A model for diffusive and displacive phase transitions in steels

Heat treatment of steels is a process of fundamental importance in tailoring the properties of a material to the desired application; developing a model able to describe such process would allow to predict the microstructure obtained from the treatment and the consequent mechanical properties of the material. A steel, during a heat treatment, can undergo two different kinds of phase transitions [p.t.]: diffusive (second order p.t.) and displacive (first order p.t.); in this thesis, an attempt to describe both in a thermodynamically consistent framework is made; a phase field, diffuse interface model accounting for the coupling between thermal, chemical and mechanical effects is developed, and a way to overcome the difficulties arising from the treatment of the non-local effects (gradient terms) is proposed. The governing equations are the balance of linear momentum equation, the Cahn-Hilliard equation and the balance of internal energy equation. The model is completed with a suitable description of the free energy, from which constitutive relations are drawn. The equations are then cast in a variational form and different numerical techniques are used to deal with the principal features of the model: time-dependency, non-linearity and presence of high order spatial derivatives. Simulations are performed using DOLFIN, a C++ library for the automated solution of partial differential equations by means of the finite element method; results are shown for different test-cases. The analysis is reduced to a two dimensional setting, which is simpler than a three dimensional one, but still meaningful.

Sviluppo di algoritmi di RCP per la stima della coppia indicata erogata da un motore a combustione interna.

Combustion control is one of the key factors to obtain better performances and lower pollutant emissions for diesel, spark ignition and HCCI engines. An algorithm that allows estimating, as an example, the mean indicated torque for each cylinder, could be easily used in control strategies, in order to carry out cylinders trade-off, control the cycle to cycle variation, or detect misfires. A tool that allows evaluating the 50% of Mass Fraction Burned (MFB50), or the net Cumulative Heat Release (CHRNET), or the ROHR peak value (Rate of Heat Release), could be used to optimize spark advance or to detect knock in gasoline engines and to optimize injection pattern in diesel engines. Modern management systems are based on the control of the mean indicated torque produced by the engine: they need a real or virtual sensor in order to compare the measured value with the target one. Many studies have been performed in order to obtain an accurate and reliable over time torque estimation. The aim of this PhD activity was to develop two different algorithms: the first one is based on the instantaneous engine speed fluctuations measurement. The speed signal is picked up directly from the sensor facing the toothed wheel mounted on the engine for other control purposes. The engine speed fluctuation amplitudes depend on the combustion and on the amount of torque delivered by each cylinder. The second algorithm processes in-cylinder pressure signals in the angular domain. In this case a crankshaft encoder is not necessary, because the angular reference can be obtained using a standard sensor wheel. The results obtained with these two methodologies are compared in order to evaluate which one is suitable for on board applications, depending on the accuracy required.

L'arbitrato estero

La tesi tratta l'istituto dell'arbitrato estero sotto la duplice prospettiva internazionale e italiana. Particolare attenzione è dedicata alla disciplina dettata in materia dalla Convenzione di New York del 1958 in tema di riconoscimento e l'esecuzione delle sentenze arbitrali estere, con uno sguardo preferenziale alle interpretazioni e alle applicazioni concrete della stessa in campo internazionale. Ugualmente si affrontano i temi che maggiormente interessano il fenomeno arbitrale, e segnatamente il regime di circolazione del suo prodotto finale, con particolare attenzione ai rapporti fra il fenomeno arbitrale da un lato e i sistemi giurisdizionali dall'altro (con riferimento all'applicabilità a livello internazionale di principi come la Competence-Competence o il rilievo del meccanismo del forum prorgatum). Illuminata la prospettiva internazionale si analizza l'istituto in chiave interna: dalla definizione del concetto di arbitrato interno ed estero secondo l'ordinamento italiano, all'analisi delle condizioni richieste per il riconoscimento e della relativa procedura, fino ad affrontare gli aspetti ancora discussi, in particolare in relazione al trattamento da riservarsi ai lodi de eadem re e in generale al regime giuridico da riconoscersi alla clausola che preveda arbitrato estero, anche il relazione alle evoluzioni giurisprudenziali e legislative degli ultimi anni. Lo studio si conclude con uno sguardo alla circolabilità extra moenia del prodotto arbitrale italiano.

