The valuation of riparian fisheries in Southern and Eastern Africa

This paper reviews the published and gray literature concerning economic valuations of river fisheries in eastern and southern Africa, extracting the best available information on their direct economic values and on the impacts of changes in water management on this value. It then assesses the methods used and makes recommendations regarding approaches to be used in future. The review concentrates on rivers with their associated floodplains and major deltas. The values and issues associated with estuaries and lakes are not considered.

Ground water in the Immokalee area, Collier County, Florida

The scope of the investigation involved the drilling of test holes and the detailed inventorying of existing wells in order to define the location, depth, potential yield, and chemical quality of the water contained in the shallow aquifer that might be used for the development of a central water-supply system. The field work and collection of data for the investigation covered the period 1961 through 1963. Much of the data collected for the report on the ground-water resources of Collier County (McCoy, 1962) is incorporated into this report. (Document has 36 pages.)

Agricultural Best Management Practices and Treatment Wetlands in the Gabilan Watershed: Project Asessment and Evaluation Plan

Several local groups have come together for this project to addresses water quality concerns in the Gabilan Watershed – also known as the Reclamation Ditch Watershed (Fig. 1.1). These are Moss Landing Marine Laboratories (MLML), the Resource Conservation District of Monterey County (RCDMC), Central Coast Watershed Studies (CCoWS), Return of the Natives (RON), Community Alliance with Family Farmers (CAFF), and Coastal Conservation and Research (CC&R). The primary goal is to reduce non-point source pollution – particularly suspended sediment, nutrients, and pesticides – and thereby improve near-shore coastal waters of Moss Landing Harbor and the Monterey Bay. (Document contains 33 pages)

Reconnaissance of the ground-water resources of the Fernandina area, Nassau County, Florida

Practically all water for municipal and industrial use in the Fernandina area is supplied by artesian wells. In recent years, the use of artesian water in the area has increased to meet the needs of expanding industry and increasing population. The total industrial and municipal pumpage has increased from approximately 35 million gallons per day in 1941 to approximately 50 million gallons per day in 1959. Correlated with the increase in water use is the constant decline in the artesian pressure in the area. In many other areas in Florida, such a decline in artesian pressure has resulted in salt-water intrusion into the fresh-water supply.An intrusion of salt water in the Fernandina area would contaminate the existing fresh-water supply and would result in a hardship for the population and seriously injure the economy. Recognizing the threat to the fresh-water supplies of this area, the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Florida Geological Surveymade a reconnaissance to determineif there has been any intrusion of salt water into the fresh-water supply or if there is any danger of future intrusion. (PDF contains 28 pages.)

Selectivity of Metsulfuron Methyl to Six Common Littoral Species in Florida

Many Central Florida lakes, particularly those in the Kissimmee River watershed, are maintained 0.5 to 1.0 m lower than historic (pre-1960) levels during the summer hurricane season for flood control purposes. These lower water levels have allowed proliferation and formation of dense monotypic populations of pickerelweed ( Pontederia cordata L.) and other broadleaf species that out compete more desirable native grasses (Hulon, pers. comm., 2002). Due to the limited availability of data on the effects of metsulfuron methyl on wetland plants, particularly in Florida, the present study was carried out with the objective of testing its phytotoxicity on six wetland species, to determine the feasibility of its use for primary pickerelweed control.

Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States: a state of knowledge report from the U.S. Global Change Research Program

