Oxygen isotope ratios in coexisting minerals of regionally metamorphosed rocks

The O¹⁸/O¹⁶ ratios of coexisting minerals from a number of regionally metamorphosed rocks have been measured, using a bromine pentafluoride extraction-technique. Listed in order of their increasing tendency to concentrate O¹⁸, the minerals analyzed are magnetite, ilmenite, chlorite, biotite, garnet, hornblende, kyanite, muscovite, feldspar, and quartz. The only anomalous sequence detected occurs in a xenolith of schist, in which quartz, muscovite, biotite, and ilmenite, but not garnet, have undergone isotopic exchange with surrounding trondjemite.

With few exceptions, quartz-magnetite and quartz-ilmenite fractionations decrease with increasing metamorphic grade determined by mineral paragenesis and spatial distribution. This consistency does not apply to quartz-magnetite and quartz-ilmenite fractionations obtained from rocks in which petrographic evidence of retrogradation is present.

Whereas measured isotopic fractionations among quartz, garnet, ilmenite, and magnetite are approximately related to metamorphic grade, fractionations between these minerals and biotite or muscovite show poor correlation with grade. Variations in muscovite-biotite fractionations are relatively small. These observations are interpreted to mean that muscovite and biotite are affected by retrograde re-equilibration to a greater extent than the anhydrous minerals analyzed.

Measured quartz-ilmenite fractionations range from 12 permil in the biotite zone of central Vermont to 6.5 permil in the sillimanite-orthoclase zone of southeastern Connecticut. Analyses of natural assemblages from the kyanite and sillimanite zones suggest that equilibrium quartz-ilmenite fractionations are approximately 8 percent smaller than corresponding quartz-magnetite fractionations. Employing the quartz-magnetite geothermometer calibrated by O'Neil and Clayton (1964), a temperature of 560°C was obtained for kyanite-bearing schists from Addison County, Vermont. Extending the calibration to quartz-ilmenite fractionations, a temperature of 600°C was obtained for kyanite-schists from Shoshone County, Idaho. At these temperatures kyanite is stable only at pressures exceeding 11 kbars (Bell, 1963), corresponding to lithostatic loads of over 40 km.

Occurrence of the Macrocyclops distinctus (Richard) (Copepoda, cyclopoidida) in Rybinsk reservoir. [Translation of: Materialy po biologii i gidrologii Volzhskikh Vodokhranilishch. Moscow, Leningrad 1963, pp. 13-16]

This brief chapter describes the occurrence Macrocyclops distinctus in the littoral zone of the Rybinsk Reservoir. Sampling was undertaken in summer and autumn 1961. In order to facilitate distinction of M. distinctus and Macrocyclops fuscus the author presents drawings of the whole species and certain characteristic parts of the body, and also gives a description of M. distinctus, comparing it with M. fuscus.

Observations on the behaviour of Polyphemus pediculus and functions of its extremities in the process of feeding. [Translation of: Materialy po biologii i gidrologii Volzhskikh vodokhranilishch, pp. 13-16. Moscow, 1965]

The author summarises observations on the behaviour of Polyphemus pediculus and functions of its extremities in the process of feeding. The crustacean Polyphemus pediculus seizes its prey, kills it and pulverises its food with the help of its extremities. Therefore for a study of its feeding method was necessary not only to have been acquainted in detail with the structure of its extremities, but also to have observed their interaction for the accomplishment of the stated functions.

Ecologia de Astyanax taeniatus na Bacia do Rio Mato Grosso, Saquarema - RJ: Dieta, uso do micro-hábitat e uma breve análise comportamental

Neste trabalho tivemos como objetivo caracterizar a dieta, uso do habitat e padrões comportamentais de Astyanax taeniatus da bacia do Rio Mato Grosso, que encontra-se na porção leste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (22 52 S; 42 40 W e 22 53 S; 42 34 W). Para a análise da dieta, os exemplares foram coletados bimestralmente entre março de 2006 e janeiro de 2007 em três localidades que diferiram pelas variáveis físicas. As observações de uso dos recursos do habitat foram realizadas por observação subaquática, na posição focal dos exemplares avistados, enquanto a quantificação da disponibilidade foi realizada em 50 quadrats de 20x20cm (400cm2) ao longo dos mesmos 50m onde foi realizada a observação sub-aquática. A análise do conteúdo estomacal de 651 exemplares foi realizada sob microscópio estereoscópico de acordo com métodos qualitativos e quantitativos (Freqüência de Ocorrência e Volumétrica). A participação relativa de cada item registrado nos estômagos em relação à totalidade da dieta foi analisada através do Índice Alimentar (IAi). Para verificar possíveis diferenças entre as proporções dos itens de origem animal e vegetal, autóctone e alóctone, os valores proporcionais foram testados pelo 2 de contingência. A partir dos dados de comprimento padrão e comprimento do intestino, foi calculado o valor do quociente intestinal. Os itens de origem vegetal tiveram maior contribuição na dieta da espécie para as localidades com maior altitude, enquanto os itens animais tiveram maior contribuição na localidade baixa. A diferença na contribuição dos itens de origem autóctone e alóctone também foi significativa. Na dieta de jovens e adultos, houve diferença significativa na contribuição de itens de origem vegetal e animal somente na localidade mais alta, onde os adultos consumiram maior quantidade de matéria vegetal. Os valores médios de quociente intestinal em jovens e adultos foram significativamente diferentes nas localidades de maior altitude, com valores maiores para indivíduos adultos. Observamos 52% dos indivíduos em profundidades entre 30 e 45 cm, 72% em áreas de rápido, 72% em velocidades entre 0 e 0,5km/h, 66% encontravam-se distantes da margem entre 40 e 120 cm, 37,6% em substrato do tipo areia e 34,4% em substrato do tipo pedra. De todos os padrões comportamentais observados, aquele que mais se destacou foi o forrageamento, onde 70,91% dos indivíduos estavam forrageando no meio da coluna dágua. Os resultados da dieta reforçam a idéia de as espécies de Astyanax têm hábito alimentar onívoro e oportunista, onde a espécie alimentou-se dos recursos disponíveis no ambiente evidenciando sua alta plasticidade alimentar ao longo do riacho. Espécies do gênero Astyanax são consideradas generalistas em relação ao uso do habitat e altamente ativas, corroborando com os resultados do presente estudo.