Hybrid Methods for Resource Allocation and Scheduling Problems in Deterministic and Stochastic Environments

This work presents exact, hybrid algorithms for mixed resource Allocation and Scheduling problems; in general terms, those consist into assigning over time finite capacity resources to a set of precedence connected activities. The proposed methods have broad applicability, but are mainly motivated by applications in the field of Embedded System Design. In particular, high-performance embedded computing recently witnessed the shift from single CPU platforms with application-specific accelerators to programmable Multi Processor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs). Those allow higher flexibility, real time performance and low energy consumption, but the programmer must be able to effectively exploit the platform parallelism. This raises interest in the development of algorithmic techniques to be embedded in CAD tools; in particular, given a specific application and platform, the objective if to perform optimal allocation of hardware resources and to compute an execution schedule. On this regard, since embedded systems tend to run the same set of applications for their entire lifetime, off-line, exact optimization approaches are particularly appealing. Quite surprisingly, the use of exact algorithms has not been well investigated so far; this is in part motivated by the complexity of integrated allocation and scheduling, setting tough challenges for ``pure'' combinatorial methods. The use of hybrid CP/OR approaches presents the opportunity to exploit mutual advantages of different methods, while compensating for their weaknesses. In this work, we consider in first instance an Allocation and Scheduling problem over the Cell BE processor by Sony, IBM and Toshiba; we propose three different solution methods, leveraging decomposition, cut generation and heuristic guided search. Next, we face Allocation and Scheduling of so-called Conditional Task Graphs, explicitly accounting for branches with outcome not known at design time; we extend the CP scheduling framework to effectively deal with the introduced stochastic elements. Finally, we address Allocation and Scheduling with uncertain, bounded execution times, via conflict based tree search; we introduce a simple and flexible time model to take into account duration variability and provide an efficient conflict detection method. The proposed approaches achieve good results on practical size problem, thus demonstrating the use of exact approaches for system design is feasible. Furthermore, the developed techniques bring significant contributions to combinatorial optimization methods.

Transcriptional functions of DNA Topoisomerases at a genome-wide scale and a single gene levels

The DNA topology is an important modifier of DNA functions. Torsional stress is generated when right handed DNA is either over- or underwound, producing structural deformations which drive or are driven by processes such as replication, transcription, recombination and repair. DNA topoisomerases are molecular machines that regulate the topological state of the DNA in the cell. These enzymes accomplish this task by either passing one strand of the DNA through a break in the opposing strand or by passing a region of the duplex from the same or a different molecule through a double-stranded cut generated in the DNA. Because of their ability to cut one or two strands of DNA they are also target for some of the most successful anticancer drugs used in standard combination therapies of human cancers. An effective anticancer drug is Camptothecin (CPT) that specifically targets DNA topoisomerase 1 (TOP 1). The research project of the present thesis has been focused on the role of human TOP 1 during transcription and on the transcriptional consequences associated with TOP 1 inhibition by CPT in human cell lines. Previous findings demonstrate that TOP 1 inhibition by CPT perturbs RNA polymerase (RNAP II) density at promoters and along transcribed genes suggesting an involvement of TOP 1 in RNAP II promoter proximal pausing site. Within the transcription cycle, promoter pausing is a fundamental step the importance of which has been well established as a means of coupling elongation to RNA maturation. By measuring nascent RNA transcripts bound to chromatin, we demonstrated that TOP 1 inhibition by CPT can enhance RNAP II escape from promoter proximal pausing site of the human Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) and c-MYC genes in a dose dependent manner. This effect is dependent from Cdk7/Cdk9 activities since it can be reversed by the kinases inhibitor DRB. Since CPT affects RNAP II by promoting the hyperphosphorylation of its Rpb1 subunit the findings suggest that TOP 1inhibition by CPT may increase the activity of Cdks which in turn phosphorylate the Rpb1 subunit of RNAP II enhancing its escape from pausing. Interestingly, the transcriptional consequences of CPT induced topological stress are wider than expected. CPT increased co-transcriptional splicing of exon1 and 2 and markedly affected alternative splicing at exon 11. Surprisingly despite its well-established transcription inhibitory activity, CPT can trigger the production of a novel long RNA (5’aHIF-1) antisense to the human HIF-1 mRNA and a known antisense RNA at the 3’ end of the gene, while decreasing mRNA levels. The effects require TOP 1 and are independent from CPT induced DNA damage. Thus, when the supercoiling imbalance promoted by CPT occurs at promoter, it may trigger deregulation of the RNAP II pausing, increased chromatin accessibility and activation/derepression of antisense transcripts in a Cdks dependent manner. A changed balance of antisense transcripts and mRNAs may regulate the activity of HIF-1 and contribute to the control of tumor progression After focusing our TOP 1 investigations at a single gene level, we have extended the study to the whole genome by developing the “Topo-Seq” approach which generates a map of genome-wide distribution of sites of TOP 1 activity sites in human cells. The preliminary data revealed that TOP 1 preferentially localizes at intragenic regions and in particular at 5’ and 3’ ends of genes. Surprisingly upon TOP 1 downregulation, which impairs protein expression by 80%, TOP 1 molecules are mostly localized around 3’ ends of genes, thus suggesting that its activity is essential at these regions and can be compensate at 5’ ends. The developed procedure is a pioneer tool for the detection of TOP 1 cleavage sites across the genome and can open the way to further investigations of the enzyme roles in different nuclear processes.

