Tractus australior Americae meridionalis a Rio de la Plata per Fretum Magellanicum ad Toraltum = Nieuwe perfecte pascaert van 't suyderlyckste deel van Suyt America van Rio de la Plata door de Straet Magellaen tot Toral

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Hemisphère septentrional pour voir plus distinctoment les terres arctiques

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Magnum Mare del Zur cum insula California = De groote Zuyd-Zee en 't eylandt California

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Nova et accuratissima totius terrarum orbis tabula = Nieuwe en allernaeukeurigste weereldt-kaert

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Mare Balticum : nieuwe pascaert van de Oost Zee

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Nova & accuratissima totus terrarum orbis tabula nautica variationum magneticarum index juxta observationes anno 1700 habitas

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Septemtrionaliora Americae a Groenlandia per Freta Davidis et Hudson ad Terram Novam = De noordelyckste zee kusten van America van Groenland door de Straet Davis ende Straet Hudson tot Terra Neuf

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Totius Europae littora novissime edita : pascaert vertoonende alle de see-custen van Europa

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Pontus Euxinus of niewe en naaukeurige paskaart van de Zwarte Zee : uyt verscheydene stucken van die gewesten toegesonden

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Fetal hemoglobin levels are related to metabolic control in diabetic subjects

We have investigated the relationship between fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels and metabolic control in subjects with insulin-dependent (N = 79) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (N = 242). HbF and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were increased in subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes as compared to levels in nondiabetic individuals (P<0.0001), and were significantly higher in type 1 than in type 2 diabetes subjects. Lower levels of HbA1c and HbF were observed in type 2 diabetes subjects treated by diet, intermediate levels in those treated with oral hypoglycemic agents, and higher levels in those treated with insulin. HbF and HbA1c levels were correlated in type 1 diabetes (R2 = 0.57, P<0.0001) and type 2 diabetes (R2 = 0.58, P<0.0001) subjects. Following intense treatment, twelve diabetic patients showed significant improvement both in HbA1c and HbF values. We conclude that increased HbF levels reflect poor metabolic control in subjects with diabetes mellitus.

Psykoanalyysin käsitteistä ja tiedostamattomasta

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

The frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in combination with gentamicin poses the additional risk of nephrotoxic renal failure. Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) is the main enzyme responsible for the synthesis of renal vasodilator prostaglandins, while COX-2 participates predominantly in the inflammatory process. Both are inhibited by non-selective NSAID such as indomethacin. Selective COX-2 inhibitors such as rofecoxib seem to have fewer renal side effects than non-selective inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the combined use of rofecoxib and gentamicin can prevent the increased renal injury caused by gentamicin and indomethacin. Male Wistar rats (250-300 g) were treated with gentamicin (100 mg/kg body weight, ip, N = 7), indomethacin (5 mg/kg, orally, N = 7), rofecoxib (1.4 mg/kg, orally, N = 7), gentamicin + rofecoxib (100 and 1.4 mg/kg, respectively) or gentamicin + indomethacin (100 and 5 mg/kg, respectively, N = 8) for 5 days. Creatinine clearance and alpha-glutathione-S-transferase concentrations were used as markers of renal injury. Animals were anesthetized with ether and sacrificed for blood collection. The use of gentamicin plus indomethacin led to worsened renal function (0.199 ± 0.019 ml/min), as opposed to the absence of a nephrotoxic effect of rofecoxib when gentamicin plus rofexicob was used (0.242 ± 0.011 ml/min). These results indicate that COX-2-selective inhibitors can be used as an alternative treatment to conventional NSAID, especially in situations in which risk factors for nephrotoxicity are present.

Adenosine A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of in vitro prolactin secretion from the rat anterior pituitary

In previous studies, we demonstrated biphasic purinergic effects on prolactin (PRL) secretion stimulated by an adenosine A2 agonist. In the present study, we investigated the role of the activation of adenosine A1 receptors by (R)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA) at the pituitary level in in vitro PRL secretion. Hemipituitaries (one per cuvette in five replicates) from adult male rats were incubated. Administration of R-PIA (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 µM) induced a reduction of PRL secretion into the medium in a U-shaped dose-response curve. The maximal reduction was obtained with 0.1 µM R-PIA (mean ± SEM, 36.01 ± 5.53 ng/mg tissue weight (t.w.)) treatment compared to control (264.56 ± 15.46 ng/mg t.w.). R-PIA inhibition (0.01 µM = 141.97 ± 15.79 vs control = 244.77 ± 13.79 ng/mg t.w.) of PRL release was blocked by 1 µM cyclopentyltheophylline, a specific A1 receptor antagonist (1 µM = 212.360 ± 26.560 ng/mg t.w.), whereas cyclopentyltheophylline alone (0.01, 0.1, 1 µM) had no effect. R-PIA (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 µM) produced inhibition of PRL secretion stimulated by both phospholipase C (0.5 IU/mL; 977.44 ± 76.17 ng/mg t.w.) and dibutyryl cAMP (1 mM; 415.93 ± 37.66 ng/mg t.w.) with nadir established at the dose of 0.1 µM (225.55 ± 71.42 and 201.9 ± 19.08 ng/mg t.w., respectively). Similarly, R-PIA (0.01 µM) decreased (242.00 ± 24.00 ng/mg t.w.) the PRL secretion stimulated by cholera toxin (0.5 mg/mL; 1050.00 ± 70.00 ng/mg t.w.). In contrast, R-PIA had no effect (468.00 ± 34.00 ng/mg t.w.) on PRL secretion stimulation by pertussis toxin (0.5 mg/mL; 430.00 ± 26.00 ng/mg t.w.). These results suggest that inhibition of PRL secretion after A1 receptor activation by R-PIA is mediated by a Gi protein-dependent mechanism.

