Surface deterioration of dental materials after simulated toothbrushing in relation to brushing time and load.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To evaluate the changes in surface roughness and gloss after simulated toothbrushing of 9 composite materials and 2 ceramic materials in relation to brushing time and load in vitro; (2) to assess the relationship between surface gloss and surface roughness. METHODS: Eight flat specimens of composite materials (microfilled: Adoro, Filtek Supreme, Heliomolar; microhybrid: Four Seasons, Tetric EvoCeram; hybrid: Compoglass F, Targis, Tetric Ceram; macrohybrid: Grandio), two ceramic materials (IPS d.SIGN and IPS Empress polished) were fabricated according to the manufacturer's instructions and optimally polished with up to 4000 grit SiC. The specimens were subjected to a toothbrushing (TB) simulation device (Willytec) with rotating movements, toothpaste slurry and at three different loads (100g/250g/350g). At hourly intervals from 1h to 10h TB, mean surface roughness Ra was measured with an optical sensor and the surface gloss (Gl) with a glossmeter. Statistical analysis was performed for log-transformed Ra data applying two-way ANOVA to evaluate the interaction between load and material and load and brushing time. RESULTS: There was a significant interaction between material and load as well as between load and brushing time (p<0.0001). The microhybrid and hybrid materials demonstrated more surface deterioration with higher loads, whereas with the microfilled resins Heliomolar and Adoro it was vice versa. For ceramic materials, no or little deterioration was observed over time and independent of the load. The ceramic materials and 3 of the composite materials (roughness) showed no further deterioration after 5h of toothbrushing. Mean surface gloss was the parameter which discriminated best between the materials, followed by mean surface roughness Ra. There was a strong correlation between surface gloss and surface roughness for all the materials except the ceramics. The evaluation of the deterioration curves of individual specimens revealed a more or less synchronous course suspecting hinting specific external conditions and not showing the true variability in relation to the tested material. SIGNIFICANCE: The surface roughness and gloss of dental materials changes with brushing time and load and thus results in different material rankings. Apart from Grandio, the hybrid composite resins were more prone to surface changes than microfilled composites. The deterioration potential of a composite material can be quickly assessed by measuring surface gloss. For this purpose, a brushing time of 10h (=72,000 strokes) is needed. In further comparative studies, specimens of different materials should be tested in one series to estimate the true variability.

Adenosine A2B receptor-mediated leukemia inhibitory factor release from astrocytes protects cortical neurons against excitotoxicity.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) have been widely reported. In the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes are the major source for LIF, expression of which is enhanced following disturbances leading to neuronal damage. How astrocytic LIF expression is regulated, however, has remained an unanswered question. Since neuronal stress is associated with production of extracellular adenosine, we investigated whether LIF expression in astrocytes was mediated through adenosine receptor signaling. METHODS: Mouse cortical neuronal and astrocyte cultures from wild-type and adenosine A2B receptor knock-out animals, as well as adenosine receptor agonists/antagonists and various enzymatic inhibitors, were used to study LIF expression and release in astrocytes. When needed, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: We show here that glutamate-stressed cortical neurons induce LIF expression through activation of adenosine A2B receptor subtype in cultured astrocytes and require signaling of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs: p38 and ERK1/2), and the nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB. Moreover, LIF concentration in the supernatant in response to 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide (NECA) stimulation was directly correlated to de novo protein synthesis, suggesting that LIF release did not occur through a regulated release pathway. Immunocytochemistry experiments show that LIF-containing vesicles co-localize with clathrin and Rab11, but not with pHogrin, Chromogranin (Cg)A and CgB, suggesting that LIF might be secreted through recycling endosomes. We further show that pre-treatment with supernatants from NECA-treated astrocytes increased survival of cultured cortical neurons against glutamate, which was absent when the supernatants were pre-treated with an anti-LIF neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Adenosine from glutamate-stressed neurons induces rapid LIF release in astrocytes. This rapid release of LIF promotes the survival of cortical neurons against excitotoxicity.