Monooxygenases involved in the n-alkanes metabolism by Rhodococcus sp. BCP1: molecular characterization and expression of alkB gene

Bioremediation implies the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to convert environmental contaminants into less toxic forms. The impact of the consequences of hydrocarbon release in the environment maintain a high research interest in the study of microbial metabolisms associated with the biodegradation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons but also in the analysis of microbial enzymes that can convert petroleum substrates to value-added products. The studies described in this Thesis fall within the research field that directs the efforts into identifying gene/proteins involved in the catabolism of n-alkanes and into studying the regulatory mechanisms leading to their oxidation. In particular the studies were aimed at investigating the molecular aspects of the ability of Rhodococcus sp. BCP1 to grow on aliphatic hydrocarbons as sole carbon and energy sources. We studied the ability of Rhodococcus sp. BCP1 to grow on gaseous (C2-C4), liquid (C5-C16) and solid (C17-C28) n-alkanes that resulted to be biochemically correlated with the activity of one or more monooxygenases. In order to identify the alkane monooxygenase that is involved in the n-alkanes degradation pathway in Rhodococcus sp. BCP1, PCR-based methodology was applied by using degenerate primers targeting AlkB monooxygenase family members. As result, a chromosomal region, including the alkB gene cluster, was cloned from Rhodococcus sp. BCP1 genome. We characterized the products of this alkB gene cluster and the products of the orfs included in the flanking regions by comparative analysis with the homologues in the database. alkB gene expression studies were carried out by RT-PCR and by the construction of a promoter probe vector containing the lacZ gene downstream of the alkB promoter. B-galactosidase assays revealed the alkB promoter activity induced by n-alkanes and by n-alkanes metabolic products. Furthermore, the transcriptional start of alkB gene was determined by primer extension procedure. A proteomic approach was subsequently applied to compare the protein patterns expressed by BCP1 growing on n-butane, n-hexane, n-hexadecane or n-eicosane with the protein pattern expressed by BCP1 growing on succinate. The accumulation of enzymes specifically induced on n-alkanes was determined. These enzymes were identified by tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Finally, a prm gene, homologue to the gene family coding for soluble di-iron monooxygenases (SDIMOs), has been isolated from Rhodococcus sp. BCP1 genome. This gene product could be involved in the degradation of gaseous n-alkanes in this Rhodococcus strain. The versatility in utilizing hydrocarbons and the discovery of new remarkable metabolic activities outline the potential applications of this microorganism in environmental and industrial biotechnologies.

Functional characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes pili

Group A Streptococcus is a Gram-positive human pathogen able to colonize both upper respiratory tract and skin. GAS is responsible for several acute diseases and autoimmune sequelae that account for half a million deaths worldwide every year (Cunningham et al., 2000). As other bacteria, GAS infections requires the capacity of the pathogen to adhere to host tissues and to form cell aggregates. The ability to persist in distinct host niches like the throat and the skin and to trigger infections is associated with the expression of different GAS virulence factors. GAS pili has been described as important virulence factors encoded by different FCT-operon regions. Based on this information, we decided to study the possible effect of environmental conditions that could regulate the pili expression. In this study we reported the influence of pH environment variations in biofilm formation for strains pertaining to a panel of different GAS FCT-types. The biofilm formation was promoted, excepted in the FCT-1 strains, by a changing in pH from physiological to acidic condition of growth in in vitro biofilm assay. By analyzing the possible association between biofilm formation and pH dependence, we have found that in FCT-2 and FCT-3 strains, the biofilm is promoted by pH reduction leading to an increase of pili expression. These data confirmed a direct link between pH dependent pilus expression and biofilm formation in GAS. As pili are a multi component structure we decided to investigate the functional role of one of its subunits, the AP-1 protein. AP-1 is highly conserved through the different FCT-types and suggests a possible essential role for the pili function. We focused our attention on the AP-1 protein encoded by the FCT-1 strains (M6). In particular this AP-1 protein contains the von Willebrand Factor A (VWFA) domain, which share an homology with the human VWFA domain that has been reported to be involved in adhesion process. We have demonstrated that the AP-1 protein binds to human epithelial cells by its VWFA domain, whereas the biofilm formation is mediated by the N-terminal region of AP-1 protein. Moreover, analyzing the importance of AP-1 in in vivo experiments we found a major capacity of tissue dissemination for the wild-type strain compared to the isogenic AP-1 deletion mutant. Pili have been also reported as potential vaccine candidates against Gram positive bacteria. For these reason we decided to investigate the relationship between cross reaction of sera raised against different GAS and GBS pilin subunits and the presence of a conserved Cna_B domain, in different pilin components. Our idea was to investigate if, using pilus conserved domains, a broad coverage vaccine against streptococcal infection could be possible.

