Mixed effects of elevated pCO2 on fertilisation, larval and juvenile development and adult responses in the mobile subtidal scallop Mimachlamys asperrima (Lamarck, 1819)

Ocean acidification is predicted to have severe consequences for calcifying marine organisms especially molluscs. Recent studies, however, have found that molluscs in marine environments with naturally elevated or fluctuating CO2 or with an active, high metabolic rate lifestyle may have a capacity to acclimate and be resilient to exposures of elevated environmental pCO2. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of near future concentrations of elevated pCO2 on the larval and adult stages of the mobile doughboy scallop, Mimachlamys asperrima from a subtidal and stable physio-chemical environment. It was found that fertilisation and the shell length of early larval stages of M. asperrima decreased as pCO2 increased, however, there were less pronounced effects of elevated pCO2 on the shell length of later larval stages, with high pCO2 enhancing growth in some instances. Byssal attachment and condition index of adult M. asperrima decreased with elevated pCO2, while in contrast there was no effect on standard metabolic rate or pHe. The responses of larval and adult M. asperrima to elevated pCO2 measured in this study were more moderate than responses previously reported for intertidal oysters and mussels. Even this more moderate set of responses are still likely to reduce the abundance of M. asperrima and potentially other scallop species in the world's oceans at predicted future pCO2 levels.

Seawater carbonate chemistry, fertilization and early development of the coral eating crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci in a laboratory experiment

Outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster planci, contribute to major declines of coral reef ecosystems throughout the Indo-Pacific. As the oceans warm and decrease in pH due to increased anthropogenic CO2 production, coral reefs are also susceptible to bleaching, disease and reduced calcification. The impacts of ocean acidification and warming may be exacerbated by COTS predation, but it is not known how this major predator will fare in a changing ocean. Because larval success is a key driver of population outbreaks, we investigated the sensitivities of larval A. planci to increased temperature (2-4 °C above ambient) and acidification (0.3-0.5 pH units below ambient) in flow-through cross-factorial experiments (3 temperature × 3 pH/pCO2 levels). There was no effect of increased temperature or acidification on fertilization or very early development. Larvae reared in the optimal temperature (28 °C) were the largest across all pH treatments. Development to advanced larva was negatively affected by the high temperature treatment (30 °C) and by both experimental pH levels (pH 7.6, 7.8). Thus, planktonic life stages of A. planci may be negatively impacted by near-future global change. Increased temperature and reduced pH had an additive negative effect on reducing larval size. The 30 °C treatment exceeded larval tolerance regardless of pH. As 30 °C sea surface temperatures may become the norm in low latitude tropical regions, poleward migration of A. planci may be expected as they follow optimal isotherms. In the absence of acclimation or adaptation, declines in low latitude populations may occur. Poleward migration will be facilitated by strong western boundary currents, with possible negative flow-on effects on high latitude coral reefs. The contrasting responses of the larvae of A. planci and those of its coral prey to ocean acidification and warming are considered in context with potential future change in tropical reef ecosystems.

Larval development of the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus responds variably but robustly to near-future ocean acidification

Increasing atmospheric CO2 decreases seawater pH in a phenomenon known as ocean acidification. In two separate experiments we found that larval development of the barnacle Amphibalanus (Balanus) improvisus was not significantly affected by the level of reduced pH that has been projected for the next 150 years. After 3 and 6 days of incubation, we found no consistent effects of reduced pH on developmental speed or larval size at pH 7.8 compared with the control pH of 8.1. After 10 days of incubation, there were no net changes in survival or overall development of larvae raised at pH 7.8 or 7.6 compared with the control pH of 8.0. In all cases, however, there was significant variation in responses between replicate batches (parental genotypes) of larvae, with some batches responding positively to reduced pH. Our results suggest that the non-calcifying larval stages of A. improvisus are generally tolerant to near-future levels of ocean acidification. This result is in line with findings for other barnacle species and suggests that barnacles do not show the greater sensitivity to ocean acidification in early life history reported for other invertebrate species. Substantial genetic variability in response to low pH may confer adaptive benefits under future ocean acidification.