Methods of feeding of some macrothricids (Cladocera, Macrothricidae). [Translation from: Informatsionnyi Byulleten Biologiya Vnutrennikh Vod 16, 29-34, 1973.]

The feeding methods of macrothricids was investigated in three species — Ophryoxus gracilis G.O. Sars, Ilyocryptus sordidus (Lievin) and Lathonura rectirostris O.F.Muller. The procuring of food in those species follows two methods: filtration of dispersed particles or scraping off and collecting food from the surface of the substrate. When collecting food by scraping off is the sole method of feeding (as in Lathonura rectirostris), movement along the substrate and feeding are combined so intimately that they appear as parts of one and the same mechanism.

Fundamental aspects of the feeding of the amphipod Gammarus (R.) balcanicus (Crustacea, Amphipoda). [Translation from: Nauchn.Dokl.vyssh.Shkoly (Biol.Nauk) 1970(7) 12-16, 1970]

The amphipods are major food items for many commercial fishes, and they are used as protein food for agricultural animals. In the present paper are presented the results of four-year observations on the feeding of Gammarus balcanicus in nature and in an aquarium. Among the studied aspects were the dependence of daily food ration on sex and physiological state (with and without eggs) and feeding on different kinds of plant food. The study concludes that Gammarus balcanicus willingly feed on soft half-decayed plant residues; into their ration also enters food of animal origin. In contrast to other amphipods, G. balcanicus eats representatives of its own species very rarely, and only dead or immobile ones.

Report on Fourth FIDAWOG Workshop held in Kisumo, 16 to 20 August 1999: summary of proceedings

The FIDAWOG workshop held at the Tom Mboya Labour College in Kisumu was the fourth stock assessment workshop held under the LVFRP programme. There were two main objectives: training in paper and report writing and presentation, and presentation of research results collected to date.

Dangeardia sporapiculata n.sp., the term 'apiculus' and the species limitation of some chytrids [Translation from: Sydowia 16 324-330, 1963]

Taxonomic observations are given on Dangeardia sporapiculata n. sp. Furthermore the term 'apiculus' and the species limitation of some chytrids are being discussed. It is concluded that the newly described species Dangeardia sporapiculata does not fit satisfactorily into the present system of phlyctidiacee, because their characteristics do not agree exactly with any genus.

Mechanism of mass transfer in the formation of hydrothermal deposits of sulphides [Translation from: Trudy Inst.Geol.rudn.Mesterozh. 16, 80 [pages 44-46 ”Solubility of sulphides of iron” only], 1958]

This partial translation of the original paper provides the summary of this study of the mechanism of mass transfer in the formation of hydrothermal deposits of sulphides. For determining the solubility of sulphides of iron, the radioactive isotope Fe59 was used. The solubility of two sulphides was determined.

Envisioning 2050: climate change, aquaculture and fisheries in West Africa. Dakar, Senegal 14-16 April 2010

This report presents the activities and results of the workshop Envisioning 2050: Climate Change, Aquaculture and Fisheries in West Africa. The objectives of the workshop were to discuss critical issues and uncertainties faced by the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Ghana, Senegal and Mauritania, build sectoral scenarios for 2050 and discuss the implication of these scenarios in the context of climate change for the countries and the region.

Vision 2050: changement climatique, pêche et aquaculture en Afrique de l’Ouest Du 14 au 16 avril 2010, Dakar, Sénégal

Ce rapport présente les activités et les résultats de l’atelier Vision 2050: Changement climatique, pêche et aquaculture en Afrique de l’Ouest. Les objectifs de l’atelier étaient de discuter les questions critiques et les incertitudes auxquelles est confronté le secteur de la pêche et de l’aquaculture au Ghana, au Sénégal et en Mauritanie, d’élaborer des scénarios sectoriels pour 2050 et de discuter de l’implication de ces scénarios dans le contexte du changement climatique pour ces pays et la région ouest africaine.