Design, implementation and evaluation of a virtual laboratory for Computer Engineering Education

Broad consensus has been reached within the Education and Cognitive Psychology research communities on the need to center the learning process on experimentation and concrete application of knowledge, rather than on a bare transfer of notions. Several advantages arise from this educational approach, ranging from the reinforce of students learning, to the increased opportunity for a student to gain greater insight into the studied topics, up to the possibility for learners to acquire practical skills and long-lasting proficiency. This is especially true in Engineering education, where integrating conceptual knowledge and practical skills assumes a strategic importance. In this scenario, learners are called to play a primary role. They are actively involved in the construction of their own knowledge, instead of passively receiving it. As a result, traditional, teacher-centered learning environments should be replaced by novel learner-centered solutions. Information and Communication Technologies enable the development of innovative solutions that provide suitable answers to the need for the availability of experimentation supports in educational context. Virtual Laboratories, Adaptive Web-Based Educational Systems and Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning environments can significantly foster different learner-centered instructional strategies, offering the opportunity to enhance personalization, individualization and cooperation. More specifically, they allow students to explore different kinds of materials, to access and compare several information sources, to face real or realistic problems and to work on authentic and multi-facet case studies. In addition, they encourage cooperation among peers and provide support through coached and scaffolded activities aimed at fostering reflection and meta-cognitive reasoning. This dissertation will guide readers within this research field, presenting both the theoretical and applicative results of a research aimed at designing an open, flexible, learner-centered virtual lab for supporting students in learning Information Security.

Analisi della qualità dei dati in un’enterprise architecture utilizzando un sistema d’inferenza.

Lo scopo della tesi è definire un modello e identificare un sistema d’inferenza utile per l’analisi della qualità dei dati. Partendo da quanto descritto in ambito accademico e business, la definizione di un modello facilita l’analisi della qualità, fornendo una descrizione chiara delle tipologie di problemi a cui possono essere soggetti i dati. I diversi lavori in ambito accademico e business saranno confrontati per stabilire quali siano i problemi di qualità più diffusi, in modo da realizzare un modello che sia semplice e riutilizzabile. I sistemi d’inferenza saranno confrontati a livello teorico e pratico per individuare lo strumento più adatto nell’analisi della qualità dei dati in un caso applicativo. Il caso applicativo è caratterizzato da requisiti funzionali e non; il principale requisito funzionale è l’individuazione di problemi di qualità nei dati, mentre quello non funzionale è l’ usabilità dello strumento, per permettere ad un qualunque utente di esprimere dei controlli sulla qualità. Il caso applicativo considera dati di un’enterprise architecture reale ed è stato fornito dall’azienda Imola Informatica.