Elevated CO2 affects embryonic development and larval phototaxis in a temperate marine fish

As an effect of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, the chemistry of the world's oceans is changing. Understanding how this will affect marine organisms and ecosystems are critical in predicting the impacts of this ongoing ocean acidification. Work on coral reef fishes has revealed dramatic effects of elevated oceanic CO2 on sensory responses and behavior. Such effects may be widespread but have almost exclusively been tested on tropical reef fishes. Here we test the effects elevated CO2 has on the reproduction and early life history stages of a temperate coastal goby with paternal care by allowing goby pairs to reproduce naturally in an aquarium with either elevated (ca 1400 µatm) CO2 or control seawater (ca 370 µatm CO2). Elevated CO2 did not affect the occurrence of spawning nor clutch size, but increased embryonic abnormalities and egg loss. Moreover, we found that elevated CO2 significantly affected the phototactic response of newly hatched larvae. Phototaxis is a vision-related fundamental behavior of many marine fishes, but has never before been tested in the context of ocean acidification. Our findings suggest that ocean acidification affects embryonic development and sensory responses in temperate fishes, with potentially important implications for fish recruitment.

Effects of elevated CO2 on early life history development of the yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi, a large pelagic fish

An increasing number of studies have examined the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ocean acidification on marine fish, yet little is known about the effects on large pelagic fish. We tested the effects of elevated CO2 on the early life history development and behaviour of yellowtail kingfish, Seriola lalandi. Eggs and larvae were reared in current day control (450 µatm) and two elevated CO2 treatments for a total of 6 d, from 12 h post-fertilization until 3 d post-hatching (dph). Elevated CO2 treatments matched projections for the open ocean by the year 2100 under RCP 8.5 (880 µatm CO2) and a higher level (1700 µatm CO2) relevant to upwelling zones where pelagic fish often spawn. There was no effect of elevated CO2 on survival to hatching or 3 dph. Oil globule diameter decreased with an increasing CO2 level, indicating potential effects of elevated CO2 on energy utilization of newly hatched larvae, but other morphometric traits did not differ among treatments. Contrary to expectations, there were no effects of elevated CO2 on larval behaviour. Activity level, startle response, and phototaxis did not differ among treatments. Our results contrast with findings for reef fish, where a wide range of sensory and behavioural effects have been reported. We hypothesize that the absence of behavioural effects in 3 dph yellowtail kingfish is due to the early developmental state of newly hatched pelagic fish. Behavioural effects of high CO2 may not occur until larvae commence branchial acid-base regulation when the gills develop; however, further studies are required to test this hypothesis. Our results suggest that the early stages of kingfish development are tolerant to rising CO2 levels in the ocean.

Effects of pre-hatching pCO2 on development and survival of zoea stages of Arctic spider crab Hyas araneus

Sensitivity of marine crustaceans to anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the associated acidification of the oceans may be less than that of other, especially lower, invertebrates. However, effects on critical transition phases or carry-over effects between life stages have not comprehensively been explored. Here we report the impact of elevated seawater PCO2 values (3100 µatm) on Hyas araneus during the last 2 weeks of their embryonic development (pre-hatching phase) and during development while in the consecutive zoea I and zoea II larval stages (post-hatching phase). We measured oxygen consumption, dry weight, developmental time and mortality in zoea I to assess changes in performance. Feeding rates and survival under starvation were investigated at different temperatures to detect differences in thermal sensitivities of zoea I and zoea II larvae depending on pre-hatch history. When embryos were pre-exposed to elevated PCO2 during maternal care, mortality increased about 60% under continued CO2 exposure during the zoea I phase. The larvae that moulted into zoea II, displayed a developmental delay by about 20 days compared to larvae exposed to control PCO2 during embryonic and zoeal phases. Elevated PCO2 caused a reduction in zoea I dry weight and feeding rates, while survival of the starved larvae was not affected by the seawater CO2 concentration. In conclusion, CO2 effects on egg masses under maternal care carried over to the first larval stages of crustaceans and reduced their survival and development to levels below those previously reported in studies exclusively focussing on acute PCO2 effects on the larval stages.

