Influence of Er:YAG Laser Frequency on Dentin Caries Removal Capacity

The purposes of this study were to evaluate in vitro the influence of different frequencies of Er:YAG laser on the human dentin caries removal capacity. Thirty fragments obtained from third molars were randomly assigned into three groups (n = 10) according to the laser frequency used: 4, 6, and 10 Hz. The caries lesion (+/-1 mm deep) was induced before the irradiation by S. mutans cultures for 6 weeks. The specimens of all groups were irradiated with 200 mJ of energy in noncontact and focused mode under constant refrigeration (water flow: 2.5 mL/min). Quantitative analysis of the caries removal was performed by DIAGNOdent (TM) and the Axion Vision (TM) software. Qualitative analysis was performed by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscope (LM). Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Fishers` tests. The DIAGNOdent (TM) revealed that the caries removal was similar with 4 and 6 Hz and was superior with 10 Hz (P < 0.05). The analysis with Axion Vision (TM) software revealed that the caries removal was similar with 6 and 10 Hz and the 4 Hz group promoted the lowest caries removal. Through SEM morphologic analysis, some specimens irradiated with 4 Hz presented, under the demineralized dentin, a disorganized collagenous matrix. The LM images revealed that all frequencies used promoted irregular caries removal, being observed over preparations with 6 and 10 Hz. It can be concluded that the increase of Er:YAG laser frequency provided a higher dentin caries removal without selectivity to the disorganized dentin. Microsc. Res. Tech. 74:281-286, 2011. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Synthesis of (2S)-isopropyl-5-alkynylpyrimidin-2-ones: precursors of beta-aminoacids

The efficient palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of (2S)-isopropyl-5-iodo-2,3-dihydro-4(H)-pyrimidin-4-one with, arylethynyl-, heteroarylethynyl-, and alkylethynyltrifluoroborate salts is reported. The standard protocol was evaluated and optimized in order to gain access to suitable precursors of enantiopure 2-substituted beta-amino acids. The scope and limitations of this methodology are discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Functionalization of (2S)-Isopropyl-5-iodo-2,3-dihydro-4(H)-pyrimidin-4-ones by a Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction Using Aryltrifluoroborate Salts: Convenient Enantioselective Preparation of alpha-Substituted beta-Amino Acids

A simple protocol for the Pd(OAc)(2)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 1-benzoyl-(2S)-isopropyl-5-iodo-2,3-dihydro-4(H)-pyrimidin-4-ones with potassium aryltrifluoroborates was developed. The reaction is performed at 110 degrees C with a ligand-free catalyst. In all cases, complete conversion of the 1-benzoyl-(2S)-isopropyl-5-iodo-2,3-dihydro-4(H)-pyrimidin-4-ones and aryltrifluoroborates into the C-C coupling products was observed within 30-360 min. It is noteworthy that a large variety of groups present in the potassium aryltrifluoroborates (-CF(3), -OMe, -SEt, -CN, -CHO, -Cl, -Cbz, -NCbz, -OH, -CO(2)H) could be tolerated. Hydrogenation of the endocyclic double bonds in the Suzuki-Miyaura products followed by acid hydrolysis afforded highly enantioenriched alpha-aryl-substituted beta-amino acids.

Synthesis of 5-alkynyl-2,2,6-trimethyl-1,3-dioxin-4-ones and 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles

Herein we report an approach to the formation of 5-alkynyl-1,3-dioxin-4-ones using Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of potassium alkynyltrifluoroborate salts with 2,2,6-trimethy1-5-iodo-1,3-dioxin-4-one. The resulting 5-ethynyltrimethylsilyl-1,3-dioxin-4-ones obtained through the Sonogashira reaction were further reacted in a Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to form functionalized 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in good yields, using mild conditions and ultrasonic radiation to expedite the reaction. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Correlation of habitual physical activity levels with flow mediated dilation of the brachial artery in 5-10 year old children

Endothelial dysfunction is an early key event of atherogenesis. Both fitness level and exercise intervention have been shown to positively influence endothelial function. In a cross-sectional study of 47 children, the relationship between habitual physical activity and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was explored. Habitual physical activity levels (PALs) were assessed using a validated stable isotope technique, and FMD of the brachial artery was measured via high-resolution ultrasound. The results showed that habitual physical activity significantly correlated with FMD (r=0.39, P=0.007), and remained the most influential variable on dilation in multivariate analysis. Although both fitness level and exercise intervention have previously been shown to positively influence FMD, this is the first time that a relationship with normal PALs has been investigated, especially, at such a young age. These data support the concept that physical activity exerts its protective effect on cardiovascular health via the endothelium and add further emphasis to the importance of physical activity in childhood.

