Capecitabine and vinorelbine as first-line treatment in elderly patients (> or =65 years) with metastatic breast cancer. A phase II trial (SAKK 25/99)

BACKGROUND: We evaluated previously established regimens of capecitabine plus vinorelbine in older patients with advanced breast cancer stratified for presence versus absence of bone metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients > or =65 years who had received no prior chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer received up to six 21-day cycles of vinorelbine 20 mg/m(2) i.v. on days 1 + 8 with oral capecitabine on days 1-14 (1,000 vs. 1,250 mg/m(2) daily in patients with vs. without bone involvement). RESULTS: Median age was 72 years in patients with bone metastases (n = 47) and 75 years in patients without bone metastases (n = 23). Response rates were 43% (95% confidence interval, CI, 28.3-58.8) and 57% (95% CI = 34.5-76.8), respectively. Median time to progression was 4.3 (95% CI = 3.5-6.0 months) and 7.0 months (CI = 4.1-8.3), respectively. Neutropenia was the most common toxicity, with grade 3/4 occurring in 43 and 39%, respectively. Pulmonary embolism was seen in 5 and grade 3 thrombosis in 3 patients. Other toxicities were mild to moderate. CONCLUSIONS: These regimens of capecitabine and vinorelbine are active and well tolerated in patients with advanced breast cancer > or =65 years. Response rates were comparable to published results. The lower capecitabine doses appeared appropriate given the advanced age, bone involvement and prior radiotherapy.

Antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings 1996 to 2006: patient characteristics, treatment regimens and monitoring in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America

OBJECTIVES: To describe temporal trends in baseline clinical characteristics, initial treatment regimens and monitoring of patients starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource-limited settings. METHODS: We analysed data from 17 ART programmes in 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Asia. Patients aged 16 years or older with documented date of start of highly active ART (HAART) were included. Data were analysed by calculating medians, interquartile ranges (IQR) and percentages by regions and time periods. Not all centres provided data for 2006 and 2005 and 2006 were therefore combined. RESULTS: A total of 36,715 patients who started ART 1996-2006 were included in the analysis. Patient numbers increased substantially in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, and the number of initial regimens declined, to four and five, respectively, in 2005-2006. In South America 20 regimes were used in 2005-2006. A combination of 3TC/D4T/NVP was used for 56% of African patients and 42% of Asian patients; AZT/3TC/EFV was used in 33% of patients in South America. The median baseline CD4 count increased in recent years, to 122 cells/microl (IQR 53-194) in 2005-2006 in Africa, 134 cells/microl (IQR 72-191) in Asia, and 197 cells/microl (IQR 61-277) in South America, but 77%, 78% and 51%, respectively, started with <200 cells/microl in 2005-2006. In all regions baseline CD4 cell counts were higher in women than men: differences were 22cells/microl in Africa, 65 cells/microl in Asia and 10 cells/microl in South America. In 2005-2006 a viral load at 6 months was available in 21% of patients Africa, 8% of Asian patients and 73% of patients in South America. Corresponding figures for 6-month CD4 cell counts were 74%, 77% and 81%. CONCLUSIONS: The public health approach to providing ART proposed by the World Health Organization has been implemented in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Although CD4 cell counts at the start of ART have increased in recent years, most patients continue to start with counts well below the recommended threshold. Particular attention should be paid to more timely initiation of ART in HIV-infected men.

Internationalisierung des Rechts und seine ökonomische Analyse. Festschrift für Hans-Bernd Schäfer zum 65. Geburtstag

Die ökonomische Analyse des Rechts durchdringt heute sämtliche Rechtsgebiete, vom allgemeinen Zivilrecht über das Wirtschaftsrecht bis hin zu den verfassungsrechtlichen Grundlagen. Vor dem Hintergrund von Europäisierung und Internationalisierung des Rechts beschäftigen sich 59 namhafte Rechtswissenschaftler und Ökonomen aus 15 Ländern mit aktuellen Grundsatzfragen und künftigen Perspektiven der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts.