Two-polar growth strategy in Myanmar : seeking "high" and "balanced" development

The Thein Sein government of Myanmar seeks higher and balanced economic growth. This is a challenge for the government since some economic literature identifies a trade-off between higher economic growth and better regional equality, especially for countries in the early stages of development. In this paper, we propose a two-polar growth strategy as one that includes both "high" and "balanced" growth. The first growth pole is Yangon, and the second is Mandalay. Nay Pyi Taw, the national capital, will develop as an administrative centre, not as an economic or commercial one. We also propose border development with enhanced connectivity with richer neighboring countries as a complementary strategy to the two growth poles. Effects of the two-polar growth strategy with border development are tested using a Geographical Simulation Model (GSM).

Housing the Rangoon poor : Indians, Burmese, and town planning in colonial Burma

In Rangoon/Yangon, the ex-capital city of Burma/Myanmar, there still remain many old buildings today. Those buildings were constructed in the British colonial period, especially from the 1900s to the 1930s, and formed Rangoon's built environment as something modern. In focusing on the period before and after the inauguration of the Rangoon Development Trust in 1921, this paper describes how the colonial administrative authorities perceived urban problems and how their policy and practice affected urban society. It also suggests the possibility that competition for habitation among the lower strata of Rangoon society was a cause of the serious urban riot in 1930.

Development of Robotized Laser Welding Applications for Joining Thin Sheets

Laser Welding (LW) is more often used in manufacturing due to its advantages, such as accurate control, good repeatability, less heat input, opportunities for joining of special materials, high speed, capability to join small dimension parts etc. LW is dedicated to robotized manufacturing, and the fabrication cells are using various level of flexibility, from specialized robots to very flexible setups. This paper features several LW applications using two industrially-scaled manufacturing cells at UPM Laser Centre (CLUPM) of Polytechnical University of Madrid (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid). The one dedicated to Remote Laser Welding (RLW) of thin sheets for automotive and other sectors uses a CO2 laser of 3500 W. The second has a high flexibility, is based on a 6-axis ABB robot and a Nd:YAG laser of 3300 W, and is meant for various laser processing methods, including welding. After a short description of each cell, several LW applications experimented at CLUPM and recently implemented in industry are briefly presented: RLW of automotive coated sheets, LW of high strength automotive sheets, LW vs. laser hybrid welding (LHW) of Double Phase steel thin sheets, and LHW of thin sheets of stainless steel and carbon steel (dissimilar joints). The main technological issues overcame and the critical process parameters are pointed out. Conclusions about achievements and trends are provided.

Research lines in Hyperthermia at the Bioinstrumentation Laboratory of the Centre for Biomedical Technology

The Bioinstrumentation Laboratory belongs to the Centre for Biomedical Technology (CTB) of the Technical University of Madrid and its main objective is to provide the scientific community with devices and techniques for the characterization of micro and nanostructures and consequently finding their best biomedical applications. Hyperthermia (greek word for “overheating”) is defined as the phenomenon that occurs when a body is exposed to an energy generating source that can produce a rise in temperature (42-45ºC) for a given time [1]. Specifically, the aim of the hyperthermia methods used in The Bioinstrumentation Laboratory is the development of thermal therapies, some of these using different kinds of nanoparticles, to kill cancer cells and reduce the damage on healthy tissues. The optical hyperthermia is based on noble metal nanoparticles and laser irradiation. This kind of nanoparticles has an immense potential associated to the development of therapies for cancer on account of their Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) enhanced light scattering and absorption. In a short period of time, the absorbed light is converted into localized heat, so we can take advantage of these characteristics to heat up tumor cells in order to obtain the cellular death [2]. In this case, the laboratory has an optical hyperthermia device based on a continuous wave laser used to kill glioblastoma cell lines (1321N1) in the presence of gold nanorods (Figure 1a). The wavelength of the laser light is 808 nm because the penetration of the light in the tissue is deeper in the Near Infrared Region. The first optical hyperthermia results show that the laser irradiation produces cellular death in the experimental samples of glioblastoma cell lines using gold nanorods but is not able to decrease the cellular viability of cancer cells in samples without the suitable nanorods (Figure 1b) [3]. The generation of magnetic hyperthermia is performed through changes of the magnetic induction in magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that are embedded in viscous medium. The Figure 2 shows a schematic design of the AC induction hyperthermia device in magnetic fluids. The equipment has been manufactured at The Bioinstrumentation Laboratory. The first block implies two steps: the signal selection with frequency manipulation option from 9 KHz to 2MHz, and a linear output up to 1500W. The second block is where magnetic field is generated ( 5mm, 10 turns). Finally, the third block is a software control where the user can establish initial parameters, and also shows the temperature response of MNPs due to the magnetic field applied [4-8]. The Bioinstrumentation Laboratory in collaboration with the Mexican company MRI-DT have recently implemented a new research line on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Hyperthermia, which is sustained on the patent US 7,423,429B2 owned by this company. This investigation is based on the use of clinical MRI equipment not only for diagnosis but for therapy [9]. This idea consists of two main facts: Magnetic Resonance Imaging can cause focal heating [10], and the differentiation in resonant frequency between healthy and cancer cells [11]. To produce only heating in cancer cells when the whole body is irradiated, it is necessary to determine the specific resonant frequency of the target, using the information contained in the spectra of the area of interest. Then, special RF pulse sequence is applied to produce fast excitation and relaxation mechanism that generates temperature increase of the tumor, causing cellular death or metabolism malfunction that stops cellular division