Contributory factors for the functional independence of oldest old

OBJECTIVE To investigate the socioeconomic and clinical factors that contribute to the functional independence of the oldest old of a community. METHOD Cross-sectional quantitative study whose sample consisted of 214 elderly people registered in Basic Health Units. Data were collected through structured interviews and application of the Functional Independence Measure. We used descriptive statistics, and for association of the variables we used the Student t-test, ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS The significant variables that contributed to the functional independence were remaining economically active, practicing physical and leisure activities, having a social life, eating fruits, vegetables and meat. The orientation to conduct these practices reduces the demand for care and help needed in everyday activities. CONCLUSION Maintaining independence is primordial to delay disability and presents itself as an excellent field of work for nursing.

25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is inversely associated with serum MMP-9 in a cross-sectional study of African American ESRD patients.

BACKGROUND: Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration is inversely associated with peripheral arterial disease and hypertension. Vascular remodeling may play a role in this association, however, data relating vitamin D level to specific remodeling biomarkers among ESRD patients is sparse. We tested whether 25(OH)D concentration is associated with markers of vascular remodeling and inflammation in African American ESRD patients.METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study among ESRD patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis within Emory University-affiliated outpatient hemodialysis units. Demographic, clinical and dialysis treatment data were collected via direct patient interview and review of patients records at the time of enrollment, and each patient gave blood samples. Associations between 25(OH)D and biomarker concentrations were estimated in univariate analyses using Pearson's correlation coefficients and in multivariate analyses using linear regression models. 25(OH) D concentration was entered in multivariate linear regression models as a continuous variable and binary variable (<15 ng/ml and =15 ng/ml). Adjusted estimate concentrations of biomarkers were compared between 25(OH) D groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Finally, results were stratified by vascular access type.RESULTS: Among 91 patients, mean (standard deviation) 25(OH)D concentration was 18.8 (9.6) ng/ml, and was low (<15 ng/ml) in 43% of patients. In univariate analyses, low 25(OH) D was associated with lower serum calcium, higher serum phosphorus, and higher LDL concentrations. 25(OH) D concentration was inversely correlated with MMP-9 concentration (r = -0.29, p = 0.004). In multivariate analyses, MMP-9 concentration remained negatively associated with 25(OH) D concentration (P = 0.03) and anti-inflammatory IL-10 concentration positively correlated with 25(OH) D concentration (P = 0.04).CONCLUSIONS: Plasma MMP-9 and circulating 25(OH) D concentrations are significantly and inversely associated among ESRD patients. This finding may suggest a potential mechanism by which low circulating 25(OH) D functions as a cardiovascular risk factor.

Exposure of a single host (Chrysomya megacephala) (Calliphoridae) to different quantities of female parasitoids (Nasonia vitripennis) (Pteromalidae)

The aim of this study was to verify the duration of the development period, number of parasitoids produced per pupa, parasitism rate and sex ratio of Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae), when they were exposed to a single host: Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera, Calliphoridae). One pupa was exposed in glass tubes to different numbers of female parasitoids (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11) during 48 h. Twenty replications/treatment were used, under controlled conditions (T= 27 °C day/ 25 °C night, 60 ± 10% RH). Statistical analysis of the data was made using the ANOVA test and the "a posteriori" comparisons were made using the Tukey-HSD test (both tests with a significance level of 5%). The duration of the development period was longer in treatments where a higher density of females per host was used. When five females per host were used, the mean number of parasitoids that emerged per pupa was higher. The data showed a tendency to a decrease in the amount of parasitoids emerged per host, especially of female, when used high quantities of female per host. Higher parasitism rates were observed in the 3:1 and 5:1 treatments and an increase in the percentage of unviable pupae was observed, probably due to an increase of female densities in the treatments, possibly a consequence of superparasitism.

Morphological and physiological variation between queens and workers of Protonectarina sylveirae (de Saussure) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Epiponini)

Morphological and physiological variation between queens and workers of Protonectarina sylveirae (de Saussure) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Epiponini). The Neotropical swarm-founding wasps, Epiponini, range from the absence of morphological differentiation between castes to highly distinct castes. We measured eight body parts of females of two colonies of Protonectarina sylveirae (de Saussure, 1854). ANOVA and Discriminant Analysis evidenced significant differences between castes, as previously observed by other authors for other species of Epiponini. However, some females previously categorized as queens, were actually workers, supported by our statistic analyses. These individuals showed intermediate morphological features between queens and workers, having distinct patterns of hairs and clypeal spots. The castes of P. sylveirae are distinct, however intermediate individuals may be found in colonies promoting social flexibility.

