1000 resultados para 610610 Psicología fisiológica
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The germination of cotton seeds and the seedlings emergency are generally delayed and reduced by the salinity. Although the cotton is considered a tolerant culture, it can suffer substantial reductions in regarding its growth and production when exposed to salinity condition. The aims of this study went evaluate the effect of the saline stress in the germination phase to four cotton genotypes (BRS Rubi, BRS Safira, BRS 201 and CNPA 187 8H), using different osmotic potentials generated with increment of sodium chloride (NaCl). The saline stress was simulated using NaCl aqueous solutions in the potentials: 0.0 (Control); -0.2; -0.4; -0.6; -0.8 and -1.0 MPa. The treatments were monitored by means of tests for analysis of seeds, germination, first counting, speed germination index, length of shoot, radicle length, dry weigth of embrionic axis and shoot/radicle ratio. The tests for germination, first counting and index of germination speed were accomplished using 50 seeds for repetition and for the study of length of shoot, radicle length, dry weigth of embrionic axis and shoot/radicle ratio were used 20 seeds by repetition. For both tests four repetitions were accomplished by genotype for each one of the potentials. The seeds of each repetition were involved in papers Germitest humidified with NaCl solution corresponding to the potential. The repetitions of both tests were maintained in a germinator with saturated humidity. The analysis were initiate four days after the induction of the saline stress. The evaluations of the first three variables analyzed were accomplished daily; the seeds were remove and counted when its germinated. For the length tests just the repetitions corresponding to the potential of NaCl 0,0 MPa were analysis 4 days after the beginning of the induction of the saline stress. The analysis of the repetitions of the potentials -0,2 and -0,4 and of the potentials -0,6, -0,8 and -1,0 MPa they were accomplished with 12 and 20 days, respectively. For accomplishment of the analisis of this test the shoot of the 20 plantules of each repetition was separate from the radicle and both parts were measured. The statistical analyses were performed using the GENMOD and GLM procedures of the SAS. For the variable germination, the cultivates CNPA 187 8H and BRS Safira stood out for the potential -0.8 MPa, with averages of 89% and 81%, respectively. The test of speed germination index to cultivate BRS Safira presented the largest averages for the two higher saline potentials. It was observed that the increase of the saline potential reduces the germination percentage and speed germination index. For each day of evaluation it was verified that the increase of the saline potential causes a reduction of the length both of the shoot and of the radicle. The radicle tends to grow more than the shoot until the potential -0,4 MPa
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The shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei has been grown in highly variable environments, especially in relation to salinity and water temperature. The adjustment to such conditions mainly involves changes in behavior, physiology, particularly in the immune response. This may consequently reduce the welfare of these animals. Despite the widespread farming of the species, little is known about their behavioral and physiological responses under stressful conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the influence of different salinities and temperatures in the behavior of the marine shrimp L. vannamei, and its relation to the total hemocytes count. In the laboratory, juvenile shrimp were kept in glass aquaria with a closed water recirculation system, continuous aeration and filtration, and under a 12:12 h light/dark cycle. Behavioral observations occurred 1, 4, 7 and 10 h after the start of each phase (light or dark). To assess the influence of salinity, shrimp were first acclimated and then observed at 2, 30 or 50 ppm salinity water, while temperatures tested were 18, 28 and 33 ° C. At the end of each experiment (30 days), shrimp hemolymph was collected for subsequent total hemocytes count (THC), a parameter used to assess stress. In general, feeding behavior was modified under lower salinity and temperature, with reduced values in feeding, exploration and digestive tract filling. Inactivity and burrowing were prevalent under extreme conditions water salinity and temperature, respectively: 2 and 50 ppm and 18 and 33 ° C; crawling was also less frequent under these conditions. In regards to light/dark cycle, shrimp were more active during the dark phase (crawling and swimming), while burrowing was higher during the light phase, regardless of salinity or temperature of the water. Inactivity behavior did not vary according to the light/dark cycle. Moreover, the total hemocytes count (THC) was reduced under 2 and 50 ppm salinity and 18 ° C temperature. Farming of L. vannamei under extremely low or high salinities and low temperatures is harmful. This suggests the species must be cultivated in salinities closer to those of the sea as well as at high temperatures, which seems to be ideal for a management focused on animal welfare, therefore, producing healthier shrimp