Concienciación para la conservación del patrimonio urbano : los instrumentos de gestión para la recuperación del barrio madrileño de Embajadores

La tesis trata la evolución de la conciencia de la conservación de los centros históricos y de los instrumentos de gestión utilizados en las políticas de rehabilitación del casco antiguo de Madrid, desde las primeras experiencias de los años ‘80 hasta el perfeccionamiento del complejo mecanismo contemporáneo. El proceso de rehabilitación ha demostrado ser extremadamente coherente en cuanto a los objetivos y en cuanto al tema de los instrumentos ha seguido la tendencia de diversificar y flexibilizar. En Madrid se ha utilizado el concepto de rehabilitación en sentido integral, abarca una amplia gama de acciones que implican por una parte, intervenciones directas sobre los edificios y por otra, la valorización del espacio público, de los edificios representativos, la introducción de dotaciones y también un componente social. El tema se analizará desde la perspectiva del barrio de Embajadores, un área muy especial del casco antiguo de la ciudad. Desde 1998 hasta la actualidad allí funciona el Área de Rehabilitación Integral con el nombre de Lavapiés. El barrio de Embajadores representa un caso de extrema complejidad dada su tradición, que mantiene hasta el momento, de barrio popular que ha tenido como consecuencia negativa un grave estado de deterioro de los edificios y de sus estructuras urbanas. Además, presenta una composición socio-cultural muy heterogénea ya que siempre ha alojado oleadas de inmigrantes que llegaban a la capital tanto de las provincias como del extranjero. Los ‘80 marcan en Madrid el inicio de la preocupación por la rehabilitación urbana y de los primeros intentos de definir unos mecanismos. Durante este período el barrio de Embajadores es escenario de los primeros proyectos piloto de rehabilitación. Se sientan las bases del sistema de subvenciones, que empujará hacia un modelo de rehabilitación generalizada. A principios de los años ‘90, la insatisfacción dejada por de los resultados obtenidos, la Administración decide reorganizar la estrategia y se procede a la rehabilitación integral por áreas, concentrando los esfuerzos geográfica y temporalmente. La idea ya se había utilizado diez años antes, pero sin encontrar nunca la voluntad política de aplicarla. En comparación con el casco antiguo, el barrio de Embajadores se dejó para el final del proceso para verificar los métodos en zonas más restringidas en cuanto a superficie y con menos problemas. Desde 1998 hasta hoy, período en que funciona el Área de Rehabilitación Integral de Lavapiés, los distintos tipos de actuaciones, de producción arquitectónica, urbanística y sociocultural, han mostrado su eficacia, de forma que los cambios que aportaron al barrio son evidentes para todos. Mientras que las Áreas de Rehabilitación del centro una vez alcanzados los objetivos, se preparan para su clausura, a nivel administrativo se están definiendo nuevas direcciones y nuevos objetivos para el casco antiguo: subastas para incentivar intervenciones de mejoramiento energético y del nivel de sostenibilidad de los edificios madrileños. La primera parte de la tesis establece las premisas presentando algunos puntos relevantes relativos al desarrollo histórico de los documentos y normativas más importantes que tendrán eco en el proceso de concienciación de la cultura de la conservación del patrimonio urbano de los centros históricos. Después, se habla de la experiencia de rehabilitación urbana en Europa, en España en general y en Madrid en particular, con referencia a los modelos de enfoque, al marco legislativo y a las experiencias relacionadas con el casco antiguo, y en definitiva a la creación de la conciencia de la rehabilitación y conservación de los centros de las ciudades. La segunda parte se centra en el caso de estudio, el barrio de Embajadores. En primer lugar, se presenta en detalle el barrio: ubicación, datos característicos, edificios representativos y flujos que generan, trama urbana, datos sobre la formación histórica, tipologías y características de construcción de los edificios y, para finalizar, algún dato demográfico para introducir la compleja problemática social. Más adelante se exponen las primeras experiencias de rehabilitación: dos proyectos piloto de intervención sobre las viviendas realizados en los años ‘80, uno privado y el otro público. La parte central del trabajo trata sobre la fase intensiva de rehabilitación, proceso puesto en marcha en el año ’98 y que corresponde al período en el que Embajadores es Área de Rehabilitación Integral. Se presentan y analizan los objetivos de la rehabilitación y luego los instrumentos de orden administrativo, normativo y legal que regulan las actuaciones en el barrio. Sucesivamente se afronta la rehabilitación de la parte residencial, en régimen privado y público, que fue el modelo principal que la Administración llevó a cabo. Se presenta todo el proceso, desde la decisión sobre el tipo de rehabilitación, las subvenciones y las soluciones técnicas adoptadas así como la rehabilitación de casos especiales de edificios, que por sus características, el alto nivel de degradación o porque ocupados por inquilinos con dificultades económicas, se realizó con intervención pública. Las enormes dificultades derivadas de la complicada gestión y de las incongruencias de las normativas también se analizan en este trabajo. El autor presenta un dosier de una veintena de trabajos llevados a cobo en el Barrio de Embajadores a lo largo de más de 15 años de experiencia profesional propia. Se intenta, en primer lugar, evaluar la actuación pública en comparación con la privada en cuanto a los modelos propuestos, a las problemáticas que generan y a los resultados obtenidos. Una segunda línea de argumentación se refiere a la relación que se establece entre los instrumentos que se promueven y los que obligan a la conservación y a la rehabilitación de los edificios. Quizás el elemento más interesante, por su conocida innovación, de la experiencia de la obligación de