Valtatie 3 Tampere-Vaasa : Palvelutasolähtöinen kehityskäytäväselvitys

Valtatie 3 Tampere-Vaasa kehityskäytäväselvitys on Liikenneviraston liikennepoliittiseen selontekoon liittyvä yhteysvälin liikenneselvitys. Valtatie 3 on yksi Suomen tärkeimmistä ja vilkkaimmista päätieyhteyksistä sekä osa kansainvälistä Euroopan laajuista kattavaa verkkoa (TEN-T ja E12) Tampereelta Vaasaan. Tarkasteluosuuden pituus on 230 km. Tampereen, Seinäjoen ja Vaasan välisissä kuljetuksissa tavaraliikenne keskittyy valtatielle 3. Yhteysvälin päissä, Tampereen ja Vaasan kaupunkiseuduilla liikennemäärät ovat suuria 9 000 - 16 900 ajon./vrk. Tarkastelujakson keskiosissa liikenne on hieman vähäisempää, mutta esimerkiksi Parkanon pohjoispuolella korostuu raskaan liikenteen suuret määrät. Yhteysvälin haasteina ovat ennen kaikkea turvallisten ohitusmahdollisuuksien puute, kuljetusten hallittavuus, puutteet matka-ajassa ja sen ennakoitavuudessa sekä joukkoliikenteenyhteys puutteet, joita 1.vaiheen kehittämistoimenpiteillä on pyritty parantamaan. Toimenpiteet on muodostettu palvelutasoanalyysin ja kehittämisvaihtoehtojen kustannustehokkuus- ja vaikuttavuusarvioiden perusteella. Työssä tutkittiin ja vertailtiin neljää vaihtoehtoista koria, joista suositusehdotus muodostettiin yhteistyössä Pirkanmaan ja Etelä-Pohjanmaan ELY-keskusten, Liikenneviraston ja alueen maakuntaliittojen kesken. Valtatietä 3 parannetaan pääosin nykyisellä paikallaan kaksikaistaisena, mutta tie on tavoitetilassa 4-kaistainen Tampereelta Hämeenkyröön ja Vaasasta Laihialle. Merkittävin parannushanke on Hämeenkyrön ohitustie, jossa valtatie on 4-kaistainen ja ohittaa nykyisen ongelmallisen Hämeenkyrön taajamaosuuden. 1.vaiheen hankepaketti sisältää myös useita ohituskaistahankkeita, sekä pienempiä liittymä ja liikenneturvallisuushankkeita, jotka on katsottu kustannustehokkaiksi. Valtatien 3 ensimmäisen vaiheen hankkeiden kustannusarvio on 158 miljoonaa euroa. Hanke on taloudellisesti kannattava ja sen hyöty-kustannussuhde on 1,3. Hankkeen suunnitelmavalmius on hyvä. Useita tiesuunnitelmia on hyväksytty tai valmiina hyväksymiskäsittelyyn.

Determining aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in maize using florisil clean up with thin layer chromatography and visual and densitometric quantification

A method for determining aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2),G1 (AFG1) andG2 (AFG2) in maize with florisil clean up was optimised aiming at one-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis with visual and densitometric quantification. Aflatoxins were extracted with chloroform: water (30:1, v/v), purified through florisil cartridges, separated on TLC plate, detected and quantified by visual and densitometric analysis. The in-house method performance characteristics were determined by using spiked, naturally contaminated maize samples, and certified reference material. The mean recoveries for aflatoxins were 94.2, 81.9, 93.5 and 97.3% in the range of 1.0 to 242 µg/kg for AFB1, 0.3 to 85mg/kg for AFB2, 0.6 to 148mg/kg for AFG1 and 0.6 to 140mg/kg for AFG2, respectively. The correlation values between visual and densitometric analysis for spiked samples were higher than 0.99 for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and 0.98 for AFG2. The mean relative standard deviations (RSD) for spiked samples were 16.2, 20.6, 12.8 and 16.9% for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2, respectively. The RSD of the method for naturally contaminated sample (n = 5) was 16.8% for AFB1 and 27.2% for AFB2. The limits of detection of the method (LD) were 0.2, 0.1, 0.1 and 0.1mg/kg and the limits of quantification (LQ) were 1.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.6mg/kg for AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2, respectively.