Executive Summary: Observations show that warming of the climate is unequivocal. The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. These emissions come mainly from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas), with important contributions from the clearing of forests, agricultural practices, and other activities. Warming over this century is projected to be considerably greater than over the last century. The global average temperature since 1900 has risen by about 1.5ºF. By 2100, it is projected to rise another 2 to 11.5ºF. The U.S. average temperature has risen by a comparable amount and is very likely to rise more than the global average over this century, with some variation from place to place. Several factors will determine future temperature increases. Increases at the lower end of this range are more likely if global heat-trapping gas emissions are cut substantially. If emissions continue to rise at or near current rates, temperature increases are more likely to be near the upper end of the range. Volcanic eruptions or other natural variations could temporarily counteract some of the human-induced warming, slowing the rise in global temperature, but these effects would only last a few years. Reducing emissions of carbon dioxide would lessen warming over this century and beyond. Sizable early cuts in emissions would significantly reduce the pace and the overall amount of climate change. Earlier cuts in emissions would have a greater effect in reducing climate change than comparable reductions made later. In addition, reducing emissions of some shorter-lived heat-trapping gases, such as methane, and some types of particles, such as soot, would begin to reduce warming within weeks to decades. Climate-related changes have already been observed globally and in the United States. These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice. A longer ice-free period on lakes and rivers, lengthening of the growing season, and increased water vapor in the atmosphere have also been observed. Over the past 30 years, temperatures have risen faster in winter than in any other season, with average winter temperatures in the Midwest and northern Great Plains increasing more than 7ºF. Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested. These climate-related changes are expected to continue while new ones develop. Likely future changes for the United States and surrounding coastal waters include more intense hurricanes with related increases in wind, rain, and storm surges (but not necessarily an increase in the number of these storms that make landfall), as well as drier conditions in the Southwest and Caribbean. These changes will affect human health, water supply, agriculture, coastal areas, and many other aspects of society and the natural environment. This report synthesizes information from a wide variety of scientific assessments (see page 7) and recently published research to summarize what is known about the observed and projected consequences of climate change on the United States. It combines analysis of impacts on various sectors such as energy, water, and transportation at the national level with an assessment of key impacts on specific regions of the United States. For example, sea-level rise will increase risks of erosion, storm surge damage, and flooding for coastal communities, especially in the Southeast and parts of Alaska. Reduced snowpack and earlier snow melt will alter the timing and amount of water supplies, posing significant challenges for water resource management in the West. (PDF contains 196 pages)

To pave or not to pave: A social landscape analysis of land use decision-making in the towns of the lamprey watershed

Population pressure in coastal New Hampshire challenges land use decision-making and threatens the ecological health and functioning of Great Bay, an estuary designated as both a NOAA National Estuarine Research Reserve and an EPA National Estuary Program site. Regional population in the seacoast has quadrupled in four decades resulting in sprawl, increased impervious surface cover and larger lot rural development (Zankel, et.al., 2006). All of Great Bay’s contributing watersheds face these challenges, resulting in calls for strategies addressing growth, development and land use planning. The communities within the Lamprey River watershed comprise this case study. Do these towns communicate upstream and downstream when making land use decisions? Are cumulative effects considered while debating development? Do town land use groups consider the Bay or the coasts in their decision-making? This presentation, a follow-up from the TCS 2008 conference and a completed dissertation, will discuss a novel social science approach to analyze and understand the social landscape of land use decision-making in the towns of the Lamprey River watershed. The methods include semi-structured interviews with GIS based maps in a grounded theory analytical strategy. The discussion will include key findings, opportunities and challenges in moving towards a watershed approach for land use planning. This presentation reviews the results of the case study and developed methodology, which can be used in watersheds elsewhere to map out the potential for moving towns towards EBM and watershed-scaled, land use planning. (PDF contains 4 pages)

Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services: Conflicts in Classification

4 p.

The Costs of Drought: the Exceptional 2007-2008 Case of Barcelona

35 p.

Cidades secas, vidas secas: A trajetória das águas e sua regulamentação no Rio de Janeiro sob uma perspectiva urbano-ambiental

Esta tese analisará a distribuição das águas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro considerando os elementos sociais, jurídicos, políticos, e seus reflexos no direito urbano e ambiental. Nesse aspecto referenciará as medidas de regulação e de organização da estrutura urbana, desde a formação da cidade até os dias atuais, assim como as consequências da exclusão e da ausência das políticas urbanas equitativas. No início, as ocupações irregulares, se distantes do centro e dos bairros elitizados, não despertavam maiores demandas do poder público, porém com o aumento das periferias e as ocupações próximas aos bairros formais, inúmeras medidas adotadas optaram pela remoção, contenção e a destruição dos espaços sem apresentar uma solução, agravando os problemas urbanos. Tais problemas, reconhecidamente sociais, passam a ser denominados urbanos e ambientais, gerando uma complexa criminalização dos moradores das periferias. As intervenções nos espaços são legalizadas pelo instrumento jurídico, as residências suburbanas são classificadas como ilegais e, por consequência, os recursos que deveriam atender a todos na cidade são direcionados apenas para cidade legalizada, criando a celeuma da desigualdade. Assim, amontoados em barracos precários, sem abastecimento de água, energia, esgoto e coleta de lixo, as periferias multiplicam as diversas formas de violência, uma vez que o direito não socorre esses moradores que, abandonados pela lei, vivem a escassez das águas e a especulação dos serviços ilegais de abastecimento. A crise do abastecimento não é causada pelas populações mais empobrecidas, mas pelo mercado que se apropria da maior parte desses recursos, dentro do sistema de uma lógica capitalista, e exclui aqueles que não podem pagar pelo abastecimento regular. Nesse sentido, este trabalho entende que o direito, ainda que tenha se tornado regulatório pode assumir um caráter revolucionário e transformador em que o direito das águas seja um direito da comunidade, por isso, um bem público não estatal, por fim objetiva esse trabalho estudar as leis das águas dentro do paradigma da solidariedade hídrica.