conservación a cargo de los propietarios y la introducción de una revisión periódica del estado de los edificios (ITE), que conduce a su mantenimiento permanente a lo largo del tiempo. El ultimo instrumento aparecido y de por si el más novedoso se refiere a la política de rehabilitación energética iniciada en los últimos años por el Ayuntamiento de Madrid. ABSTRACT Starting from the early experiences of the ‘80s and tackling the complex and improved contemporary techniques of development, the present thesis focuses on raising awareness of the conservation of urban heritage and deals with the evolution of rehabilitation policies adopted in the historical center of Madrid. The rehabilitation process has proven to be extremely coherent in terms of its objectives and, consequently, the subject of the instruments has forged ahead a trend of diversification and flexibility. Madrid has used the concept of rehabilitation in a comprehensive manner, encompassing a wide range of actions, which involved on the one hand, direct interventions on buildings and on the other, the appreciation of the public space with its representative edifices and endowments. Confident that the social components have not been neglected during the rehabilitation proceedings, the topic will be analysed in relation to the neighbourhood of Embajadores, an authentic area of the old town. From 1998 onwards, this quarter serves as a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Area under the name of Lavapies. Considering the tradition and popularity of the district, Embajadores represents a challenging case for rehabilitation projects, aiming to improve the severe state of deterioration of buildings and urban structures. Having a heterogeneous sociocultural dynamic, the neighbourhood has always hosted waves of immigrants who come to the capital both from other provinces and abroad. The 1980s in Madrid marked the beginning of concerns with urban regeneration and the first attempts to define feasible restoration techniques. During this period, the district of Embajadores has benefited from various pilot projects. The financial investments have significant effects on the overall environment, so the model of general rehabilitation has been encouraged throughout the years. In the early 90s, left by the dissatisfaction of the results obtained, the authorities proposed to reorganise the strategy and proceed to the full rehabilitation of areas, concentrating efforts geographically and temporally. The idea had already been used ten years before, but never encountered the political force to be implemented. Compared to the old town, the Embajadores neighbourhood has been left for the end of the process, which focused on verifying the methods in more restricted areas that caused fewer disruptions. For the Comprehensive Rehabilitation Area of Lavapies, the various types of administrative implementations from architectural to urban and socio-cultural productions have proved effective. The improvements experienced by the neighbourhood from 1998 are obvious to all. However, while the areas of rehabilitation of the city centre have achieved their objectives and prepare for closure, the administration is still generating new directions and new targets for the ancient surroundings: auctions to encourage the improvement of energy interventions and the sustainability level for the buildings of Madrid. Therefore, the first part of the thesis establishes the premises and introduces some relevant points concerning the entire city. It describes the historical development of urban projects, indicating the events that will echo in the rehabilitation process. This paper then turns to discuss the experience of urban regeneration in Spain, emphasising the case of Madrid with reference to models of approach, legislative frameworks and appreciation of the old structures. The second part reveals an in depth case study of the district of Embajadores. At first, the thesis provides insights into the neighbourhood: location, general data on representative buildings and propagated trends, urban, historical data on training, building typologies and characteristics. The section introduces some demographic data to complete the portrait of the elaborate social problems encountered in this district, also outlining the first experiences of rehabilitation: two pilot projects on housing intervention made in the 80s, one private and one public. The central part of the thesis deals with the intensive phase of rehabilitation developments launched in the year '98 when Embajadores joined the Comprehensive Rehabilitation Area. It analyses the goals of rehabilitation and the instruments of administrative, regulatory and governing legal proceedings of the neighbourhood. The following chapter addresses the privately and publicly founded plan of residential rehabilitation that constituted the main model conducted by the authorities. It describes the entire process: deciding the type of restoration, subsidies and technical solutions as well as the degree of rehabilitation for special buildings, which either have a high level of degradation or require public intervention when tenants face financial difficulties. The administrative difficulties caused by the enormous bureaucratic machinery and the inconsistencies in regulations are also discussed in this paper. Thus, a just evaluation of the public and private performances regarding the proposed models of rehabilitation, along with the problems they generate and the results obtained is desired throughout the thesis. A second line of argument concerns the relationship established between the instruments that are promoted and requiring conservation and the building restoration. Perhaps the most interesting and innovative element of the new rehabilitation policies is the owners' obligation to preserve their properties and the introduction of a periodic review for the state of the buildings (ITE). These thorough and meticulous regulations lead to an ongoing maintenance of constructions, preventing them from severe or sudden deteriorations.