Classificazione di brani musicali mediante reti neuronali artificiali

L'informatica musicale è una disciplina in continua crescita che sta ottenendo risultati davvero interessanti con l'impiego di sistemi artificiali intelligenti, come le reti neuronali, che permettono di emulare capacità umane di ascolto e di esecuzione musicale. Di particolare interesse è l'ambito della codifica di informazioni musicali tramite formati simbolici, come il MIDI, che permette un'analisi di alto livello dei brani musicali e consente la realizzazione di applicazioni sorprendentemente innovative. Una delle più fruttifere applicazioni di questi nuovi strumenti di codifica riguarda la classificazione di file audio musicali. Questo elaborato si propone di esporre i fondamentali aspetti teorici che concernono la classificazione di brani musicali tramite reti neuronali artificiali e descrivere alcuni esperimenti di classificazione di file MIDI. La prima parte fornisce alcune conoscenze di base che permettono di leggere gli esperimenti presenti nella seconda sezione con una consapevolezza teorica più profonda. Il fine principale della prima parte è quello di sviluppare una comparazione da diversi punti di vista disciplinari tra le capacità di classificazione musicale umane e quelle artificiali. Si descrivono le reti neuronali artificiali come sistemi intelligenti ispirati alla struttura delle reti neurali biologiche, soffermandosi in particolare sulla rete Feedforward e sull'algoritmo di Backpropagation. Si esplora il concetto di percezione nell'ambito della psicologia cognitiva con maggiore attenzione alla percezione uditiva. Accennate le basi della psicoacustica, si passa ad una descrizione delle componenti strutturali prima del suono e poi della musica: la frequenza e l'ampiezza delle onde, le note e il timbro, l'armonia, la melodia ed il ritmo. Si parla anche delle illusioni sonore e della rielaborazione delle informazioni audio da parte del cervello umano. Si descrive poi l'ambito che interessa questa tesi da vicino: il MIR (Music Information Retrieval). Si analizzano i campi disciplinari a cui questa ricerca può portare vantaggi, ossia quelli commerciali, in cui i database musicali svolgono ruoli importanti, e quelli più speculativi ed accademici che studiano i comportamenti di sistemi intelligenti artificiali e biologici. Si descrivono i diversi metodi di classificazione musicale catalogabili in base al tipo di formato dei file audio in questione e al tipo di feature che si vogliono estrarre dai file stessi. Conclude la prima sezione di stampo teorico un capitolo dedicato al MIDI che racconta la storia del protocollo e ne descrive le istruzioni fondamentali nonchè la struttura dei midifile. La seconda parte ha come obbiettivo quello di descrivere gli esperimenti svolti che classificano file MIDI tramite reti neuronali mostrando nel dettaglio i risultati ottenuti e le difficoltà incontrate. Si coniuga una presentazione dei programmi utilizzati e degli eseguibili di interfaccia implementati con una descrizione generale della procedura degli esperimenti. L'obbiettivo comune di tutte le prove è l'addestramento di una rete neurale in modo che raggiunga il più alto livello possibile di apprendimento circa il riconoscimento di uno dei due compositori dei brani che le sono stati forniti come esempi.

Analisi ambientale della coltivazione di biomasse a scopo energetico con metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Lo scopo dello studio è un'analisi comparativa degli impatti ambientali, calcolati utilizzando la metodologia del Life Cycle Assessment, della fase agricola di 9 colture dedicate (lignocellulosiche, oleaginose e cereali) da biomassa, con diifferenti destinazioni energetiche (biocarburanti di I e II generazione ed energia elettrica). E' infine stata eseguita un'analisi "from cradle to grave" considerando anche le diverse tecnice di trasformazione possibili, con dati bibliografici. Sotto tutti i profili (impatto per ettaro, impatto per unità energetica generata, e impatto totale della filiera, risulta un netto vantaggio delle coltrue lignocellulosiche, e fra queste specialmente le poliennali.

Implementazione automatica di protocolli di interazione AUML mediante reti di Petri

Questa tesi si basa su una serie di lavori precedenti, volti ad analizzare la correlazione tra i modelli AUML e le reti di Petri, per riuscire a fornire una metodologia di traduzione dai primi alle seconde. Questa traduzione permetterà di applicare tecniche di model checking alle reti così create, al fine di stabilire le proprietà necessarie al sistema per poter essere realizzato effettivamente. Verrà poi discussa un'implementazione di tale algoritmo sviluppata in tuProlog ed un primo approccio al model checking utilizzando il programma Maude. Con piccole modifiche all'algoritmo utilizzato per la conversione dei diagrammi AUML in reti di Petri, è stato possibile, inoltre, realizzare un sistema di implementazione automatica dei protocolli precedentemente analizzati, verso due piattaforme per la realizzazione di sistemi multiagente: Jason e TuCSoN. Verranno quindi presentate tre implementazioni diverse: la prima per la piattaforma Jason, che utilizza degli agenti BDI per realizzare il protocollo di interazione; la seconda per la piattaforma TuCSoN, che utilizza il modello A&A per rendersi compatibile ad un ambiente distribuito, ma che ricalca la struttura dell'implementazione precedente; la terza ancora per TuCSoN, che sfrutta gli strumenti forniti dalle reazioni ReSpecT per generare degli artefatti in grado di fornire una infrastruttura in grado di garantire la realizzazione del protocollo di interazione agli agenti partecipanti. Infine, verranno discusse le caratteristiche di queste tre differenti implementazioni su un caso di studio reale, analizzandone i punti chiave.