Regional variations in ABC transporter expression along the mouse intestinal tract.

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of proteins comprise a group of membrane transporters involved in the transport of a wide variety of compounds, such as xenobiotics, vitamins, lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Determining their regional expression patterns along the intestinal tract will further characterize their transport functions in the gut. The mRNA expression levels of murine ABC transporters in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon were examined using the Affymetrix MuU74v2 GeneChip set. Eight ABC transporters (Abcb2, Abcb3, Abcb9, Abcc3, Abcc6, Abcd1, Abcg5, and Abcg8) displayed significant differential gene expression along the intestinal tract, as determined by two statistical models (a global error assessment model and a classic ANOVA, both with a P < 0.01). Concordance with semiquantitative real-time PCR was high. Analyzing the promoters of the differentially expressed ABC transporters did not identify common transcriptional motifs between family members or with other genes; however, the expression profile for Abcb9 was highly correlated with fibulin-1, and both genes share a common complex promoter model involving the NFkappaB, zinc binding protein factor (ZBPF), GC-box factors SP1/GC (SP1F), and early growth response factor (EGRF) transcription binding motifs. The cellular location of another of the differentially expressed ABC transporters, Abcc3, was examined by immunohistochemistry. Staining revealed that the protein is consistently expressed in the basolateral compartment of enterocytes along the anterior-posterior axis of the intestine. Furthermore, the intensity of the staining pattern is concordant with the expression profile. This agrees with previous findings in which the mRNA, protein, and transport function of Abcc3 were increased in the rat distal intestine. These data reveal regional differences in gene expression profiles along the intestinal tract and demonstrate that a complete understanding of intestinal ABC transporter function can only be achieved by examining the physiologically distinct regions of the gut.

Evaluation fonctionnelle cinématique après chirurgie de l'épaule.

Introduction: L'évaluation de la fonction de l'épaule à l'aide de capteurscinématiques embarqués produit des mesures discriminatives etsensibles au changement. Cependant, la réalisation pratique reste tropcomplexe pour l'utilisation courante. L'objectif de cette étude était dedévelopper une méthode d'évaluation cinématique simplifié et efficace.Méthode : Une analyse secondaire a été effectuée sur les donnéesd'un score de référence, basé sur la réalisation de 7 mouvements.Trente-cinq patients ont été mesurés à l'aide d'accéléromètreset de gyroscopes en préopératoire, ainsi qu'à 3, 6 et 12mois après chirurgie de l'épaule. Les mouvements essentiels ontété identifiés à l'aide une analyse en composantes principales(ACP). Une méthode d'évaluation simplifiée a ensuite été élaboréeen effectuant des régressions multiples des mouvementssélectionnées versus le score de référence à 3 mois. Les résultatsdu score simplifié ont été comparés au score de référence paranalyse statistique (ANOVA à mesure double répétées, régressionlinéaire, taille de l'effet, limite de l'agrément et corrélationaux échelles cliniques).Resultats : Une composante d'élévation et une composante de rotationreprésentant plus de 62 % de la variance ont été identifiées.Des modèles simplifiés d'évaluation ont donc été calculés avec desrégressions multiples incluant des combinaisons de mouvementsde rotation et d'élévation : dos-tête, dos-abduction, dos-épaule, dosplafond.La comparaison du score de référence et des scores simplifiésmontrait à tous les stades : une relation fortement linéaire (R2> 0,96), une taille de l'effet comparable (d de Cohen 1,33 à 1,51 versus1,33 pour le score de référence) et une corrélation comparable avecles scores cliniques (r = 0,22 à 0,8). La différence entre les scoresse situait entre - 6,28 et + 2,78. La limite de l'agrément variait de 13à 24 %. Parmi les scores simplifiés, seul le score « dos-plafond » nemontrait pas de différence avec le score de référence pour l'interactiontemps*score (p > 0,5).Discussion-Conclusion : Un score cinématique de l'épaule comprenantuniquement deux mouvements a été développé. Plusieursmodèles de score simplifiés produisent des résultats comparablesau score de référence pour l'évaluation de groupes de patients. Lescore moyen « dos-plafond » présente un profil d'évolution dans letemps en relation étroite avec le score de référence. Par contre, ladiscordance des résultats entre le score de référence et les scoressimplifiés lors de mesures individuelles doit être prise en considérationavant une éventuelle application à des études de cas clinique.Implications : Cette nouvelle méthode d'évaluation présente desavantages pratiques pour l'évaluation objective de l'épaule. Cecipourrait favoriser l'utilisation de méthodes d'analyse informatiséedu mouvement en clinique et pour la recherche. Les résultats confirmentégalement que l'on peut obtenir une bonne appréciation de lafonction de l'épaule en demandant au patient de mettre la main dansle dos, puis de lever le bras.

