An agenda-setting model of electoral competition

This paper presents a model of electoral competition focusing on the formation of thepublic agenda. An incumbent government and a challenger party in opposition competein elections by choosing the issues that will key out their campaigns. Giving salience toan issue implies proposing an innovative policy proposal, alternative to the status-quo.Parties trade off the issues with high salience in voters concerns and those with broadagreement on some alternative policy proposal. Each party expects a higher probabilityof victory if the issue it chooses becomes salient in the voters decision. But remarkably,the issues which are considered the most important ones by a majority of votes may notbe given salience during the electoral campaign. An incumbent government may survivein spite of its bad policy performance if there is no sufficiently broad agreement on apolicy alternative. We illustrate the analytical potential of the model with the case of theUnited States presidential election in 2004.

Social security in theory and practice (II): Efficiency theories, narrative theories and implications for reform

166 countries have some kind of public old age pension. What economic forcescreate and sustain old age Social Security as a public program? Mulligan and Sala-i-Martin (1999b) document several of the internationally and historically common features of social security programs, and explore "political" theories of Social Security. This paper discusses the "efficiency theories", which view creation of the SS program as a full of partial solution to some market failure. Efficiency explanations of social security include the "SS as welfare for the elderly" the "retirement increases productivity to optimally manage human capital externalities", "optimal retirement insurance", the "prodigal father problem", the "misguided Keynesian", the "optimal longevity insurance", the "governmenteconomizing transaction costs", and the "return on human capital investment". We also analyze four "narrative" theories of social security: the "chain letter theory", the "lump of labor theory", the "monopoly capitalism theory", and the "Sub-but-Nearly-Optimal policy response to private pensions theory".The political and efficiency explanations are compared with the international and historical facts and used to derive implications for replacing the typical pay-as-you-go system with a forced savings plan. Most of the explanations suggest that forced savings does not increase welfare, and may decrease it.

PPARβ/δ governs Wnt signaling and bone turnover.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) act as metabolic sensors and central regulators of fat and glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, PPARγ has been implicated as major catabolic regulator of bone mass in mice and humans. However, a potential involvement of other PPAR subtypes in the regulation of bone homeostasis has remained elusive. Here we report a previously unrecognized role of PPARβ/δ as a key regulator of bone turnover and the crosstalk between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In contrast to activation of PPARγ, activation of PPARβ/δ amplified Wnt-dependent and β-catenin-dependent signaling and gene expression in osteoblasts, resulting in increased expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and attenuation of osteoblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Accordingly, PPARβ/δ-deficient mice had lower Wnt signaling activity, lower serum concentrations of OPG, higher numbers of osteoclasts and osteopenia. Pharmacological activation of PPARβ/δ in a mouse model of postmenopausal osteoporosis led to normalization of the altered ratio of tumor necrosis factor superfamily, member 11 (RANKL, also called TNFSF11) to OPG, a rebalancing of bone turnover and the restoration of normal bone density. Our findings identify PPARβ/δ as a promising target for an alternative approach in the treatment of osteoporosis and related diseases.

Distribución del contenido de fosfatos en la región de la corriente del Perú

Contiene información de la distribución del contenido de fosfatos en la región de la corriente del Perú, la distribución y variación anual de fosfatos y oxígeno en la región marítima del Perú (febrero 1961 a enero 1962) y la distribución y variación anual de fosfato y oxigeno disuelto en el área marítima del Perú durante el año 1962.

Outbreak of Mycobacterium haemophilum infections after permanent makeup of the eyebrows.

We report a Mycobacterium haemophilum outbreak after permanent make-up of the eyebrows performed by the same freelance artist. Twelve patients presented an eyebrow lesion and cervical lymphadenitis. All were treated with antibiotics. Surgery was required in 10 cases. M. haemophilum DNA was identified in the make-up ink.

Pääministeri Johannes Virolainen 13/4 1966

Kirje

Suurlähettiläs Jussi Mäkinen 14/10 1969

Kirje 14.10.1969

Pesquisa de Contaminações Microbiológicas na Carne Bovina na Cidade da Praia

O presente trabalho relata as condições microbiológicas da carne bovina comercializada no talho do mercado do Plateau, bem como as condições higiénicas das superfícies de contacto das carnes. Para o estudo foi utilizado como parâmetros: presença / ausência de Salmonella, contagem de Staphilococcus coagulase positiva e Echerichia Coli β-glucuronidase positiva na carne bovina e contagem de Coliformes totais e Aeróbios mesofilos nas superfícies de contacto das carnes bovinas. Para a realização desse estudo foram seleccionadas três tipos de amostras da carne bovina (alcatra, costela e acém) e três tipos de superfícies de contacto da carne bovina (balanças, facas e mesas). As amostras foram recolhidas em oito semanas decorridas no período de Julho a Setembro de 2011 e analisadas no Laboratório de Controlo de Qualidades da Inpharma – InLab. Os resultados foram classificados de acordo com o Regulamento (CE) Nº 1441/2007 e APHA 2001. Os resultados evidenciam que as condições higiénicas das superfícies de contacto da carne bovina não são das melhores evidenciando números elevados de contagem de Coliformes totais e Aeróbios mesofilos que ultrapassam os limites da APHA. Em relação aos resultados das amostras das carnes bovinas, está muito contaminada evidenciando presenças de Salmonella e números elevados de Staphilococcus coagulase positiva e Echerichia Coli βglucuronidase positiva, pondo em causa a qualidade da carne bovina comercializadas neste estabelecimento público.