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An important factor in crop production is the nutrient liberation matching the growth rates, so these combined effects together with plant development can reach the best results. In this work, the times of nitrogen application (topdressing) were tested in the rate of 120 kg ha(-1) of N, applied at 20 (T20), 25 (T25), 30 (T30), 35 (T35) and 40 (T40) days after emergency in eight cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L) (Maria, Kodama, Mikado, Flavia, Luiza, Amelia, Dileta and Marina). Here, the aim was to evaluate the effect of these treatments on yield and seed quality in Cerrado Region. After harvest, the seeds were submitted to the quality tests (germination tests, electric conductivity and emergency under field conditions). The results showed that the peas crops are not influenced by the N timing application. Amongst the eight cultivars studied, the best productivity were for Mariana, Mikado, Amelia, Maria and Flavia and the lowest yield was for Kodama cultivar. The cultivar Mikado showed the best results for the quality tests.
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This study aims to determine the amount of nutrients and toxic elements in aquatic macrophytes of species Eichhornia crassipes present in River Apodi/Mossoró - RN and check some of the possibilities of using the biomass produced, based on the influence of space - temporal and physiological absorption of nutrients by plants. For this, was determined: Leaf area, Leaf wet mass, Leaf dry mass, Real humidity, Apparent humidity, Ash, Total nitrogen, Crude protein, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Total phosphorus, Sodium, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt, Aluminum, Cadmium, Lead and Total chromium at different times, 2 sampling points and 2 parts of plants (leaves and roots). The results show that the levels of nutrients, protein and toxic elements present in plant tissue of Eichhornia crassipes are influenced by spatial, temporal and physiological variability. In general, because the maximum values in the dry matter for total nitrogen (4.4088 g/100g), crude protein (27.5549 g/100g), total phosphorus (0.642 g/100 g), calcium (1.444 g/100g), magnesium (0.732 g/100 g), potassium (7.51 g/100 g), copper (4.4279 mg/100g), manganese (322.668 mg/100g), sodium (1.39 g/100g), iron (194.169 mg/100g) and zinc (3.5836 mg/100g), there was the possibility of using biomass of Eichhornia crassipes for various purposes such as in food animal, products production for human consumption, organic fertilizers, fabrication of brick low cost, and crafts. For all these applications requires a control of the levels of substances in plant tissue. Based on the levels of nutrients and crude protein, the younger plants (0 Month) would be best to have their biomass used. Moreover, one factor that contributes to the use of larger plants (6 Months), the levels of toxic elements which have significantly small or below the detection limit. Therefore, further studies quantifying the biomass produced/m2 at 0 and 6 months are needed for a more correct choice for the best time of harvest
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Information regarding the use of growth regulators in sunn hemp is still scarce, especially on the physiologic quality of seeds and growth seedlings. In this aspect, product knowledge and application rate stands out as relevant factors in production of quality seeds. This work aimed to evaluated the effect of the foliar application of growth regulators (mepiquat chloride, etil-trinexapac and paclobutrazol) in different rates (0; 75; 150; 225 and 300 g ha(-1)), on the physiological quality of seeds and growth seedlings of Crotalaria juncea cultivated in no-tillage system. The treatments were disposed in randomized complete block design in factorial scheme 3 x 5 (regulators x rates of application), with four replications. The results were submitted to the variance analysis, with the growth regulators compared by Tukey test and the rates for polynomial regression. Not if recommended the application of mepiquat chloride in sunn hemp culture by reducing the potential of seeds germination and dry biomass of seedlings. The etil-trinexapac must be applied in rate of 300 g ha(-1), based on the reduction of moisture content and the electrical conductivity of seeds, the greater total length of seedlings and dry biomass of seedlings. The paclobutrazol must be applied in rate of 75 g ha(-1), considering the potential and speed of seeds germination.
