateu. Comptem amb algunes aproximacions anteriors, com és el cas de les consideracions que féu Josep Romeu en la seua edició de les peces hagiogràfiques d’aquest manuscrit (1957). En aquest sentit, aprofitem les seues indicacions com a punt de partida per a oferir una anàlisi més detallada de la manera en què els drames hagiogràfics adapten algunes de les vides contingudes en l’obra de Voragine. Per no allargar-nos excessivament, ens centrem en aquestes tres consuetes, ja que poden ser prou representatives dels diferents tipus d’adaptació teatral de la Legenda aurea.

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This study analyzes the process of semantic change by which the Old Catalan verb sentir developed from a meaning based on general perception to one implying auditory perception. In particular, the article shows that by the end of the 13th century the verb sentir had only semanticized the perception of non-linguistic auditory stimuli and had not fused completely with the meaning of the verb oir, as was the case with the evolution of SĔNTĪRE in other Romance languages (such as Peninsular Spanish). Our study has been based on data analysis of an electronic linguistic corpus using the concepts of E. C. Traugott’s Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change (IITSC) (2012) and the concept of evidentiality.

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This folder contains handwritten astronomy tables, problems, diagrams and texts.

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This heavily illustrated notebook contains entries on the following topics: geometrical definitions and axioms, geographical and astronomical definitions, compasses, plain sailing, parallel sailing, and Mercator's sailing. It also contains pages designated for notes on "Currents, Lee Way, & Variation," but these pages have been left blank. The back cover contains calculations which appear to relate to charting a course from Jamaica to "Lizzard."

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Bound volume containing a late 17th century handwritten mathematical and astronomical text in one hand. The text is separated into mathematical and astronomical sections with rules, instructions for performing calculations, tables, and drawings. The subjects include arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and trigonometry, and segments have titles such as "Subtraction," "A decimal table of English coince," "Logarithes & their use," and "To find the true place of the sun." The text is undated and unattributed but references Briggs, Oughtred, Ramus, and Apollonius. Certain tables are calculated from latitudinal and longitudinal numbers associated with Boston, and many of the examples use dates in the 1670s and 1680. The manuscript pages are mounted onto unruled pages, and some of the manuscript pages are fragments.