Habitual physical activity and physical activity intensity: their relation to body composition in 5.0-10.5 year old children

Background: Concerns of a decrease in physical activity levels (PALs) of children and a concurrent increase in childhood obesity exist worldwide. The exact relation between these two parameters however has as yet to be fully defined in children. Objective: This study examined the relation in 47 children, aged 5–10.5 y (mean age 8.4plusminus0.9 y) between habitual physical activity, minutes spent in moderate, vigorous and hard intensity activity and body composition parameters. Design: Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated using the doubly labelled water technique and basal metabolic rate (BMR) was predicted from Schofield's equations. PAL was determined by PAL=TEE/BMR. Time spent in moderate, vigorous and hard intensity activity was determined by accelerometry, using the Tritrac-R3D. Body fatness and body mass index (BMI) were used as the two measures of body composition. Results: Body fat and BMI were significantly inversely correlated with PAL (r=-0.43, P=0.002 and r=-0.45, P=0.001). Times spent in vigorous activity and hard activity were significantly correlated to percentage body fat (r=-0.44, P=0.004 and r=-0.39, P=0.014), but not BMI. Children who were in the top tertiles for both vigorous activity and hard activity had significantly lower body fat percentages than those in the middle and lowest tertiles. Moderate intensity activity was not correlated with measures of body composition. Conclusions: As well as showing a significant relation between PAL and body composition, these data intimate that there may be a threshold of intensity of physical activity that is influential on body fatness. In light of world trends showing increasing childhood obesity, this study supports the need to further investigate the importance of physical activity for children.

Aldermaston Peace March April 5 1964 Brisbane Australia

Three men and a woman during Aldermaston Peace March, April 5 1964 in Brisbane Australia. The march covered the distance between Ipswich and Brisbane, Australia. Marchers walked in relays covering approximately two miles each. Most relay sections were sponsored by one or more individual organisations. Convoy of Volkswagon Beetles and FB Holdens can be seen following them. Facades of Elphinstones store, Masonic Centre and St Andrews can be seen on the left with the People's Palace in the distance and the Central Railway Station on the right.

User guide for shock and blast simulation with the OctVCE code (version 3.5+), Department of Mechanical Engineering Report 2007/13

OctVCE is a cartesian cell CFD code produced especially for numerical simulations of shock and blast wave interactions with complex geometries. Virtual Cell Embedding (VCE) was chosen as its cartesian cell kernel as it is simple to code and sufficient for practical engineering design problems. This also makes the code much more ‘user-friendly’ than structured grid approaches as the gridding process is done automatically. The CFD methodology relies on a finite-volume formulation of the unsteady Euler equations and is solved using a standard explicit Godonov (MUSCL) scheme. Both octree-based adaptive mesh refinement and shared-memory parallel processing capability have also been incorporated. For further details on the theory behind the code, see the companion report 2007/12.

3,5-cycle decompositions

For all odd integers n and all non-negative integers r and s satisfying 3r + 5s = n(n -1)/2 it is shown that the edge set of the complete graph on n vertices can be partitioned into r 3-cycles and s 5-cycles. For all even integers n and all non-negative integers r and s satisfying 3r + 5s = n(n-2)/2 it is shown that the edge set of the complete graph on n vertices with a 1-factor removed can be partitioned into r 3-cycles and s 5-cycles. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Synthesis, structure and magnetism of the oxalato-bridged chromium(III) complex [NBu4n](4)[Cr-2(ox)(5)]center dot 2CHCl(3)

The binuclear complex [NBu4n](4)[Cr-2(ox)(5)]. 2CHCl(3) has been prepared by an ion-exchange procedure employing Dowex 50WX2 cation-exchange resin in the n-butylammonium form and potassium tris(oxalato)chromate(III). The dimeric complex was characterised by a crystal structure determination: monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 29.241(7), b = 15.192(2), c = 22.026(5) Angstrom, beta = 94.07(1)degrees, Z = 4. The magnetic susceptibility (300-4.2 K) indicated that the chromium(III) sites were antiferromagnetically coupled (J = -3.1 cm(-1)).

A new synthesis of chiral aminoalkyloxazolecarboxylate esters from isoxazol-5(2H)-ones: the synthesis of almazoles A and B

2-(1-Aminoalkyl)oxazole-4 and 5-carboxylates are available, without detectable racemisation, by a sequence involving N-acylation of isoxazol-5(2H)one carboxylates with phthalimidoamino acids, photolysis of the acylated product, and hydrazinolysis. An application of the procedure to the synthesis of almazole A and B is described (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A novel mutation in the L12 domain of keratin 5 in the Kobner variant of epidermolysis bullosa simplex

We have identified a novel mutation within the linker L12 region of keratin 5 (K5) in a family with the Kobner variant of epidermolysis bullosa simplex. The pattern of inheritance of the disorder in this family is consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. Affected individuals develop extensive and generalized blistering at birth or early infancy but in later years clinical manifestations are largely confined to palmo-plantar surfaces. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products revealed a T to C transition within codon 323 of K5 in affected individuals, resulting in a valine to alanine substitution of the seventh residue within the L12 linker domain. This mutation was not observed in unaffected family members or in 100 K5 alleles of unrelated individuals with normal skin. The other critical regions of K5 and K14 were unremarkable in this family except for common polymorphisms that have been previously described. The valine at position 7 of the L12 domain is absolutely conserved in all type II keratins, and in other intermediate filament subunits as well, which suggests that this residue makes an important contribution to filament integrity. Secondary structure analysis revealed that alanine at this position markedly reduces both the hydrophobicity and the beta-sheet nature of the L12 domain. This is the first report of a mutation at this position in an intermediate filament subunit and reinforces the importance of this region to filament biology.