Festschrift für Heike Jung zum 65. Geburtstag am 23. April 2007

Am 23.4.2007 vollendeten Heike Jung, Rechtswissenschaftler und Rechtspolitiker von europäischem Rang, sein 65. Lebensjahr. Aus diesem Anlass überreichten ihm Freunde und Kollegen eine umfängliche Festschrift. An dem beeindruckenden Werk haben 80 Autoren aus ganz Europa mitgewirkt. Die Beiträge repräsentieren die Felder, auf denen Heike Jung jahrzehntelang erfolgreich gearbeitet hat.

Laser-Sintern. Die Schluesseltechnologie des e-Manufacturing TM

e-Manufacturing™, das ist die schnelle, flexible und kostengünstige Fertigung von Produkten, Formen/Werkzeugen oder Modellen direkt aus elektronischen Daten. e-Manufacturing™ schließt Rapid Prototyping, Rapid Tooling oder Rapid Manufacturing ein, geht aber zugleich weit über den Gedanken der schnellen Verfügbarkeit hinaus. Zwar wird auch in Zukunft die schnelle Produktentwicklung eine immer wichtigere Rolle spielen, bei der e-Manufacturing™ für ein verkürztes Time to Market sorgt, Entwicklungskosten verringert und zur Risikominimierung beiträgt. Darüber hinaus entstehen aber auch neue Geschäftsmodelle, da Kleinserienproduktion, steigende Variantenvielfalt und eine individualisierte Produktion (Mass Customization) plötzlich möglich und wirtschaftlich sind und sich neue Logistikkonzepte wie (Spare) parts on demand entwickeln. Die neue Konstruktionsfreiheit des Laser-Sinterns ermöglicht neue Produktkonzepte. Minimale Einschränkungen durch das Fertigungsverfahren erlauben funktionelle Integration und die Fertigung des „Unmöglichen“, da kreisförmige und lineare Werkzeugbewegungen das Produktdesign nicht mehr beeinflussen bzw. limitieren. Auch die Fertigungskonzepte unterliegen einem Wandel und werden deutlich flexibler. Werkzeuglose Produktion, losgrößenangepasste Fertigung und dezentrale Fertigung on demand sind die Schlagworte der Zukunft. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt Beispiele für den erfolgreichen kommerziellen Einsatz von Laser-Sintern in allen Phasen des Produktlebenszyklus. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der direkten Herstellung von Funktionsteilen in der Serienfertigung. Die entscheidenden Faktoren für eine erfolgreiche Einführung und Anwendung von e-Manufacturing™ werden diskutiert. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, wie die neuesten technologischen Innovationen im Laser-Sintern, speziell zur Produktivitätssteigerung, das Spektrum der Anwendungsfelder erweitern, in denen dieses Fertigungsverfahren kostengünstige Lösungen bietet.

Selective uptake, distribution, and redistribution of Cd-109, Co-57, Zn-65, Ni-63, and Cs-134 via xylem and phloem in the heavy metal hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L

The focus of this article was to explore the translocation of Cd-109, Co-57, Zn-65, Ni-63, and Cs-134 via xylem and phloem in the newly found hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. Two experiments with the uptake via the roots and transport of Cd-109, Co-57, and Zn-65 labeled by roots, and the redistribution of Cd-109, Zn-65, Co-57, Ni-63, and Cs-134 using flap label in S. nigrum in a hydroponic culture with a standard nutrient solution were conducted. The results showed that Cd-109 added for 24 h to the nutrient medium of young plants was rapidly taken up, transferred to the shoot, and accumulated in the cotyledons and the oldest leaves but was not efficiently redistributed within the shoot afterward leading to a rather low content in the fruits. In contrast, Co-57 was more slowly taken up and released to the shoot, but afterward, this element was redistributed from older leaves to younger leaves and maturing fruits. Zn-65 was rapidly taken up and transferred to the shoot (mainly to the youngest leaves and not to the cotyledons). Afterward, this radionuclide was redistributed within the shoot to the youngest organs and finally accumulated in the maturing fruits. After flap labeling, all five heavy metals tested (Cd-109, Co-57, Zn-65, Ni-63, Cs-134) were exported from the labeled leaf and redistributed within the plant. The accumulation in the fruits was most pronounced for Ni-63 and Zn-65, while a relatively high percentage of Co-57 was finally found in the roots. Cs-134 was roughly in the middle of them. The transport of Cd-109 differed from that previously reported for wheat or lupin and might be important for the potential of S. nigrum to hyperaccumulate cadmium.