Simulations of phytoplankton dynamics in El Gergal Reservoir, Southern Spain (PROTECH)

The Mediterranean region is characterised by a variable climate with most of the rain falling during the winter and frequent summer droughts. Such warm, dry periods are ideal for the growth of large algal blooms that often consist of potentially toxic Cyanobacteria. This makes the management of water for human use particularly challenging in such a climate and it is important to understand how such blooms can be avoided or at least be reduced in size. PROTECH (Phytoplankton RespOnses To Environmental CHange) is a model that simulates the dynamics of different species of phytoplankton populations in lakes and reservoirs. Its distinct advantage over similar models is its ability to simulate the relative composition of the algal flora, allowing both quantitative and qualitative conclusions to be drawn e.g. whether Cyanobacteria could be a potential problem. PROTECH has been applied primarily to lakes and reservoirs in northern Europe. Recently, however, the model has been applied to water bodies in lower latitudes, including Australia to a water supply reservoir in the south of Spain, El Gergal. El Gergal is the last in a chain of reservoirs that supply water to the city of Seville. It was brought into service in April 1979 and has a maximum storage volume of 35 000 000 m3. This article summarises the application of PROTECH in order to simulate the following problems: • the effect of a large influx of Ceratium biomass into El Gergal from another reservoir • the effect of using alternative water sources instead of the Guadalquivir River (used occasionally to raise water levels in El Gergal) • the effect of installing tertiary sewage treatment on the Cala River • the effect of simulated drought conditions on phytoplankton in the reservoir.

The Okavango River Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis: reimagining the river

OKACOM's Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis study used integrated flows analysis to develop scenarios for possible developments in the Okavango River Basin. (PDF contains 2 pages)

Análise da contaminação das águas do córrego São Lourenço (Nova Friburgo, RJ) por agrotóxicos organofosforados e carbamatos

O córrego de São Lourenço (Nova Friburgo RJ), situado na principal região agrícola do estado, representa um importante manancial hídrico do município de Nova Friburgo que percorre um vale onde se concentram as principais lavouras responsáveis pela produção de olerícolas do Estado. Esta localidade apresenta expressiva relação de consumo de agrotóxicos por trabalhador (56 kg/trabalhador/ano). Assim, este córrego recebe todos os resíduos provenientes das lavouras situadas em suas margens. As águas desse córrego são usadas após tratamento pela população residente na área metropolitana e, são usadas sem tratamento pela população residente em suas margens. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a contaminação das águas desse córrego por agrotóxicos anticolinesterásicos. Amostras de água foram coletadas mensalmente de abril/07 a fevereiro/08, em seis pontos do Córrego São Lourenço e em um ponto do Córrego das Paixões. Foram utilizadas garrafas previamente rinsadas com metanol e enxaguadas várias vezes com água destilada. A avaliação dos níveis de pesticidas se deu por método enzimático descrito por Cunha Bastos et al (1991) e pela etapa de concentração e extração dos pesticidas em coluna de carvão ativado foi adaptada a partir do método descrito por Kaipper et al. (2001), que possui a vantagem de ser um teste rápido de avaliação inicial e de baixo custo. Como controle negativo foi usado águas coletadas no ponto um, situado em área de floresta, sem terras cultivadas ao redor. Foram geradas 72 amostras, onde 33 apresentaram indícios de contaminação, mas apenas uma atingiu o limite de detecção do método, 5 ppb, em maio/07. Estes resultados, principalmente os obtidos nos pontos localizados na parte final do córrego São Lourenço, sugerem, além da utilização recente de agrotóxicos, a importância de fatores climatológicos e do regime do uso de tais compostos possivelmente interferindo na detecção dos resíduos em questão