In-vitro testing of biofilm formation on infected bone grafts and bone substitutes

Background: Bacteria form biofilms on the surface of orthopaedic devices, causing persistent infections. Monitoring biofilm formation on bone grafts and bone substitutes is challenging due to heterogeneous surface characteristics. We analyzed various bone grafts and bone substitutes regarding their propensity for in-vitro biofilm formation caused by S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Methods: Beta-tricalciumphosphate (b-TCP, ChronOsTM), processed human spongiosa (TutoplastTM) and PMMA (PalacosTM) were investigated. PE was added as a growth control. As test strains S. aureus (ATCC 29213) and S. epidermidis RP62A (ATCC 35984) were used. Test materials were incubated with 105 cfu/ml. After 24 h, test materials were removed and washed, followed by a standardised sonication protocol. The resulting sonication fluid was plated and bacterial counts were enumerated and expressed as cfu/sample. Sonicated samples were transferred to a microcalorimeter (TA Instrument) and heat flow monitored over a 24 h period with a precision of 0.0001°C and a sensitiviy of 200 μW. Experiments were performed in triplicates to calculate the mean ± SD. One-way ANOVA analysis was used for statistical analysis. Results: Bacterial counts (log10 cfu/sample) were highest on b-TCP (S. aureus 7.67 ± 0.17; S. epidermidis 8.14 ± 0.05) while bacterial density (log10 cfu/surface) was highest on PMMA (S. aureus 6.12 ± 0.2, S. epidermidis 7.65 ± 0.13). Detection time for S. aureus biofilms was shorter for the porous materials (b-TCP and Tutoplast, p <0.001) compared to the smooth materials (PMMA and PE) with no differences between b-TCP and TutoplastTM (p >0.05) or PMMA and PE (p >0.05). In contrast, for S. epidermidis biofilms the detection time was different (p <0.001) between all materials except between Tutoplast and PE (p >0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate biofilm formation with both strains on all tested materials. Microcalorimetry was able to detect quantitatively the amount of biofilm. Further studies are needed to see whether calorimetry is a suitable tool also to monitor approaches to prevent and treat infections associated with bone grafts and bone substitutes.

Liderança Transformacional – Transaccional, Eficácia da Equipa e Satisfação com o Líder Um estudo na Garantia Seguros

O tema desta investigação prende-se com o estudo da liderança transformacional transaccional, eficácia da equipa e satisfação com o líder. Para o efeito, recorreu-se à aplicação do Questionário Multifactorial da Liderança - QML Bass (1985), previamente utilizado e adaptado por Carrilho (2001), um material específico para estudo de liderança. Este estudo teve como objectivo averiguar se existe alguma relação entre as práticas da liderança, a eficácia percebida da equipa de trabalho e a satisfação com o líder. Pretendese, também, analisar a influência das variáveis organizacionais (sexos, vinculo do trabalhador com a organização, escolaridade e género da chefia) na percepção que os colaboradores têm das práticas da liderança transformacional e transacional. Por outro lado, interessa verificar se estas variáveis organizacionais influenciam na percepção da eficácia das equipas de trabalho e satisfação com o líder. A análise dos dados foi efectuada através do programa SPSS versão 19.0 e as estatísticas e teste utilizados foram: estatística descritiva, estatística não paramétrica (M-W, K-S, K-W, rho, etc.), coeficiente de correlacção de Pearson, coeficiente de variação, Qui-quadrado e ANOVA. Os resultados do presente estudo revelam que a liderança transformacional alcançou resultados mais significativos (média = 2,83 e desvio padrão situado em 0,745), dentre os estilos de liderança aqui estudados, em relação ao factor desempenho do questionário QML. No entanto, não é possível estabelecer, com razoável segurança, uma relação entre as práticas da liderança, a eficácia percebida da equipa de trabalho e a satisfação com o líder.