Greenfield shopping center development. The integration between environmental features, building design and investment analysis at the decision making stage

The Shopping centre is a long term investment in which Greenfield development decisions are often taken based on risks analysis regarding construction costs, location, competition, market and an expected DCF. Furthermore, integration between the building design, project planning, operational costs and investment analysis is not entirely considered by the investor at the decision making stage. The absence of such information tends to produce certain negative impacts on the future running costs and annual maintenance of the building, especially on energy demand and other occupancy expenses paid by the tenants to the landlord. From the investor´s point of view, this blind spot in strategy development will possibly decrease their profit margin as changes in the occupancy expenses[ ] have a direct outcome on the profit margin. In order to try to reduce some higher operating cost components such as energy use and other utility savings as well as their CO2 emissions, quite a few income properties worldwide have some type of environmental label such as BREEAM and LEED. The drawback identified in this labelling is that usually the investments required to get an ecolabel are high and the investor finds no direct evidence that it increases market value. However there is research on certified commercial properties (especially offices) that shows better performance in terms of occupancy rate and rental cost (Warren-Myers, 2012). Additionally, Sayce (2013) says that the certification only provides a quick reference point i.e. the lack of a certificate does not indicate that a building is not sustainable or efficient. Based on the issues described above, this research compares important components of the development stages such as investments costs, concept/ strategy development as well as the current investor income and property value. The subjects for this analysis are a shopping centre designed with passive cooling/bioclimatic strategies evaluated at the decision making stage, a certified regional shopping centre and a non-certified standard regional shopping centre. Moreover, the proposal intends to provide decision makers with some tools for linking green design features to the investment analysis in order to optimize the decision making process when looking into cost savings and design quality.