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The high quality of seed trading for producers is very important to obtain high productivity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different periods of artificial seed aging on contents of sugars, proteins, amino acids and ions, on imbibition solution of electrical conductivity test, as well as its relationships with standard germination and vigor in bean seeds at the Perola cultivar. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis - Faculdade de Engenharia - Unesp - Campus de Ilha Solteira. The experimental design was in completely randomized blocks. The seeds were submitted to eight accelerated aging conditions (zero, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours). The seed germination, seed vigor and leakage contents in exudates of bulk conductivity were Influenced by the increase in the time of seed exposition to accelerated aging. After seventy-two hours of exposition to the aging, a considerable decline in seed germination and vigor was observed. There was also an increase of leakage contents, such as amino acids, sugars, potassium and phosphorus ions. The increase of leakage contents is inversely related to seeds germination and vigor.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses e épocas de aplicação de manganês, por via foliar, na produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes do feijoeiro irrigado 'Pérola', cultivado em Neossolo Quatizarênico. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 4x3, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de quatro doses de Mn (0, 150, 300 e 600 g ha-1) aplicadas em três épocas: R5 (pré-florescimento), R6 (florescimento pleno) e divididas metade em R5 e metade em R6. Mesmo em solo com alto teor de Mn, a aplicação via foliar do nutriente aumentou o número de vagens por planta, a massa de 100 sementes e a produtividade de sementes do feijoeiro. Não houve diferença entre o fornecimento de Mn via foliar no pré-florescimento e no florescimento do feijoeiro. A germinação de sementes de feijão não foi afetada pelas aplicações de Mn via foliar em diferentes épocas e doses. O índice de velocidade de emergência diminuiu com a aplicação de Mn.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Estudaram-se os efeitos da aplicação de cinco doses e três fontes de nitrogênio sobre a produção e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão-vagem, cv. Macarrão Trepador - Hortivale, no período de setembro/2000 a fevereiro/2001, no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, em Areia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial (3 x 5) + 1, correspondendo às fontes (nitrato de cálcio, sulfato de amônio e uréia) e doses (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100kg.ha-1) de nitrogênio, e um tratamento adicional sem adubação (testemunha), com quatro repetições. As fontes nitrato de cálcio e sulfato de amônio, na dose de 100kg.ha-1, e uréia, na dose de 55kg.ha-1 de N, proporcionaram as produções de sementes no feijão-vagem de 2.571, 3.219 e 2.221kg.ha-1, respectivamente. O nitrogênio, em todas as fontes, influenciou positivamente a germinação e o vigor (índice de velocidade de germinação e emergência em campo) da semente do feijão-vagem. As doses de 68,8 e 49kg.ha-1 de N, fontes nitrato de cálcio e uréia foram responsáveis pelos valores máximos para a porcentagem de germinação, 72 e 75%, respectivamente. Para a fonte sulfato de amônio ocorreu aumento linear da porcentagem de germinação, à medida que se elevaram as doses de nitrogênio, sendo que na dose de 100kg.ha-1 obteve-se um porcentual de 84%. O índice de velocidade de germinação apresentou valores mais elevados, 6,0; 7,7 e 6,9 nas doses de 49; 71 e 53kg.ha-1 de N, fontes nitrato de cálcio, uréia e sulfato de amônio, respectivamente. A emergência em campo aumentou linearmente com elevação das doses de N (fonte nitrato de cálcio), sendo a emergência máxima (70%) obtida na dose de 100 kg ha-1 de N em cada fonte. O sulfato de amônio deve ser recomendado como fonte de N, em programas de produção de sementes de feijão-vagem.