O Clima Organizacional e sua Influência na Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho: Um Estudo de Caso na Direcção Geral do Ambiente

A presente memória monográfica teve como objectivo estudar a influência do clima organizacional na qualidade de vida no trabalho, tendo como público-alvo os colaboradores da Direcção Geral do Ambiente ( DGA ) . Esta pesquisa aprofunda e esclarece múltiplos aspectos dos sujeitos afectos a estrutura sede da DGA, realçando a importância que o clima tem para uma organização. A metodologia usada nesse trabalho foi a pesquisa de carácter exploratória, descritiva e quantitativa. Participaram 28 colaboradores, do qual extraímos aleatoriamente 27 para a amostra com as seguintes características: 48,1% ( sexo masculino) e 51,9% ( sexo feminino) . Os dados foram organizados com o auxílio do software estatístico SPSS versão 18.0, considerando um erro amostral de 7,3% e 95% de confiança, a partir da técnica de amostragem aleatória simples, sob a qual todos os elementos de uma população têm igual oportunidade em fazer parte da amostra. Foi empregado um inquérito, por questionário, na obtenção dos dados empíricos, elaborado segundo a escala de Liker e submetidos a análise do software estatístico acima mencionado. A análise dos dados resultou na produção e interpretação das tabelas, gráficos, as medidas estatísticas particularmente as medias e os testes estatísticos ( teste t de student e ANOVA ) e a correlação entre itens.Na abordagem teórica foram abordados assuntos como comportamento organizacional, clima organizacional, estilos de liderança, cultura organizacional, Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho ( QVT) . De acordo com o modelo de análise, os tópicos revelam que os colaboradores da DGA de um modo geral estão satisfeitos com os aspectos considerados na avaliação do clima organizacional, o que realça fortes indícios de satisfação com a QVT no contexto da DGA. Além disso, a percepção do clima organizacional com foco nas variáveis moderadoras demonstra que esses não explicam/ influenciam a percepção do clima organizacional. Conclui-se que o método adoptado é pertinente para o estudo da QVT em pesquisa de campo, desenvolvidas em organizações.

A glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-cysteine, modulates mismatch negativity generation in schizophrenia patients

Schizophrenia patients exhibit deficits in low-level processing, including pitch discrimination. This deficiency manifests in auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) as an impaired mismatch negativity (MMN), an electrophysiological response to infrequent target stimuli interspersed among frequent standard stimuli that typically peaks ~100ms post-stimulus onset. NMDA receptor antagonists have been shown to block MMN generation in both animals and humans, and NMDA dysfunction has been linked to the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A parallel line of evidence indicates that glutathione (GSH) regulation is perturbed in schizophrenia patients at the gene, protein and functional levels (Tosic et al., 2006). This GSH dysregulation leads to NMDA receptors' hypofunction through interaction with their redox site (Steullet et al., 2006). The present study aimed to modulate GSH levels in schizophrenia patients and assessed the effects of such a modulation on MMN generation mechanisms. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a GSH precursor, was administered to schizophrenia patients, using a double-blind cross-over protocol. One group received NAC (2g/day) for 60 days and then placebo for another 60 days, and vice-versa for the second group. AEPs from patients were recorded at the onset of the protocol, at the point of cross-over, and at the end of the study. Participants were instructed to manually respond to target stimuli (2kHz pure tones occurring 20% of the time among 1kHz pure tones). Analyses of AEPs recorded at protocol onset indicated that patients (n=11) were significantly impaired in generating the MMN relative to age-matched controls (n=11). Specifically, the global field power (GFP), an index of AEP magnitude, was measured over the 70- 155ms post-stimulus interval and submitted to an analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was a significant interaction between population and stimulus frequency, indicating impaired MMN generation in patients at protocol onset. Analyses of AEPs recorded during administration of NAC (n=7) versus placebo (n=7) revealed the efficacy of this GSH precursor in modulating MMN generation mechanisms. ANOVA of GFP over the 70- 155ms post-stimulus interval, using stimulus frequency and treatment as within-participants variables, revealed a significant interaction and indicated that NAC can ameliorate MMN generation. We discuss these results in terms of potential therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia.