Rehabilitating, repairing and restoring against demolishing, tearing down and destroying: the recovery of the military fort for the Santa Pola town museum

This communication develops the process of interventions of the Renaissance fortress of a new plant built in 1554–57 in Santa Pola. It is one of the earliest examples built with reference to military architecture theoretical treaties (XV–XVI) and best preserved. The study runs its own story from its initial military use, through the use of civil equipment until the final cultural and Museum Center. First, the project of Italian origin is examined and its use as barracks for troops for a duration of three centuries (1557–1850), pointing out the architectural constants of war machinery in a defense position and its origin as a rainwater collector and cistern: a perfect square with two bastions in which a plan of the uprising is preserved (1778). Secondly, we study the changes in the mentioned architecture throughout a century and a half (1850–1990) after its change of ownership (from the state to the municipality), and as a result of the new use as a city hall and public endowment: a market and health and leisure centre, which meant the demolition of defensive elements and the opening up to the outside of the inner parade ground. And thirdly, the new transfer of the municipal offices brings in the beginning of a project of transformations (1990–2015) that retrieves the demolished elements at the same time as it assigns the entire fort for a cultural centre: exhibition, research and history museum, promoting the identity between the citizens and the building which stands in the foundations of their city. The conclusions take us through an interesting route that goes from the approach of defensive tactics, its use as administrative headquarters to the current cultural policy of preservation. In addition, all the known plans of the fort are recovered (of military, civil and cultural use), some unpublished, as well as the project of the North wing that has guided the last operation and which has been set as a pattern of reference.

A Minor Change?: A Case Study of Carleton Place's Integration of Minor Variance Procedures into Ontario's Development Permit System

The Development Permit System has been introduce with minimal directives for establishing a decision making process. This is in opposition to the long established process for minor variances and suggests that the Development Permit System does not necessarily incorporate all of Ontario’s fundamental planning principles. From this concept, the study aimed to identify how minor variances are incorporated into the Development Permit System. In order to examine this topic, the research was based around the following research questions: • How are ‘minor variance’ applications processed within the DPS? • To what extent do the four tests of a minor variance influence the outcomes of lower level applications in the DPS approval process? A case study approach was used for this research. The single-case design employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods including a review of academic literature, court cases, and official documents, as well as a content analysis of Class 1, 1A, and 2 Development Permit application files from the Town of Carleton Place that were decided between 2011 and 2015. Upon the completion of the content analysis, it was found that minor variance issues were most commonly assigned to Class 1 applications. Planning staff generally met approval timelines and embraced their delegated approval authority, readily attaching conditions to applications in order to mitigate off-site impacts. While staff met the regulatory requirements of the DPS, ‘minor variance’ applications were largely decided on impact alone, demonstrating that the principles established by the four tests, the defining quality of the minor variance approval process, had not transferred to the Development Permit System. Alternatively, there was some evidence that the development community has not fully adjusted to the requirements of the new approvals process, as some applications were supported using a rationale containing the four tests. Subsequently, a set of four recommendations were offered which reflect the main themes established by the findings. The first two recommendations are directed towards the Province, the third to municipalities and the fourth to developers and planning consultants: 1) Amend Ontario Regulation 608/06 so that provisions under Section 4(3)(e) fall under Section 4(2). 2) Change the rhetoric from “combining elements of minor variances” to “replacing minor variances”. 3) Establish clear evaluation criteria. 4) Understand the evaluative criteria of the municipality in which you are working.