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O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do tratamento fungicida durante e após a armazenagem, na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja. Utilizaram-se sementes da cultivar BR-16, produzidas na safra de 1999/2000 e armazenadas em Marechal Cândido Rondon - PR. Para o tratamento utilizou-se a mistura de carbendazin + thiram, na dosage de 30 e 70g de i.a./100kg de semente, respectivamente. Realizou-se o tratamento de amostras mensalmente, de maio a dezembro de 2000, sendo as sementes analisadas imediatamente após o procedimento. Sementes sem tratamento representaram a testemunha. As amostras tratadas e armazenadas foram analisadas e comparadas com as tratadas e analisadas imediatamente antes da semeadura (dezembro de 2000). A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada através dos testes de germinação, de tetrazólio para vigor e viabilidade e emergência em campo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições por tratamento para cada teste. Realizou-se a comparação das médias através do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O teste de germinação e o de tetrazólio não evidenciaram efeito negativo do tratamento fungicida anterior ao período de armazenagem sobre a qualidade das sementes. As sementes tratadas e não apresentaram decréscimo de viabilidade e de vigor, atingindo valores de germinação inferiores a 75%, em dezembro de 2000. Na emergência em campo, constatou-se que as sementes mantidas tratadas por mais de quatro meses apresentaram desempenho inferior comparativamente às tratadas nas demais épocas.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito das formas de secagem, durante a maturação, sobre o desenvolvimento e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de mucuna-preta. No primeiro experimento, inflorescências foram etiquetadas no início de florescimento e as colheitas iniciaram-se duas semanas após; no segundo, as colheitas foram iniciadas 40 dias após 50% de florescimento das plantas; em ambos, as colheitas foram feitas a intervalos semanais até o estádio de vagens secas. As sementes de cada colheita do primeiro experimento foram secadas, em condições ambientais de laboratório, no interior de vagens fechadas ou abertas (sementes expostas) e determinados a massa de 100 sementes, o comprimento, a largura e a espessura das sementes, enquanto no segundo foram secadas no interior de vagens fechadas ou extraídas das vagens e submetidas ao teste de germinação. A secagem no interior das vagens promove o desenvolvimento de sementes imaturas, antecipa a formação de sementes duras e aumenta o número dessas nas imaturas comparativamente às sementes secadas em vagens abertas ou após a extração.
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O teste de condutividade elétrica tem sido excelente ferramenta para avaliar a qualidade de sementes de diversas espécies e, mais recentemente, estudos têm sido conduzidos visando verificar sua aplicabilidade em sementes florestais. Assim este trabalho objetivou estabelecer metodologia específica do teste de condutividade elétrica para sementes de branquilho. Foram usados três lotes de sementes resultantes do armazenamento em embalagens de vidro (Lote I), pano (Lote II) e papel (Lote III), em câmara fria (10ºC e 60% UR), por cinco meses, os quais foram submetidos ao teste de germinação, avaliando-se a porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de germinação. No teste de condutividade elétrica foram estudadas três quantidades de sementes por repetição (25, 50 e 75 sementes), três volumes de água deionizada (50, 75 e 100mL) e 11 tempos de embebição das sementes (2, 4, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48 e 72h), a 25ºC. O lote I apresentou maior porcentagem e velocidade de germinação. O teste de condutividade elétrica possibilitou a mesma discriminação dos lotes que o teste de germinação, em combinações variadas dos fatores estudados. Foi possível separar o lote de melhor qualidade fisiológica (Lote I) dos demais lotes, já a partir de 2 horas de embebição, utilizando-se amostras de 75 sementes embebidas em 50, 75 ou 100mL de água; ou amostras de 50 sementes embebidas em 50mL de água, a partir de 18 horas de embebição. Desta forma, pode-se recomendar o uso de 75 sementes, embebidas em 75mL de água, por 24 horas à temperatura de 25ºC, para a condução do teste de condutividade elétrica.