Nest plasticity of Cornitermes silvestrii (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae) in response to flood pulse in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Nest plasticity of Cornitermes silvestrii (Isoptera, Termitidae, Syntermitinae) in response to flood pulse in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the world. Since many areas in Pantanal are flooded during part of the year, it is expected that plants and animals would have mechanisms for their survival during the flooded period. This study investigated the existence of differences in nest shape and inquilines of Cornitermes silvestrii in areas influenced by the flood pulse. We measured the volume, height, width, and height/width ratio of 32 nests in flooded areas and 27 in dry areas, and performed an one-way-Anova with the quasi-Poisson distribution to determine if there were differences in the nest measurements between the points. To analyze the relationship of nest inquilines to flood pulse and nest shape, we performed a regression with a Poisson distribution with the inquiline richness and flood pulse, and the above measurements. The nests of C. silvestrii in flooded areas were significantly higher than nests in dry areas, and had a larger height/width ratio. Colonies in periodically flooded areas would probably make a larger effort to extend their nests vertically, to maintain at least some portion of the structure out of the water and prevent the entire colony from being submerged. Neither the size of the nest nor the flood pulses influenced the assemblage of 11 species found in nests of C. silvestrii.

Estudo sobre a Resiliência em Adolescentes Das Zonas Periféricas de São Vicente

Resiliência descreve a relativa resistência à experiências de risco psicossocial. O presente trabalho procurou descrever fatores de vulnerabilidade e proteção relacionados a resiliência que poderão caracterizar mecanismos de adaptação em adolescentes das zonas periféricas de São Vicente. Na medida em que a resiliência parece se caracterizar por ampla variação contextual, o presente estudo tenta conciliar a recolha e o tratamento qualitativo e quantitativo dos dados. Partindo de uma abordagem mais ecológica e próximo à população em estudo procurou-se, através de uma técnica qualitativa (o grupo focal), obter um amplo conjunto de dados para posterior análise mediante métodos de análise quantitativa. Um questionário de autoadministração construído a partir dos dados dos grupos focais foi respondido anonimamente e sob base voluntaria por 218 alunos das zonas periféricas de São Vicente, sorteados aleatoriamente nas escolas públicas do Mindelo. Na análise dos dados, para além da análise descritiva, foram utilizados o teste t e a Analise de Variância (ANOVA) para localização de valores significativos ao nível de 5% na comparação dos grupos distintivos da amostra. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que esses adolescentes dispõem de adequados recursos individuais, familiares e comunitários que podem ser mobilizados para fazer face as adversidades que enfrentam num contexto onde a instabilidade económica e as dificuldades de acesso a saúde e educação representam desafios constantes ao desenvolvimento. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos potenciais fatores de risco e proteção identificados relativamente ao sexo, idade, escolaridade e comunidade de proveniência. Discuta-se a relevância destes dados para a reflexão sobre a promoção de resiliência na população estudada, atendendo as particularidades contextuais e culturais dos adolescentes e suas comunidades.

Impacto de la captura ilegal en la pesquería del recurso ‘loco’ (Concholepas concholepas) en Áreas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos: el caso de la Isla Mocha