Réanimation cardio-pulmonaire et travail en équipe : réflexion autour du concept aéronautique de "Crew Resource Management"

La prise en charge intra-hospitalière des arrêts cardio-respiratoires s'appuie sur une application précoce des gestes de base de la réanimation cardio- pulmonaire (massage cardiaque, ventilation pulmonaire, défibrillation) par les soignants. À l'heure actuelle, les formations à la réanimation cardio-pulmonaire impliquent uniquement l'apprentissage de gestes techniques et de connaissances théoriques, mais omettent totalement les aspects relationnels, ainsi que les problèmes de communication et de travail en équipe. Au travers d'une revue critique de la littérature médicale et aéronautique, nous proposons une nouvelle piste de formation dans le domaine de la réanimation cardio-pulmonaire. En s'appuyant sur les travaux réalisés dans l'aviation, dans les domaines de l'erreur humaine et du travail en équipe, nous offrons finalement une adaptation du "Crew Resource Management" ainsi qu'une série de recommandations, visant à intégrer les éléments relationnels et le facteur humain dans les cours de réanimations cardio-pulmonaires.

Length of activity season drives geographic variation in body size of a widely distributed lizard

Understanding the factors that drive geographic variation in life history is an important challenge in evolutionary ecology. Here, we analyze what predicts geographic variation in life-history traits of the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara, which has the globally largest distribution range of all terrestrial reptile species. Variation in body size was predicted by differences in the length of activity season, while we found no effects of environmental temperature per se. Females experiencing relatively short activity season mature at a larger size and remain larger on average than females in populations with relatively long activity seasons. Interpopulation variation in fecundity was largely explained by mean body size of females and reproductive mode, with viviparous populations having larger clutch size than oviparous populations. Finally, body size-fecundity relationship differs between viviparous and oviparous populations, with relatively lower reproductive investment for a given body size in oviparous populations. While the phylogenetic signal was weak overall, the patterns of variation showed spatial effects, perhaps reflecting genetic divergence or geographic variation in additional biotic and abiotic factors. Our findings emphasize that time constraints imposed by the environment rather than ambient temperature play a major role in shaping life histories in the common lizard. This might be attributed to the fact that lizards can attain their preferred body temperature via behavioral thermoregulation across different thermal environments. Length of activity season, defining the maximum time available for lizards to maintain optimal performance, is thus the main environmental factor constraining growth rate and annual rates of mortality. Our results suggest that this factor may partly explain variation in the extent to which different taxa follow ecogeographic rules.

Interferência da fração mineral na estimativa do grau de humificação da matéria orgânica em agregados organominerais por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica

A concentração de radicais livres semiquinona (CRLS), determinada por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR), é considerada um índice do grau de humificação, sendo uma importante determinação em estudos qualitativos da matéria orgânica do solo. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a interferência da fração mineral na quantificação da CRLS em agregados organominerais 20-53, 2-20 e < 2 ∝m de Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo, Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro e Latossolo Roxo. A CRLS foi determinada pela área do sinal, estimada pela aproximação intensidade do sinal (I, em cm), multiplicada pela sua largura de linha ao quadrado (∆H², em Gauss). Os parâmetros espectrais I e ∆H foram obtidos em espectros de EPR com e sem interferência da fração mineral. No Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo e no Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro, foram detectados dois sinais de radicais livres, um com um valor g 2,004 e largura de linha de 5-6 G, típico de radicais livres semiquinona, outro com um valor g 2,000 e largura de linha de 2-3 G, associado à fração mineral, especificamente ao quartzo (SiO2), como confirmado posteriormente por análise de amostra purificada. Nestes solos, a interferência da fração mineral na obtenção dos parâmetros I e ∆H resultou num erro na estimativa da CRLS de -7 a +488%, comparativamente às quantificações realizadas a partir dos espectros sem interferência da fração mineral. No Latossolo Roxo, os altos teores de Fe3+ não permitiram detectar os sinais dos radicais livres semiquinona por causa da sobreposição dos sinais do metal. A eliminação da interferência da fração mineral demonstrou ser um pré-requisito fundamental no estudo da matéria orgânica por EPR em agregados organominerais, para a qual são sugeridos alguns procedimentos alternativos.

Recueil, formé de 1573 à 1578, d'extraits (généalogies, chartes, épitaphes, etc.) concernant l'histoire des familles de Lorraine, attribué à Nicolas Bousmard, chanoine de l'église de Verdun (d'après D. Calmet, Bibl. lorr., 165).

Contient : Épitaphes des Cordeliers de Neufchâteau ; Épitaphes de Bayon ; Épitaphes de l'abbaye de Beaupré ; Épitaphes de Magnières ; Épitaphes des Cordeliers de Mirecourt ; Épitaphes des Carmes de Besançon ; Épitaphes des Cordeliers de Besançon ; Épitaphes de Bourbonne ; Épitaphes de l'abbaye de Morimond ; Épitaphes de Beaufrémont ; Épitaphes de Remennecourt ; Copie abrégée de l'épitomé de Jean Daucy ; Extrait du Trésor de l'évêché de Verdun

Effects of perinatal stress and maternal traumatic stress on the cortisol regulation of preterm infants.

Preterm infants experience intense stress during the perinatal period because they endure painful and intense medical procedures. Repeated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during this period may have long-term effects on subsequent cortisol regulation. A premature delivery may also be intensely stressful for the parents, and they may develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Usable saliva samples were collected (4 times per day over 2 days, in the morning at awakening, at midday, in the afternoon, and in the evening before going to bed) to assess the diurnal cortisol regulation from 46 preterm infants when the infants were 12 months of corrected age (∼ 14 months after birth). Mothers reported their level of PTSD symptoms. The results showed an interaction between perinatal stress and maternal traumatic stress on the diurnal cortisol slope of preterm infants (R(2) = .32). This suggests that the HPA axis of preterm infants exposed to high perinatal stress may be more sensitive to subsequent environmental stress.