The application of methods of ecosystem analysis to the evaluation of water quality

Guided by experience and the theoretical development of hydrobiology, it can be considered that the main aim of water quality control should be the establishment of the rates of the self-purification process of water bodies which are capable of maintaining communities in a state of dynamic balance without changing the integrity of the ecosystem. Hence, general approaches in the elaboration of methods for hydrobiological control are based on the following principles: a. the balance of matter and energy in water bodies; b. the integrity of the ecosystem structure and of its separate components at all levels. Ecosystem analysis makes possible a revelation of the whole totality of factors which determine the anthropogenic evolution of a water body. This is necessary for the study of long-term changes in water bodies. The principles of ecosystem analysis of water bodies, together with the creation of their mathematical models, are important because, in future, with the transition of water demanding production into closed cycles of water supply, changes in water bodies will arise in the main through the influence of 'diffuse' pollution (from the atmosphere, with utilisation in transport etc.).

Direito Internacional em matéria de água doce: conteúdo, formas e efetividade

Este trabalho objetiva analisar diversos aspectos do Direito Internacional Público em matéria de recursos hídricos de água doce superficiais e subterrâneos. Geração de energia, abastecimento, pesca, navegação, lazer, agricultura e indústria, são múltiplos os usos que os seres humanos fazem da água doce, mas antes disso a água é essencial para manutenção de todo e qualquer tipo de vida na Terra. São complexas e passíveis de várias análises as relações entre os Estados e as relações que se concretizam no interior dos Estados com objetivo de utilizar, controlar e preservar as fontes de água doce, a que se pretende fazer é uma análise jurídica, inserida no contexto político de expansão do capitalismo liberal. Pretende-se identificar e analisar normas jurídicas produzidas no âmbito internacional multilateral, considerando a sua forma, conteúdo e possíveis efeitos: na resolução de conflitos entre os Estados pelo controle e utilização da água doce, no estabelecimento de parâmetros para solução da crise ambiental e na superação dos problemas de acesso à água. Na primeira parte do trabalho, são identificadas as normas de Direito Internacional Público atinentes à matéria, descrevendo-se, primeiramente, a evolução histórica do Direito Internacional Fluvial até os estudos da doutrina de Direito Internacional e a Convenção de Nova York de 1997. O capítulo segundo objetiva apresentar o tema da água doce no contexto de surgimento do Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente, de realização de conferências e criação de fóruns internacionais para a questão da água e do desenvolvimento de um direito humano à água. O capítulo terceiro propõe-se a ingressar na incipiente questão da regulamentação dos usos das águas subterrâneas, analisando os trabalhos da Comissão de Direito Internacional da Organização das Nações Unidas que culminaram com a adoção de uma Resolução sobre o Direito dos Aquíferos Transfronteiriços por parte da Assembleia Geral daquela organização. A segunda parte do trabalho objetiva analisar a aplicação das regras e princípios ensaiados nos textos de Direito Internacional aos casos concretos, confrontando-as com as soluções propostas em casos paradigmáticos de conflitos pela água, como o caso Gabcikovo-Nagymaros e o caso das Papeleras, envolvendo Argentina e Uruguai, ambos julgados pela Corte Internacional de Justiça. Na segunda parte do trabalho, também é analisado o caso do aquífero Guarani, um sistema de aquíferos interligados que se estende sob os subsolos de Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai, que em agosto de 2010 foi objeto de um tratado internacional assinado no âmbito do Mercosul. Por fim, a pesquisa objetiva desenvolver ideias e explicações para a existência (ou não) e a efetividade (ou a falta dela) das normas de Direito Internacional sobre recursos hídricos, considerando o conceito de soberania estatal que ora é o bode expiatório para a falta de assinaturas nos tratados ou de votos em declarações, ora é o próprio fundamento para a adoção de compromissos por parte dos Estados. Conclui-se tentando responder as seguintes questões: Existe Direito Internacional da água doce? São as normas de Direito Internacional efetivas? Para que servem essas normas de Direito Internacional, além da afirmação de sua própria existência como metas a serem atingidas?