En Chile, el gastrópodo Concholepas concholepas conocido popularmente como ‘loco’, es un importante recurso bentónico de las pesquerías artesanales, con el que el Estado introdujo en la segunda mitad de los 90s un régimen de co-manejo denominado Áreas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos (AMERB). En él se asignan a pescadores artesanales formalmente organizados, derechos exclusivos de acceso a stocks de recursos bentónicos en áreas marino costeras geográficamente delimitadas, para su explotación y manejo. Actualmente, 758 AMERB decretadas se extienden en 38º latitudinales de la línea costera chilena, con un total de más de 124.000Ha asignadas, y más de 31.000 pescadores artesanales participantes; siendo consideradas por la comunidad académica internacional como uno de los más grandes experimentos de comanejo a escala global. A pesar de los importantes avances logrados con las AMERB, el régimen enfrenta todavía retos y amenazas, entre los que la captura Ilegal y/o No Declarada (captura IND), a pesar de ser considerada especialmente grave por los pescadores usuarios del sistema, es omitida por la administración central, que establece Capturas Totales Permisibles (CTPs) suponiendo niveles de captura IND nulos, lo que conlleva a arriesgar la sustentabilidad tanto económica como biológica del sistema, además de distorsionar y devaluar la información proveniente del sector formal. En la presente Tesis, se evalúa el impacto de la captura ilegal (robos) del recurso ‘loco’ sobre la sustentabilidad biológica y económica de un sistema AMERB en la Isla Mocha. Con tal propósito se realizaron, consultas formales a las principales entidades públicas fiscalizadoras, una evaluación socio-económica extractiva con los usuarios de AMERB de la Isla Mocha, además de la recopilación de data secundaria. En vista de la escasa respuesta obtenida con las consultas formales, basamos el estudio principalmente en la evaluación socio-económica extractiva. Ésta consistió en la aplicación de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, dirigidas a caracterizar al sector extractivo ilegal, a reconstruir una serie histórica de capturas ilegales intra-AMERB de ‘loco’ en Isla Mocha, y a sistematizar las percepciones de los pescadores sobre los factores causales y las propuestas de solución en torno al problema. Adicionalmente, se desarrolló un modelo bioeconómico simple para analizar el impacto de diferentes niveles de captura ilegal (robo) de ‘loco’, sobre la sustentabilidad económica y ecológica de una AMERB particular. El modelo supone un único stock cerrado, cuya abundancia mensual, es afectada positivamente por un reclutamiento. denso-dependiente y negativamente por la captura formal y la captura ilegal; y además incorpora aspectos económicos resultantes de calcular los costos asociados al despliegue del esfuerzo pesquero formal, los ingresos brutos asociados a la venta de las capturas formales, y los consiguientes beneficios netos obtenidos. Se evaluaron los impactos en 48 diferentes escenarios de simulación (combinación de 4 niveles de Robo, 3 Reglas de Cosecha, y 4 Precios en playa de ‘loco’), mediante el análisis de 4 variables anuales además de 4 indicadores descriptivos de las dinámicas bio-pesquera y económica del sistema en un lapso de simulación de 12 años, generándose 100 salidas por año, cuyos estadígrafos se compararon mediante ANOVA y Pruebas de Tukey. Los resultados indican que los factores más explicativos de la varianza de las salidas de simulación para los 4 indicadores propuestos, son el ‘Robo’, la ‘Regla-Cosecha’, seguidos de la interacción ‘Robo-Regla-Cosecha’; mientras que las proyecciones de abundancia a enero, reclutamiento, y capturas anuales formal e ilegal, muestran que el reclutamiento y dinámica poblacional del stock simulado de ‘loco’, serían resilientes en todos los escenarios, excepto en aquellos resultantes de combinar el nivel de ‘Robo Descontrolado’ con cualquier nivel de ‘Regla-Cosecha’, donde la pesquería formal colapsa. En un escenario “idóneo” para los usuarios del AMERB (ausencia de robos, una elevada tasa de cosecha formal, y buen precio del recurso), el indicador económico generaría promedios de hasta $8,8 millones/año por embarcación formal participante, sin afectar la sostenibilidad del stock simulado. En cuanto a las percepciones, los usuarios de AMERB de Isla Mocha consideran más grave y más compleja la problemática asociada a la captura ilegal de ‘loco’ intra-AMERB imputada a foráneos con respecto a aquella imputada a isleños; no obstante, identifican causas comunes a ambas, agrupadas en los componentes ‘distorsiones socioeconómicas’, ‘ineficacia del régimen de manejo pesquero’, ‘debilidades internas a la organización’, y ‘productividad pesquera artesanal reducida’. Dentro de las ‘distorsiones socioeconómicas’, el ítem “necesidad económica” es considerado como el principal incentivo para la captura ilegal de ‘loco’. En el componente ‘ineficacia del régimen manejo pesquero’, para el robo de infractores foráneos se considera como principal ítem causal a una “fiscalización ineficaz de la Armada”; mientras que para el robo de infractores isleños se consideran como principal ítem causal a una “fiscalización interna ineficaz”. Los ítems de solución propuestos para afrontar a los infractores foráneos, expresan que las acciones deben provenir más del lado institucional normativo público, identificando principalmente a la Armada como infractor protagónico de acción. Asimismo, las propuestas para afrontar a los infractores isleños, expresan que la mayor expectativa de solución de los usuarios de AMERB está puesta en mejoras de la sanción y vigilancia de sus propias organizaciones, algunas de ellas apoyadas por la Armada.